Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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</span></span></code>
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-Livemint.com

The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-Livemint.com

The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

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                <strong>An APMC tale: why market design matters -Niranjan Rajadhyaksha</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels <br /></em><br />Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.<br /><br />I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?<br /><br />The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.<br /><br />The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.<br /><br />The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.<br /><br />These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.<br /><br />There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.<br /><br />Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.<br /><br />Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.<br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-Livemint.com

The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

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                <strong>An APMC tale: why market design matters -Niranjan Rajadhyaksha</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels <br /></em><br />Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.<br /><br />I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?<br /><br />The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.<br /><br />The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.<br /><br />The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.<br /><br />These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.<br /><br />There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.<br /><br />Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.<br /><br />Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.<br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-Livemint.com

The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&amp;mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

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                <strong>An APMC tale: why market design matters -Niranjan Rajadhyaksha</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels <br /></em><br />Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.<br /><br />I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?<br /><br />The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.<br /><br />The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.<br /><br />The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.<br /><br />These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.<br /><br />There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.<br /><br />Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.<br /><br />Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.<br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Livemint.com<br />
<br />
<em>The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels <br />
</em><br />
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.<br />
<br />
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?<br />
<br />
The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.<br />
<br />
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.<br />
<br />
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.<br />
<br />
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.<br />
<br />
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.<br />
<br />
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.<br />
<br />
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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-Livemint.com

The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...',
	'disp' => '<div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels <br /></em><br />Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.<br /><br />I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?<br /><br />The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.<br /><br />The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.<br /><br />The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.<br /><br />These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.<br /><br />There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.<br /><br />Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.<br /><br />Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.<br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>',
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	'title' => 'An APMC tale: why market design matters -Niranjan Rajadhyaksha',
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-Livemint.com<br />
<br />
<em>The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels <br />
</em><br />
Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.<br />
<br />
I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?<br />
<br />
The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.<br />
<br />
The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.<br />
<br />
The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.<br />
<br />
These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.<br />
<br />
There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.<br />
<br />
Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.<br />
<br />
Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
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The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels 

Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets&mdash;small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels <br /></em><br />Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting.<br /><br />I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place?<br /><br />The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating.<br /><br />The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives.<br /><br />The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend.<br /><br />These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market.<br /><br />There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control.<br /><br />Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform.<br /><br />Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place.<br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/GdBP0IF6P1PARlr1lGTNFM/An-APMC-tale-why-market-design-matters.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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An APMC tale: why market design matters -Niranjan Rajadhyaksha

-Livemint.com The APMC legislation has in effect created fragmented markets—small trading zones that can quite easily be captured by trader cartels Makeshift markets have sprung up in several cities in Maharashtra over the past few weeks, after the state government led by Devendra Fadnavis allowed farmers to sell vegetables and fruit directly to consumers. They are now allowed to bring their produce directly to cities rather than sell them in markets managed by agricultural produce market committees (APMC), where they till now had to compulsorily sell after harvesting. I recently stumbled across an old documentary made by Films Division, perhaps in the 1960s, that helps answer a niggling question: Why were the APMCs set up in the first place? The documentary, Our Regulated Markets (see here), is structured as a narrative. Jagannath, a farmer in the Sangli area of Maharashtra, faces all sorts of problems when he sells his annual produce in the market. The traders negotiate prices by signalling with their hands under a piece of cloth. Some deals are finalized with movements of the head. The farmer cannot figure out what is happening because he does not understand this private negotiating language. The weights used to measure the grain have been tampered with. The agent who represents the farmer in the market does not reveal how much commission he has deducted before handing out the final payment. There is acute information asymmetry, as well as downright cheating. The story then moves forward as Jagannath meets his friend Kishanlal. Kishanlal takes him to a new market set up by the government to protect the interests of farmers. There is an open auction system here. The farmer is aware of the prices being quoted at every stage. Some regulated markets are experimenting with sealed bids to avoid collusion. The traders still sometimes conspire to keep prices down by not bidding at all, but the local cooperative then steps in to break the cartel. Disputes are settled by a market committee that has elected farmer representatives. The entire narrative is structured around the theme about how the new regulated markets set up five decades ago were superior to the traditional markets. Yet, evidence has piled up over the years that the APMCs have also fallen prey to the very habits they were supposed to mend. These markets are now controlled by cartels with deep links to caste as well as political networks. Prices fluctuate wildly. In a report for this newspaper in April 2013, Pramit Bhattacharya wrote on the existence of cartels in the Lasalgaon APMC, the largest onion market in India. Studies by economists from the Institute for Social and Economic Change in Bengaluru and the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi also concluded that there was collusion among traders in this market. There are a few interesting lessons here. First, even institutions that are set up with the best of intentions are often captured by the special interest groups that they are meant to control. Second, these interest groups then have a strong vested interest in maintaining the existing way of doing things rather than support reform. Third, what matters in the creation of new institutions is not just good intentions but also a deep understanding of the incentive structure that is being put in place. Please click here to read more.