Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Delhi: &lt;/em&gt;Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages &amp;mdash; populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors &amp;mdash; linked to caste, identity and religion &amp;mdash; too contributed to shorter life expectancy.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/&quot;&gt;findings&lt;/a&gt; suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,&amp;rdquo; the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages &amp;mdash; populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.&lt;/p&gt;

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The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US

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                <strong>Adivasis, Dalits & Muslims life expectancy lower than upper caste Hindus, reveals study -GS Mudur </strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-The Telegraph</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US</em></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>New Delhi: </em>Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/" title="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">study</a> that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages &mdash; populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups.</p><p style="text-align:justify">But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors &mdash; linked to caste, identity and religion &mdash; too contributed to shorter life expectancy.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&ldquo;The <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/" title="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">findings</a> suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,&rdquo; the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265" title="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265">click here</a> to read more.</p>               </font>
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Delhi: &lt;/em&gt;Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.&lt;/p&gt;

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The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US

New Delhi: Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social..."/>
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                <strong>Adivasis, Dalits & Muslims life expectancy lower than upper caste Hindus, reveals study -GS Mudur </strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-The Telegraph</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US</em></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>New Delhi: </em>Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/" title="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">study</a> that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages &mdash; populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups.</p><p style="text-align:justify">But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors &mdash; linked to caste, identity and religion &mdash; too contributed to shorter life expectancy.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&ldquo;The <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/" title="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">findings</a> suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,&rdquo; the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265" title="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265">click here</a> to read more.</p>               </font>
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Delhi: &lt;/em&gt;Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Delhi: &lt;/em&gt;Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages &amp;mdash; populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors &amp;mdash; linked to caste, identity and religion &amp;mdash; too contributed to shorter life expectancy.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/&quot;&gt;findings&lt;/a&gt; suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,&amp;rdquo; the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&lt;/p&gt;
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The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US

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The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US

New Delhi: Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social..."/>
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                <strong>Adivasis, Dalits & Muslims life expectancy lower than upper caste Hindus, reveals study -GS Mudur </strong></h1>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><em>The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US</em></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><em>New Delhi: </em>Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">study</a> that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.</p>

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<p style="text-align:justify">The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors &mdash; linked to caste, identity and religion &mdash; too contributed to shorter life expectancy.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&ldquo;The <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">findings</a> suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,&rdquo; the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265">click here</a> to read more.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><em>New Delhi: </em>Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">study</a> that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages &mdash; populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors &mdash; linked to caste, identity and religion &mdash; too contributed to shorter life expectancy.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&ldquo;The <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">findings</a> suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,&rdquo; the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265">click here</a> to read more.</p>
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$metaTitle = 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Adivasis, Dalits & Muslims life expectancy lower than upper caste Hindus, reveals study -GS Mudur '
$metaKeywords = 'Life Expectancy,Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes,Social Exclusion,Caste Discrimination,Muslims,High Caste hindus,Social Inequality,Economic Disparity'
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The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US

New Delhi: Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social...'
$disp = '<p style="text-align:justify">-The Telegraph</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US</em></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>New Delhi: </em>Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/" title="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">study</a> that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages &mdash; populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups.</p><p style="text-align:justify">But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors &mdash; linked to caste, identity and religion &mdash; too contributed to shorter life expectancy.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&ldquo;The <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/" title="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vkacx/">findings</a> suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,&rdquo; the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265" title="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/adivasis-dalits-muslims-life-expectancy-lower-than-upper-caste-hindus-reveals-study/cid/1854265">click here</a> to read more.</p>'
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Adivasis, Dalits & Muslims life expectancy lower than upper caste Hindus, reveals study -GS Mudur

-The Telegraph The three population groups number above 450 million, or a population greater than that of the US New Delhi: Adivasis, Dalits and Muslims in India have lower life expectancy than higher caste Hindus, a study has found, underlining how social exclusion and discrimination might be contributing to health disparities. Life expectancy is on an average about four years shorter in Adivasis, three years shorter in Dalits and around a year shorter in Muslims compared with higher caste Hindus, according to the study that three US researchers conducted on the basis of Indian government data. The shorter life expectancy for Adivasis and Dalits is similar to the Black-White gap in the US and the Arab-Jew gap in Israel, economist-demographer Sangita Vyas at the University of Texas, Austin, and her co-workers said in their study. Researchers have for decades known about the adverse health impacts of social disadvantages — populations disadvantaged through socio-economic status are likelier to experience adverse health outcomes, including premature deaths, compared with better-off groups. But while socio-economic status accounts for about three quarters of the life expectancy gap between Black and White Americans, they account for only about half the observed gap between Adivasis and Dalits and higher caste Hindus. The gaps in India persisted even after the researchers accounted for differences in wealth, rural residence and environmental exposure, indicating that other factors — linked to caste, identity and religion — too contributed to shorter life expectancy. “The findings suggest that population health interventions that explicitly challenge social disadvantage are essential because addressing economic inequality may not be sufficient,” the researchers said in the study, published in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Please click here to read more.