Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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	'type' => '->',
	'args' => [
		(int) 0 => 'artileslug'
	]
]
deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

	'status' => (int) 200,
	'contentType' => 'text/html',
	'headers' => [
		'Content-Type' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'file' => null,
	'fileRange' => [],
	'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {},
	'cacheDirectives' => [],
	'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
$dataForView = [
	&#039;article_current&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 45612,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;शहर और गांव- एक देश की दो कहानी&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
&lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
&lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
&lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
&lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
&lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
&lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
&lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
&lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
&lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;HI&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
&lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
&lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
&lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
&lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
&lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
&lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
&lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
&lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
&lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
&lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
&lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
&lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
&lt;w:UseFELayout/&gt;
&lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
&lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
&lt;m:mathPr&gt;
&lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
&lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
&lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने...&#039;,
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
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इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
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मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R&lt;br /&gt;d-Report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-&lt;br /&gt;undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise&lt;br /&gt;s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-&lt;br /&gt;gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864&lt;br /&gt;.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on&lt;br /&gt;e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india&lt;br /&gt;n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot; title=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba&lt;br /&gt;n-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot; title=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere&lt;br /&gt;nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot; title=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS&lt;br /&gt;IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106&lt;br /&gt;~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82&lt;br /&gt;17s-happe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009&lt;br /&gt;41575422954810.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
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इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
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मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने...&#039;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
&lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
&lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
&lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R&lt;br /&gt;d-Report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-&lt;br /&gt;undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise&lt;br /&gt;s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-&lt;br /&gt;gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864&lt;br /&gt;.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on&lt;br /&gt;e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india&lt;br /&gt;n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot; title=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba&lt;br /&gt;n-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot; title=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere&lt;br /&gt;nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot; title=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS&lt;br /&gt;IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106&lt;br /&gt;~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82&lt;br /&gt;17s-happe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009&lt;br /&gt;41575422954810.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;&#039;
$lang = &#039;Hindi&#039;
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने..."/>
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                <strong>शहर और गांव- एक देश की दो कहानी</strong></h1>
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<span>देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है</span><span>,
</span><span>यहां दो देश बसते हैं</span><span>,
</span><span>एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में </span><span>&ldquo;</span><span>भारत</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की
सच्चाई कुछ और है</span><span>, &ldquo;</span><span>इंडिया</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की कुछ और।</span><span></span>
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है</span><span>, </span><span>नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है</span><span>,
</span><span>मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया </span></strong><span><strong>2009-2010</strong>( </span><span>जुलाई </span><span>2009-</span><span>जून </span><span>2010,
</span><span>एनएसएस </span><span>66</span><span>
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) </span><span>1054</span><span>
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में </span><span>1984</span><span>
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
थी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><strong>खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-</strong>: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी</span><span>, </span><span>बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>साल
</span><span>2009-10</span><span> में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)</span><span>1053.64</span><span> रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा</span><span>1984.46</span><span> रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
रही।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>453</span><span> रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>2517</span><span> रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>5.6</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span>
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>9.8</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (</span><span>2517</span><span>
रुपये) निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>5.6</span><span> गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>453</span><span>
रुपये है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span> रुपये थी जबकि निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे </span><span>9.8</span><span> गुना कम यानी </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये थी।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (</span><span>1054</span><span> रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(</span><span>MPCE
median) 895</span><span> रुपये है यानी </span><span>30</span><span>
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस </span><span>30</span><span> रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>40</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>800</span><span>
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>60</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1000</span><span>
रुपये से कम।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( </span><span>median)
895</span><span> रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य </span><span>1.68</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>1502</span><span>
रुपये का है। तकरीबन </span><span>30</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>2100</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि </span><span>20</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.</span><span>2600</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक </span><span>1835</span><span>
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (</span><span>1649</span><span>
रुपये) और हरियाणा (</span><span>1510</span><span>
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में .</span><span>750</span><span> रुपये
से लेकर</span><span>1250</span><span> रुपये
के बीच है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग </span><span>780</span><span> रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.</span><span>820</span><span>
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.</span><span>900</span><span>
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>महाराष्ट्र
(</span><span>2437</span><span> रुपये)
और केरल (</span><span>2413</span><span> रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (</span><span>2321</span><span>
रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>आंध्रप्रदेश
( </span><span>2238</span><span> रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>पंजाब (</span><span>2109</span><span>
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (</span><span>2053</span><span>
रुपये) का स्थान है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (</span><span>1238</span><span> रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत </span><span>1500</span><span>
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई </span><span>1545</span><span> रुपये से लेकर </span><span>1585</span><span>
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़</span><span>, </span><span>राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1645</span><span>
रुपये से लेकप </span><span>1670</span><span> रुपये
के बीच।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.</span><span>600</span><span> रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.</span><span>881</span><span>
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में </span><span>57</span><span> फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में </span><span>44.4%</span><span>। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा </span><span>46%</span><span> तथा बिहार और असम में </span><span>64-65%</span><span> फीसदी है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में </span><span>40.2% </span><span>है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग </span><span>53%</span><span>।</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf">http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R<br />d-Report.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, <a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf</a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), <a href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf" title="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf">http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report" title="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report">http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-<br />undermining-growth-stability-adb-report</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind<br />ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise<br />s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty'-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-<br />gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864<br />.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on<br />e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india<br />n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The Rural-Urban divide,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India" title="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India">http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/" title="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba<br />n-divide-narrowing/467801/</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf" title="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf">http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs" title="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs">http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind<br />ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf" title="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf">http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf" title="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf">http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere<br />nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization in India, The World Bank</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html" title="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html">http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS<br />IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106<br />~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization: it&rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html">http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82<br />17s-happe.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, </span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html" title="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html">http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009<br />41575422954810.html</a></span><span>&nbsp;</span><span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>               </font>
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</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने...&#039;,
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&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
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मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R&lt;br /&gt;d-Report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-&lt;br /&gt;undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise&lt;br /&gt;s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-&lt;br /&gt;gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864&lt;br /&gt;.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on&lt;br /&gt;e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india&lt;br /&gt;n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot; title=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba&lt;br /&gt;n-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot; title=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere&lt;br /&gt;nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot; title=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS&lt;br /&gt;IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106&lt;br /&gt;~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82&lt;br /&gt;17s-happe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009&lt;br /&gt;41575422954810.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने...&#039;
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&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
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इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
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मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R&lt;br /&gt;d-Report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-&lt;br /&gt;undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise&lt;br /&gt;s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-&lt;br /&gt;gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864&lt;br /&gt;.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on&lt;br /&gt;e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india&lt;br /&gt;n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot; title=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba&lt;br /&gt;n-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot; title=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere&lt;br /&gt;nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot; title=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS&lt;br /&gt;IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106&lt;br /&gt;~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009&lt;br /&gt;41575422954810.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;&#039;
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है</span><span>,
</span><span>यहां दो देश बसते हैं</span><span>,
</span><span>एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में </span><span>&ldquo;</span><span>भारत</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की
सच्चाई कुछ और है</span><span>, &ldquo;</span><span>इंडिया</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की कुछ और।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है</span><span>, </span><span>नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है</span><span>,
</span><span>मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया </span></strong><span><strong>2009-2010</strong>( </span><span>जुलाई </span><span>2009-</span><span>जून </span><span>2010,
</span><span>एनएसएस </span><span>66</span><span>
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) </span><span>1054</span><span>
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में </span><span>1984</span><span>
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
थी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><strong>खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-</strong>: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी</span><span>, </span><span>बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>साल
</span><span>2009-10</span><span> में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)</span><span>1053.64</span><span> रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा</span><span>1984.46</span><span> रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
रही।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>453</span><span> रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>2517</span><span> रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>5.6</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span>
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>9.8</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (</span><span>2517</span><span>
रुपये) निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>5.6</span><span> गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>453</span><span>
रुपये है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span> रुपये थी जबकि निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे </span><span>9.8</span><span> गुना कम यानी </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये थी।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (</span><span>1054</span><span> रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(</span><span>MPCE
median) 895</span><span> रुपये है यानी </span><span>30</span><span>
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस </span><span>30</span><span> रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>40</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>800</span><span>
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>60</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1000</span><span>
रुपये से कम।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( </span><span>median)
895</span><span> रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य </span><span>1.68</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>1502</span><span>
रुपये का है। तकरीबन </span><span>30</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>2100</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि </span><span>20</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.</span><span>2600</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक </span><span>1835</span><span>
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (</span><span>1649</span><span>
रुपये) और हरियाणा (</span><span>1510</span><span>
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में .</span><span>750</span><span> रुपये
से लेकर</span><span>1250</span><span> रुपये
के बीच है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग </span><span>780</span><span> रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.</span><span>820</span><span>
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.</span><span>900</span><span>
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>महाराष्ट्र
(</span><span>2437</span><span> रुपये)
और केरल (</span><span>2413</span><span> रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (</span><span>2321</span><span>
रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>आंध्रप्रदेश
( </span><span>2238</span><span> रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>पंजाब (</span><span>2109</span><span>
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (</span><span>2053</span><span>
रुपये) का स्थान है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (</span><span>1238</span><span> रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत </span><span>1500</span><span>
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई </span><span>1545</span><span> रुपये से लेकर </span><span>1585</span><span>
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़</span><span>, </span><span>राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1645</span><span>
रुपये से लेकप </span><span>1670</span><span> रुपये
के बीच।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.</span><span>600</span><span> रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.</span><span>881</span><span>
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में </span><span>57</span><span> फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में </span><span>44.4%</span><span>। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा </span><span>46%</span><span> तथा बिहार और असम में </span><span>64-65%</span><span> फीसदी है।</span><span></span>
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<span>केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में </span><span>40.2% </span><span>है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग </span><span>53%</span><span>।</span>
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इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
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मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf">http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R<br />d-Report.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, <a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf</a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), <a href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf" title="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf">http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report" title="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report">http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-<br />undermining-growth-stability-adb-report</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind<br />ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise<br />s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty'-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-<br />gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864<br />.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on<br />e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india<br />n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The Rural-Urban divide,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India" title="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India">http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/" title="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba<br />n-divide-narrowing/467801/</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf" title="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf">http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs" title="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs">http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind<br />ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf" title="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf">http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf" title="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf">http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere<br />nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization in India, The World Bank</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html" title="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html">http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS<br />IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106<br />~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization: it&rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html">http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82<br />17s-happe.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, </span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html" title="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html">http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009<br />41575422954810.html</a></span><span>&nbsp;</span><span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>               </font>
        </td>
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    <tr>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
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}
$reasonPhrase = 'OK'
header - [internal], line ??
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitStatusLine() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 148
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 54
Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141
[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39

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Code Context
                    $value

                ), $first);

                $first = false;
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	'status' => (int) 200,
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67f7ee8aee6da-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
$dataForView = [
	&#039;article_current&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 45612,
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
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&lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
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&lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;HI&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
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&lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
&lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
&lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
&lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
&lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
&lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
&lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
&lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
&lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
&lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
&lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
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&lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
&lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
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&lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
&lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
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&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
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	&#039;metaKeywords&#039; =&gt; &#039;आर्थिक संकट,ग्रामीण गरीबी,जीविका,रोजगार,पलायन,भोजन का अधिकार,आर्थिक संकट,ग्रामीण गरीबी,जीविका,रोजगार,पलायन,भोजन का अधिकार&#039;,
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने...&#039;,
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R&lt;br /&gt;d-Report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-&lt;br /&gt;undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise&lt;br /&gt;s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-&lt;br /&gt;gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864&lt;br /&gt;.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on&lt;br /&gt;e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india&lt;br /&gt;n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot; title=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba&lt;br /&gt;n-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot; title=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere&lt;br /&gt;nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot; title=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS&lt;br /&gt;IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106&lt;br /&gt;~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82&lt;br /&gt;17s-happe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009&lt;br /&gt;41575422954810.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Mangal&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;; color: blue&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने...&#039;
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UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:&quot;साधारण तालिका&quot;;
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;यहां दो देश बसते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;भारत&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
सच्चाई कुछ और है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &amp;ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;इंडिया&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;की कुछ और।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2009-2010&lt;/strong&gt;( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जुलाई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;जून &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2010,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;एनएसएस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
थी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-&lt;/strong&gt;: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;साल
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1053.64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1984.46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;88%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ज्यादा
रही।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;453&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;5863&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये थी जबकि निचली &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; गुना कम यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;599&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये थी।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;MPCE
median) 895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये है यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;800&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम।.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;median)
895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
गुना ज्यादा यानी &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये का है। तकरीबन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से ज्यादा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1649&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1510&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2009-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
में .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;750&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
से लेकर&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;780&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;महाराष्ट्र
(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
और केरल (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2413&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2321&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;आंध्रप्रदेश
( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;पंजाब (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये) का स्थान है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1545&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये से लेकर &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1585&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1645&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये से लेकप &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1670&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपये
के बीच।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;600&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;881&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;44.4%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;46%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; तथा बिहार और असम में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;64-65%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; फीसदी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;40.2% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;53%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R&lt;br /&gt;d-Report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&quot;&gt;http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&quot;&gt;http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-&lt;br /&gt;undermining-growth-stability-adb-report&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise&lt;br /&gt;s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty&#039;-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-&lt;br /&gt;gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864&lt;br /&gt;.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on&lt;br /&gt;e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&quot;&gt;http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india&lt;br /&gt;n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;The Rural-Urban divide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot; title=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&quot;&gt;http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/&quot;&gt;http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba&lt;br /&gt;n-divide-narrowing/467801/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot; title=&quot;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&quot;&gt;http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind&lt;br /&gt;ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span&gt;Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere&lt;br /&gt;nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization in India, The World Bank&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot; title=&quot;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html&quot;&gt;http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS&lt;br /&gt;IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106&lt;br /&gt;~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Urbanization: it&amp;rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html&quot;&gt;http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82&lt;br /&gt;17s-happe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;India&#039;s growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html&quot;&gt;http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009&lt;br /&gt;41575422954810.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;&#039;
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है</span><span>,
</span><span>यहां दो देश बसते हैं</span><span>,
</span><span>एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में </span><span>&ldquo;</span><span>भारत</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की
सच्चाई कुछ और है</span><span>, &ldquo;</span><span>इंडिया</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की कुछ और।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है</span><span>, </span><span>नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है</span><span>,
</span><span>मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया </span></strong><span><strong>2009-2010</strong>( </span><span>जुलाई </span><span>2009-</span><span>जून </span><span>2010,
</span><span>एनएसएस </span><span>66</span><span>
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) </span><span>1054</span><span>
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में </span><span>1984</span><span>
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
थी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><strong>खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-</strong>: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी</span><span>, </span><span>बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>साल
</span><span>2009-10</span><span> में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)</span><span>1053.64</span><span> रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा</span><span>1984.46</span><span> रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
रही।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>453</span><span> रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>2517</span><span> रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>5.6</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span>
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>9.8</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (</span><span>2517</span><span>
रुपये) निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>5.6</span><span> गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>453</span><span>
रुपये है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span> रुपये थी जबकि निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे </span><span>9.8</span><span> गुना कम यानी </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये थी।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (</span><span>1054</span><span> रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(</span><span>MPCE
median) 895</span><span> रुपये है यानी </span><span>30</span><span>
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस </span><span>30</span><span> रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>40</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>800</span><span>
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>60</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1000</span><span>
रुपये से कम।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( </span><span>median)
895</span><span> रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य </span><span>1.68</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>1502</span><span>
रुपये का है। तकरीबन </span><span>30</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>2100</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि </span><span>20</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.</span><span>2600</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक </span><span>1835</span><span>
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (</span><span>1649</span><span>
रुपये) और हरियाणा (</span><span>1510</span><span>
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में .</span><span>750</span><span> रुपये
से लेकर</span><span>1250</span><span> रुपये
के बीच है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग </span><span>780</span><span> रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.</span><span>820</span><span>
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.</span><span>900</span><span>
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>महाराष्ट्र
(</span><span>2437</span><span> रुपये)
और केरल (</span><span>2413</span><span> रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (</span><span>2321</span><span>
रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>आंध्रप्रदेश
( </span><span>2238</span><span> रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>पंजाब (</span><span>2109</span><span>
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (</span><span>2053</span><span>
रुपये) का स्थान है।</span><span></span>
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<span>बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (</span><span>1238</span><span> रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत </span><span>1500</span><span>
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई </span><span>1545</span><span> रुपये से लेकर </span><span>1585</span><span>
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़</span><span>, </span><span>राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1645</span><span>
रुपये से लेकप </span><span>1670</span><span> रुपये
के बीच।</span><span></span>
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<span>भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.</span><span>600</span><span> रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.</span><span>881</span><span>
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में </span><span>57</span><span> फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में </span><span>44.4%</span><span>। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा </span><span>46%</span><span> तथा बिहार और असम में </span><span>64-65%</span><span> फीसदी है।</span><span></span>
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<span>केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में </span><span>40.2% </span><span>है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग </span><span>53%</span><span>।</span>
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
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मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf">http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R<br />d-Report.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, <a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf</a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), <a href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf" title="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf">http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report" title="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report">http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-<br />undermining-growth-stability-adb-report</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind<br />ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise<br />s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty'-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-<br />gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864<br />.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on<br />e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india<br />n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The Rural-Urban divide,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India" title="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India">http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/" title="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba<br />n-divide-narrowing/467801/</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf" title="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf">http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs" title="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs">http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind<br />ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf" title="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf">http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf" title="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf">http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere<br />nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization in India, The World Bank</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html" title="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html">http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS<br />IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106<br />~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization: it&rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html">http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82<br />17s-happe.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, </span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html" title="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html">http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009<br />41575422954810.html</a></span><span>&nbsp;</span><span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">यहां दो देश बसते हैं</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">भारत</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&rdquo; </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">की
सच्चाई कुछ और है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, &ldquo;</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">इंडिया</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&rdquo; </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">की कुछ और।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="font-family: Mangal">की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया </span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><strong>2009-2010</strong>( </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">जुलाई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">जून </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2010,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">एनएसएस </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">66</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1054</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1984</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">88%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> ज्यादा
थी।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal"><strong>खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-</strong>: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="font-family: Mangal">रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">साल
</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1053.64</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1984.46</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">88%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> ज्यादा
रही।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">453</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">599</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2517</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5.6</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5863</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">9.8</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
गुना ज्यादा।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2517</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) निचली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5.6</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">453</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5863</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये थी जबकि निचली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">9.8</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> गुना कम यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">599</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये थी।.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1054</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">MPCE
median) 895</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये है यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">30</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">30</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">40</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">800</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">60</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1000</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से कम।.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">median)
895</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1.68</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1502</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये का है। तकरीबन </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">30</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2100</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">20</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2600</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से ज्यादा।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="font-family: Mangal">एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1835</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1649</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) और हरियाणा (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1510</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में .</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">750</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
से लेकर</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1250</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
के बीच है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">780</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">820</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">900</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">महाराष्ट्र
(</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2437</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)
और केरल (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2413</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2321</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये)</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">आंध्रप्रदेश
( </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2238</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">पंजाब (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2109</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2053</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) का स्थान है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1238</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1500</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1545</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये से लेकर </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1585</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1645</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से लेकप </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1670</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
के बीच।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">600</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">881</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">57</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">44.4%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">46%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> तथा बिहार और असम में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">64-65%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">40.2% </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">53%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">।</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, <a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf</span></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), <a href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report"><span style="color: blue">http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, <a href="../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, <a href="../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty'-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The Rural-Urban divide,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: blue">http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India</span></a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/"><span style="color: blue">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs"><span style="color: blue">http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><a href="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: blue">http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf</span></a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Urbanization in India, The World Bank</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html"><span style="color: blue">http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Urbanization: it&rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: blue">http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
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देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है,
यहां दो देश बसते हैं,
एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने...',
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है</span><span>,
</span><span>यहां दो देश बसते हैं</span><span>,
</span><span>एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में </span><span>&ldquo;</span><span>भारत</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की
सच्चाई कुछ और है</span><span>, &ldquo;</span><span>इंडिया</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की कुछ और।</span><span></span>
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<span>एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है</span><span>, </span><span>नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है</span><span>,
</span><span>मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया </span></strong><span><strong>2009-2010</strong>( </span><span>जुलाई </span><span>2009-</span><span>जून </span><span>2010,
</span><span>एनएसएस </span><span>66</span><span>
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) </span><span>1054</span><span>
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में </span><span>1984</span><span>
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
थी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><strong>खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-</strong>: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी</span><span>, </span><span>बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>साल
</span><span>2009-10</span><span> में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)</span><span>1053.64</span><span> रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा</span><span>1984.46</span><span> रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
रही।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>453</span><span> रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>2517</span><span> रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>5.6</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span>
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>9.8</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (</span><span>2517</span><span>
रुपये) निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>5.6</span><span> गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>453</span><span>
रुपये है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span> रुपये थी जबकि निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे </span><span>9.8</span><span> गुना कम यानी </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये थी।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (</span><span>1054</span><span> रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(</span><span>MPCE
median) 895</span><span> रुपये है यानी </span><span>30</span><span>
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस </span><span>30</span><span> रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>40</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>800</span><span>
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>60</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1000</span><span>
रुपये से कम।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( </span><span>median)
895</span><span> रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य </span><span>1.68</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>1502</span><span>
रुपये का है। तकरीबन </span><span>30</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>2100</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि </span><span>20</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.</span><span>2600</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक </span><span>1835</span><span>
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (</span><span>1649</span><span>
रुपये) और हरियाणा (</span><span>1510</span><span>
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में .</span><span>750</span><span> रुपये
से लेकर</span><span>1250</span><span> रुपये
के बीच है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग </span><span>780</span><span> रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.</span><span>820</span><span>
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.</span><span>900</span><span>
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>महाराष्ट्र
(</span><span>2437</span><span> रुपये)
और केरल (</span><span>2413</span><span> रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (</span><span>2321</span><span>
रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>आंध्रप्रदेश
( </span><span>2238</span><span> रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>पंजाब (</span><span>2109</span><span>
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (</span><span>2053</span><span>
रुपये) का स्थान है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (</span><span>1238</span><span> रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत </span><span>1500</span><span>
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई </span><span>1545</span><span> रुपये से लेकर </span><span>1585</span><span>
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़</span><span>, </span><span>राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1645</span><span>
रुपये से लेकप </span><span>1670</span><span> रुपये
के बीच।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.</span><span>600</span><span> रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.</span><span>881</span><span>
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में </span><span>57</span><span> फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में </span><span>44.4%</span><span>। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा </span><span>46%</span><span> तथा बिहार और असम में </span><span>64-65%</span><span> फीसदी है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में </span><span>40.2% </span><span>है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग </span><span>53%</span><span>।</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf">http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R<br />d-Report.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, <a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf</a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), <a href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf" title="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf">http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report" title="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report">http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-<br />undermining-growth-stability-adb-report</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind<br />ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise<br />s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty'-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-<br />gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864<br />.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on<br />e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india<br />n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The Rural-Urban divide,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India" title="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India">http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/" title="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba<br />n-divide-narrowing/467801/</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf" title="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf">http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs" title="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs">http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind<br />ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf" title="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf">http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu</span><span>
</span>
</p>
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<span><a href="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf" title="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf">http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere<br />nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
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<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
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<span>Urbanization in India, The World Bank</span><span> </span>
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<span><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html" title="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html">http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS<br />IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106<br />~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html</a></span><span> </span>
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<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
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<span>Urbanization: it&rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011</span><span>
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<span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html">http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82<br />17s-happe.html</a></span><span> </span>
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<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, </span><span></span>
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<span><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html" title="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html">http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009<br />41575422954810.html</a></span><span>&nbsp;</span><span></span>
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&nbsp;
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<span style="font-family: Mangal">देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">यहां दो देश बसते हैं</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&ldquo;</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">भारत</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&rdquo; </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">की
सच्चाई कुछ और है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, &ldquo;</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">इंडिया</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&rdquo; </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">की कुछ और।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="font-family: Mangal">की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया </span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><strong>2009-2010</strong>( </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">जुलाई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">जून </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2010,
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">एनएसएस </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">66</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1054</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1984</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">88%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> ज्यादा
थी।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal"><strong>खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-</strong>: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="font-family: Mangal">रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">साल
</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1053.64</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1984.46</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">88%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> ज्यादा
रही।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">453</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">599</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2517</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5.6</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5863</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">9.8</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
गुना ज्यादा।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2517</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) निचली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5.6</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">453</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">5863</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये थी जबकि निचली </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">9.8</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> गुना कम यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">599</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये थी।.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1054</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">MPCE
median) 895</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये है यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">30</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">30</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">40</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">800</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">60</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1000</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से कम।.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">median)
895</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1.68</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1502</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये का है। तकरीबन </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">30</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2100</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">20</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2600</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से ज्यादा।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="font-family: Mangal">एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1835</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1649</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) और हरियाणा (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1510</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
में .</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">750</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
से लेकर</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1250</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
के बीच है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">780</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">820</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">900</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">महाराष्ट्र
(</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2437</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)
और केरल (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2413</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2321</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये)</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">आंध्रप्रदेश
( </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2238</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये)</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">पंजाब (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2109</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2053</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये) का स्थान है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1238</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1500</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1545</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये से लेकर </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1585</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1645</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये से लेकप </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1670</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपये
के बीच।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Mangal">भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">600</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">881</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">57</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">44.4%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">46%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> तथा बिहार और असम में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">64-65%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal"> फीसदी है।</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></span>
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<span style="font-family: Mangal">केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">40.2% </span><span style="font-family: Mangal">है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">53%</span><span style="font-family: Mangal">।</span>
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इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
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मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, <a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf</span></a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), <a href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report"><span style="color: blue">http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, <a href="../rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, <a href="../rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty'-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="../rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The Rural-Urban divide,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: blue">http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India</span></a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/"><span style="color: blue">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs"><span style="color: blue">http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><a href="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: blue">http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf</span></a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf"><span style="color: blue">http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Urbanization in India, The World Bank</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html"><span style="color: blue">http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Urbanization: it&rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><a href="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html"><span style="color: blue">http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: blue">http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'"></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है</span><span>,
</span><span>यहां दो देश बसते हैं</span><span>,
</span><span>एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें
भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में </span><span>&ldquo;</span><span>भारत</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की
सच्चाई कुछ और है</span><span>, &ldquo;</span><span>इंडिया</span><span>&rdquo; </span><span>की कुछ और।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>एक
ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन
नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है</span><span>, </span><span>नेशनल
सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और
शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर
और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी
आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य
चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि
शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण
बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है</span><span>,
</span><span>मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि
लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>की
इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया </span></strong><span><strong>2009-2010</strong>( </span><span>जुलाई </span><span>2009-</span><span>जून </span><span>2010,
</span><span>एनएसएस </span><span>66</span><span>
वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर
कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) </span><span>1054</span><span>
रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में </span><span>1984</span><span>
रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति
की तुलना में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
थी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><strong>खेती
की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-</strong>: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी
के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और
ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति
व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी</span><span>, </span><span>बिजली-सड़क
आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण
प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण
ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है।</span><span></span>
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<strong><span>रिपोर्ट
के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य:</span></strong><span></span>
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>साल
</span><span>2009-10</span><span> में देश
के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)</span><span>1053.64</span><span> रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा</span><span>1984.46</span><span> रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी
आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>88%</span><span> ज्यादा
रही।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>देश
की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में </span><span>453</span><span> रुपये
थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>प्रति
व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का
वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>2517</span><span> रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के
स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>5.6</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span>
फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span>
रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक
नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में </span><span>9.8</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी
का ऊपरले </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
हिस्से की एमपीसीई (</span><span>2517</span><span>
रुपये) निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी
आबादी की तुलना में<span>&nbsp; </span></span><span>5.6</span><span> गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>453</span><span>
रुपये है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>शहरी
इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>5863</span><span> रुपये थी जबकि निचली </span><span>10</span><span> फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे </span><span>9.8</span><span> गुना कम यानी </span><span>599</span><span>
रुपये थी।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (</span><span>1054</span><span> रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत
होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(</span><span>MPCE
median) 895</span><span> रुपये है यानी </span><span>30</span><span>
रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस </span><span>30</span><span> रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ध्यान
देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>40</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>800</span><span>
रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की </span><span>60</span><span>
फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1000</span><span>
रुपये से कम।.</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( </span><span>median)
895</span><span> रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में
एमपीसीई का माध्य </span><span>1.68</span><span>
गुना ज्यादा यानी </span><span>1502</span><span>
रुपये का है। तकरीबन </span><span>30</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>2100</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि </span><span>20</span><span>
फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.</span><span>2600</span><span>
रुपये से ज्यादा।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>एमपीसीई
के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में</span></strong><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक </span><span>1835</span><span>
रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (</span><span>1649</span><span>
रुपये) और हरियाणा (</span><span>1510</span><span>
रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल </span><span>2009-10</span><span>
में .</span><span>750</span><span> रुपये
से लेकर</span><span>1250</span><span> रुपये
के बीच है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>ग्रामीण
इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम (
लगभग </span><span>780</span><span> रुपये)
है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.</span><span>820</span><span>
रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत
एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.</span><span>900</span><span>
रुपये) मानी जाएगी।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>महाराष्ट्र
(</span><span>2437</span><span> रुपये)
और केरल (</span><span>2413</span><span> रुपये)
ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की
एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (</span><span>2321</span><span>
रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>आंध्रप्रदेश
( </span><span>2238</span><span> रुपये)</span><span>, </span><span>पंजाब (</span><span>2109</span><span>
रुपये) और कर्नाटक (</span><span>2053</span><span>
रुपये) का स्थान है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>बिहार
के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (</span><span>1238</span><span> रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े
राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत </span><span>1500</span><span>
रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई </span><span>1545</span><span> रुपये से लेकर </span><span>1585</span><span>
रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़</span><span>, </span><span>राजस्थान
और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई </span><span>1645</span><span>
रुपये से लेकप </span><span>1670</span><span> रुपये
के बीच।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>भोजन
के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत
मासिक खर्च.</span><span>600</span><span> रुपया
और शहरी इलाके में.</span><span>881</span><span>
रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में </span><span>57</span><span> फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि
शहरी इलाके में </span><span>44.4%</span><span>। केरल
के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा </span><span>46%</span><span> तथा बिहार और असम में </span><span>64-65%</span><span> फीसदी है।</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>केरल
के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में </span><span>40.2% </span><span>है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग </span><span>53%</span><span>।</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है।
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें-
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India
2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf">http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R<br />d-Report.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning
Commission, March 2012, <a href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf</a>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development
Bank (ADB), <a href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf" title="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf">http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/ado2012.pdf</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report" title="http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-undermining-growth-stability-adb-report">http://www.adb.org/news/asias-increasing-rich-poor-divide-<br />undermining-growth-stability-adb-report</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>60% of rural India lives on less than Rs 35 a day, The Economic
Times, 4 May, 2012, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-india-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/60-of-rural-ind<br />ia-lives-on-less-than-rs-35-a-day-14956.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Income gap rises in India: NSSO by Asit Ranjan Mishra, Live
Mint, 9 July, 2011, <a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/income-gap-rises-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/income-gap-rise<br />s-in-india-nsso-by-asit-ranjan-mishra-8893.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&lsquo;Inequality has gone up, notwithstanding dip in poverty'-K
Balchand, The Hindu, 21 March, 2012,</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/inequality-has-gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/inequality-has-<br />gone-up-notwithstanding-dip-in-poverty039-k-balchand-13864<br />.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Reign of the one per cent?-N Chandra Mohan, The Business
Standard, 26 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-one-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/reign-of-the-on<br />e-per-cent-n-chandra-mohan-13932.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The great Indian poverty game-Sonalde Desai, The Business Standard,
29 March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html" title="https://im4change.in/rural-news-update/the-great-indian-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html">http://www.im4change.org/rural-news-update/the-great-india<br />n-poverty-game-sonalde-desai-14051.html</a>
</span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The Rural-Urban divide,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India" title="http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India">http://www.scribd.com/doc/7849672/The-RuralUrban-Divide-in-India</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Now, rural-urban divide narrowing by Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 15
March, 2012</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/" title="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urban-divide-narrowing/467801/">http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/now-rural-urba<br />n-divide-narrowing/467801/</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>An Economic Introspection of Rural - Urban Livelihoods in
India by Anitha Selvaraj,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf" title="http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf">http://www.indiastat.com/article/29/anitha/fulltext.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>82% rural Indians lack adequate basic needs, One World South
Asia, 23 November, 2010,</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs" title="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-indians-lack-adequate-basic-needs">http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/82-rural-ind<br />ians-lack-adequate-basic-needs</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanisation in India-Pranati Datta,&nbsp;</span><span><a href="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf" title="http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf">http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc2006s60134.pdf</a>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Migration and Urbanisation in India in the Context of
Poverty Alleviation-Amitabh Kundu</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf" title="http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Conference_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf">http://www.networkideas.org/ideasact/jun07/Beijing_Confere<br />nce_07/Amitabh_Kundu.pdf</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization in India, The World Bank</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html" title="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567%7EmenuPK:2246552%7EpagePK:2865106%7EpiPK:2865128%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html">http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS<br />IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106<br />~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Urbanization: it&rsquo;s happening, can we cope? by Anil
Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011</span><span>
</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it8217s-happe.html">http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82<br />17s-happe.html</a></span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span><span> </span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al
Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, </span><span></span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html" title="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/200941575422954810.html">http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009<br />41575422954810.html</a></span><span>&nbsp;</span><span></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span>&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
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शहर और गांव- एक देश की दो कहानी

देश में मौजूद विषमता की बात करते हुए अकसर कहा जाता है, यहां दो देश बसते हैं, एक भारत तो एक इंडिया। हाल के सालों में इसपर बहसें भी खूब हुई हैं और अब खुद एक सरकारी रिपोर्ट से जान पड़ता है कि अपने देश में “भारत” की सच्चाई कुछ और है, “इंडिया” की कुछ और। एक ऐसे समय में जब शहरी भारत की तेजी से बढ़ोत्तरी हो रही है और यही चलन नीति-निर्माताओं को पसंद भी आ रहा है, नेशनल सैम्पल सर्वे ऑर्गनाइजेशन द्वारा प्रस्तुत यह रिपोर्ट देश की देहाती दुनिया और शहरी जीवन के बीच गहरी खाई की सूचना देती है। दोनों के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के स्तर और परिमाण के मामले में गहरा अंतर है। रिपोर्ट यह भी बताती है कि देश की शहरी आबादी किन्ही और चीजों पर सर्वाधिक खर्च करती है और ग्रामीण आबादी किन्ही अन्य चीजों पर। रिपोर्ट इस तथ्य की व्याख्या में महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकती है कि शहरीकरण की प्रवृति सकारात्मक कारणों मसलन बेहतर जीवन पाने की आकांक्षा के कारण बढ़ी है या फिर इसका कोई नकारात्मक कारण है, मसलन यह कि गांवों की जिन्दगी इतनी कठिन हो गई है कि लोग वहां से शहरों की तरफ पलायन करने के लिए मजबूर हैं। की इंडेकेटर्स ऑव हाऊसहोल्ड कंज्यूमर एक्सपेंडिचर इन इंडिया 2009-2010( जुलाई 2009-जून 2010, एनएसएस 66 वां दौर) नामक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार साल 2009-10 में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई-मंथली पर कैपिटा एक्सपेंडिचर) 1054 रुपये था जबकि शहरी इलाके में 1984 रुपये यानी शहरों में रहने वाले व्यक्ति का व्यय-स्तर गांव में रहने वाले व्यक्ति की तुलना में 88% ज्यादा थी। खेती की दुर्दशा और सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की सुस्ती से बढ़ी विषमता-: शहरी और ग्रामीण आबादी के बीच खर्च और उपभोग के मामले में मौजूद विषमता का बड़ा कारण खेती की बदहाली और ग्रामीण इलाकों के लिए चलायी जा रही सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं की नाकामी है। प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में कमी, बिजली-सड़क आदि बुनियादी संरचनाओं की दुर्दशा और ग्रामीण रोजगार योजना तथा सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली सरीखी सामाजिक सुरक्षा-योजनाओं के लक्ष्य-अनुरुप काम ना करने के कारण ग्रामीण इलाके में लोगों की आमदनी में अपेक्षानुरुप बढ़ोतरी नहीं हो पा रही है। रिपोर्ट के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य: साल 2009-10 में देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत खर्च(एमपीसीई)1053.64 रुपये था जबकि देश के शहरी इलाके के लिए यह आंकड़ा1984.46 रुपये का है यानी ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में शहरी आबादी की व्यय-क्षमता साल 2009-10 में 88% ज्यादा रही। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी के सर्वाधिक गरीब 10 फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई साल 2009-10 में 453 रुपये थी जबकि शहरी इलाके के सर्वाधिक गरीब 10 फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई 599 रुपये। प्रति व्यक्ति सर्वाधिक मासिक खर्च के आधार पर देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी का वर्गीकरण करें तो ऊपरली 10 फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई  2517 रुपये रही यानी खर्च के मामले में सर्वाधिक नीचे के स्तर की ग्रामीण आबादी की तुलना में 5.6 गुना ज्यादा। शहरी इलाके में आबादी के ऊपरले 10 फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई 5863 रुपये थी यानी प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च के मामले में शहरी इलाके में सर्वाधिक नीचे की आबादी की तुलना में 9.8 गुना ज्यादा। ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी के बीच उपभोग के मामले में भी गहरा अन्तर है। देश की ग्रामीण आबादी का ऊपरले 10 फीसदी हिस्से की एमपीसीई (2517 रुपये) निचली 10 फीसदी आबादी की तुलना में  5.6 गुना ज्यादा यानी 453 रुपये है। शहरी इलाके की आबादी के मामले में भी रुझान ऐसे ही हैं। ऊपरली 10 फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई 5863 रुपये थी जबकि निचली 10 फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई इससे 9.8 गुना कम यानी 599 रुपये थी।. ग्रामीण इलाके की आबादी के संदर्भ में प्रति व्यक्ति औसत मासिक खर्च(एमपीसीई) के मोल (1054 रुपये) को बाकी तथ्यों से अलग मानकर देखना असंगत होगा। ग्रामीण इलाके में औसत एमपीसीई(MPCE median) 895 रुपये है यानी 30 रुपया प्रतिदिन)। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके की आधी आबादी इस 30 रुपया प्रतिदिन की व्यय-क्षमता से नीचे है। ध्यान देने योग्य तथ्य यह भी है कि ग्रामीण इलाके की 40 फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई 800 रुपये से कम है जबकि ग्रामीण इलाके की 60 फीसदी आबादी की एमपीसीई 1000 रुपये से कम।. ग्रामीण इलाके में एमपीसीई माध्य( median) 895 रुपये का है। इसकी तुलना में शहरी इलाके में एमपीसीई का माध्य 1.68 गुना ज्यादा यानी 1502 रुपये का है। तकरीबन 30 फीसदी शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई 2100 रुपये से ज्यादा है जबकि 20 फीसदी शहरी आबादी का एमपीसीई.2600 रुपये से ज्यादा। एमपीसीई के तथ्य राज्यों के बारे में केरल की एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक 1835 रुपये है। इसके बाद पंजाब (1649 रुपये) और हरियाणा (1510 रुपये) का। अन्य बडे राज्यों में एमपीसीई साल 2009-10 में .750 रुपये से लेकर1250 रुपये के बीच है। ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी के मामले में बिहार और छत्तीसगढ़ में औसत एमपीसीई सर्वाधिक कम ( लगभग 780 रुपये) है। उड़ीसा और झारखंड में भी यह कम (लगभग.820 रुपये) ही है। उत्तरप्रदेश और मध्यप्रदेश के ग्रामीण इलाकों की आबादी की भी औसत एमपीसीई कम ( लगभग.900 रुपये) मानी जाएगी। महाराष्ट्र (2437 रुपये) और केरल (2413 रुपये) ऐसे दो राज्य हैं जहां शहरी इलाके में आबादी की एमपीसीई अखिल भारतीय स्तर की एमपीसीई से ज्यादा है। इसके बाद हरियाणा (2321 रुपये), आंध्रप्रदेश ( 2238 रुपये), पंजाब (2109 रुपये) और कर्नाटक (2053 रुपये) का स्थान है। बिहार के शहरी इलाके की आबादी एमपीसीई के मामले में सर्वाधिक पीछे (1238 रुपये) है उड़ीसा को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी बड़े राज्य में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई का औसत 1500 रुपये से कम नहीं है। इस मामले में उत्तरप्रदेश और झारखंड की एमपीसीई 1545 रुपये से लेकर 1585 रुपये के बीच है और छत्तीसगढ़, राजस्थान और मध्यप्रदेश में शहरी आबादी की एमपीसीई 1645 रुपये से लेकप 1670 रुपये के बीच। भोजन के मामले में खर्च के रुझान- देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन के मामले में औसत मासिक खर्च.600 रुपया और शहरी इलाके में.881 रुपये है। इसका अर्थ हुआ कि ग्रामीण इलाके में कुल खर्च में 57 फीसदी हिस्सा भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का है जबकि शहरी इलाके में 44.4%। केरल के ग्रामीण इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा 46% तथा बिहार और असम में 64-65% फीसदी है। केरल के शहरी इलाके में भोजन पर होने वाले व्यय का हिस्सा कुल व्यय में 40.2% है जबकि बिहार और असम के शहरी इलाके में लगभग 53%। इस संदर्भ में अन्य आंकड़ों के लिए वेबसाइट का अंग्रेजी खंड देखा जा सकता है। मूल रिपोर्ट सहति कथा विस्तार में सहायक अन्य सामग्री के लिए कृपया निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें- Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India 2009-2010, July 2009-June 2010, NSS 66th Round, http://www.im4change.org/docs/288Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_R d-Report.pdf   Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2009-10, Planning Commission, March 2012, http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/press_pov1903.pdf       Asian Development Outlook, April 2012, Asian Development Bank (ADB), 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The World Bank http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHAS IAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21531567~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106 ~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html   Urbanization: it’s happening, can we cope? by Anil Padmanabhan, Live Mint, 18 July 2011 http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/17233228/Urbanization-it82 17s-happe.html   India's growing rural-urban divide by Barnaby Phillips, Al Jazeera, 16 April, 2009, http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/indiaelections/2009/04/2009 41575422954810.html