Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &amp;ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&lt;/p&gt;

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                <strong>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, interviewed by Monobina Gupta (TheWire.in)</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-TheWire.in</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">collection of essays</a> around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible" title="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible">click here</a> to read more.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, <a href="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp" title="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp">http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp</a></strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>               </font>
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf&quot;&gt;collection of essays&lt;/a&gt; around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &amp;ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;

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Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.

With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting...&#039;
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Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.

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                <strong>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, interviewed by Monobina Gupta (TheWire.in)</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-TheWire.in</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">collection of essays</a> around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible" title="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible">click here</a> to read more.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, <a href="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp" title="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp">http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp</a></strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>               </font>
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf&quot;&gt;collection of essays&lt;/a&gt; around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &amp;ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;

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Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&amp;rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &amp;ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

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Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.

With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting..."/>
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                <strong>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, interviewed by Monobina Gupta (TheWire.in)</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-TheWire.in</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">collection of essays</a> around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible" title="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible">click here</a> to read more.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf" title="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, <a href="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp" title="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp">http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp</a></strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>               </font>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><em>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.</em></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">collection of essays</a> around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><em>* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?</em></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible">click here</a> to read more.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, <a href="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp">http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp</a></strong></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><em>Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.</em></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">collection of essays</a> around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><em>* You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation?</em></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over &ndash; particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/rights/interview-ranabir-samaddar-migrant-workers-invisible">click here</a> to read more.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/Essays%20COVID-19.pdf">click here</a> to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, <a href="http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp">http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp</a></strong></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>
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Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants&rsquo; desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour.

With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting...'
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Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, interviewed by Monobina Gupta (TheWire.in)

-TheWire.in Ranabir Samaddar, director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks about the factors behind the migrants’ desperation to reach home and the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour. With the abrupt imposition of the lockdown aimed at arresting the spread of the novel coronavirus, and prospects of earning a livelihood in cities and urban areas drying up, India stood witness to a mass exodus of migrant workers at the end of March. In fact, the world over, lockdowns over the virus have brought normal life to a standstill and rendered millions unemployed. Recently, the Calcutta Research Group (CRG) brought out a collection of essays around the lives and politics of migrant workers. In an interview, Ranabir Samaddar, the director of the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, speaks to The Wire about the factors behind the migrants’ desperation to reach home, the dynamics of the visibility and invisibility of migrant labour and the boundary making exercises in economy and governance that produce migrants. * You have been tracking migrant workers, their economic and social journeys, for a long time. What are your reflections on the current situation? The large number of unfortunate coronavirus deaths the world over – particularly of elders and medical personnel amid the ruins of the public health system in advanced capitalist countries, remind us of the calls for a closure of the liberal world. Denial and dithering have combined with pseudo-Darwinian herd immunity theories to escape the closure; literally, the closure of families, neighbourhoods, schools, cities, provinces, states, modes of transportation, and closure of the system. Borders are closed. Please click here to read more. Please click here to access the essay collection entitled Borders of an Epidemic: COVID-19 and Migrant Workers, edited by Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, 2020.   Image Courtesy: Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rs.asp