Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.

While the government pays lip service to the image...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot; title=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-TheWire.in

A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.

While the government pays lip service to the image...&#039;
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                <strong>At the Heart of Rural Discontent Is the Creeping Crisis in Household Agriculture -Anirudh Krishna</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-TheWire.in<br /><br /><em>A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.<br /></em><br />While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &ldquo;Bharat,&rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.<br /><br />It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.<br /><br />From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.<br /><br />That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.<br /><br />The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &ldquo;starved of funds,&rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &ldquo;fallen by more than half&rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.<br /><br />India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.<br /><br />These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.<br /><br />Where does the rest of the farm family&rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.<br /><br />Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.<br /><br />The wolf is never far from the door of India&rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?<br /><br />Please <a href="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/" title="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-TheWire.in

A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.

While the government pays lip service to the image...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot; title=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-TheWire.in

A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.

While the government pays lip service to the image...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot; title=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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                <strong>At the Heart of Rural Discontent Is the Creeping Crisis in Household Agriculture -Anirudh Krishna</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-TheWire.in<br /><br /><em>A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.<br /></em><br />While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &ldquo;Bharat,&rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.<br /><br />It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.<br /><br />From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.<br /><br />That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.<br /><br />The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &ldquo;starved of funds,&rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &ldquo;fallen by more than half&rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.<br /><br />India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.<br /><br />These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.<br /><br />Where does the rest of the farm family&rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.<br /><br />Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.<br /><br />The wolf is never far from the door of India&rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?<br /><br />Please <a href="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/" title="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.

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	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot; title=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-TheWire.in

A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.

While the government pays lip service to the image...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-TheWire.in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &amp;ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &amp;ldquo;Bharat,&amp;rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &amp;ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &amp;ldquo;starved of funds,&amp;rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &amp;ldquo;fallen by more than half&amp;rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&amp;rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&amp;rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Where does the rest of the farm family&amp;rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The wolf is never far from the door of India&amp;rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&amp;rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &amp;ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot; title=&quot;https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.

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                <strong>At the Heart of Rural Discontent Is the Creeping Crisis in Household Agriculture -Anirudh Krishna</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-TheWire.in<br /><br /><em>A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.<br /></em><br />While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &ldquo;Bharat,&rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.<br /><br />It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.<br /><br />From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.<br /><br />That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.<br /><br />The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &ldquo;starved of funds,&rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &ldquo;fallen by more than half&rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.<br /><br />India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.<br /><br />These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.<br /><br />Where does the rest of the farm family&rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.<br /><br />Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.<br /><br />The wolf is never far from the door of India&rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?<br /><br />Please <a href="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/" title="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-TheWire.in<br />
<br />
<em>A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.<br />
</em><br />
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &ldquo;Bharat,&rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.<br />
<br />
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.<br />
<br />
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.<br />
<br />
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.<br />
<br />
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &ldquo;starved of funds,&rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &ldquo;fallen by more than half&rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.<br />
<br />
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.<br />
<br />
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.<br />
<br />
Where does the rest of the farm family&rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.<br />
<br />
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.<br />
<br />
The wolf is never far from the door of India&rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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-TheWire.in<br />
<br />
<em>A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.<br />
</em><br />
While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &ldquo;Bharat,&rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.<br />
<br />
It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.<br />
<br />
From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.<br />
<br />
That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.<br />
<br />
The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &ldquo;starved of funds,&rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &ldquo;fallen by more than half&rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.<br />
<br />
India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.<br />
<br />
These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.<br />
<br />
Where does the rest of the farm family&rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.<br />
<br />
Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.<br />
<br />
The wolf is never far from the door of India&rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
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A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.

While the government pays lip service to the image...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-TheWire.in<br /><br /><em>A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India&rsquo;s farmers.<br /></em><br />While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer &ndash; picture the stalwart yeoman, &ldquo;Bharat,&rdquo; hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder &ndash; in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on.<br /><br />It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors.<br /><br />From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather.<br /><br />That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares.<br /><br />The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being &ldquo;starved of funds,&rdquo; according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had &ldquo;fallen by more than half&rdquo; in the period after economic liberalisation.<br /><br />India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China.<br /><br />These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists&rsquo; livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family&rsquo;s income has fallen to just about 30%.<br /><br />Where does the rest of the farm family&rsquo;s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation.<br /><br />Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty.<br /><br />The wolf is never far from the door of India&rsquo;s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one&rsquo;s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair &ndash; why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors?<br /><br />Please <a href="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/" title="https://thewire.in/161544/rural-discontent-household-agriculture/">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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At the Heart of Rural Discontent Is the Creeping Crisis in Household Agriculture -Anirudh Krishna

-TheWire.in A substantial decline in the share of agriculture in a farm family’s income and the lack of quality education has eroded hopes of a better future for a majority of India’s farmers. While the government pays lip service to the image of the Indian farmer – picture the stalwart yeoman, “Bharat,” hefting a wooden plough on his shoulder – in fact, the conditions of farm families have been in secular decline for three decades and longer, until a stage has come when what is produced on the farm is no longer enough for a family to live on. It is not merely a matter of minimum support prices or of the terms of trade moving against agriculture, though that is certainly an important part of the picture. More broadly, the life chances of young people growing up on farms has become grim, a result of a concatenation of factors. From more than three hectares at the time of independence, the average size of landholdings has fallen to less than one hectare. A farmer today has less than one-third of the land that was farmed by his grandfather. That might not have been so bad if productivity increases had outstripped the diminution of farm sizes, but state investments in agriculture have been rolled back since the advent of liberalisation, precluding large-scale yield increases. The network of government canals has not been expanded. For more than 20 years after 1991, canal irrigation coverage remained static at 17 million hectares. The research and extension services of the government have become weaker and less effective, with the network of agricultural universities being “starved of funds,” according to the report of a government commission. A World Bank team found that public investments in agriculture had “fallen by more than half” in the period after economic liberalisation. India produces less than 2,000 kg of rice per hectare while China produces more than 6,000 kg per hectare. Sorghum yields are 800 kg/hectare in India and more than 1,600 kg/hectare in Thailand. Cotton yields are 650 kg/hectare on average in India and more than 3,000 kg/hectare in China. These trends have put a squeeze on agriculturists’ livelihoods. From more than 60% in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in a farm family’s income has fallen to just about 30%. Where does the rest of the farm family’s income come from? Therein hangs a tale that, in my observation, lies at the heart of rural discontent, giving impetus to the ongoing agitation. Because of the poor-quality education that they receive, the majority of young people growing up in rural areas have no option except to put themselves out as day labourers. Working as mazdoors, they are able to make up the shortfall in income brought on by the creeping crisis in household agriculture. But they live at the margins, unable to generate any surplus. Any sudden outflow of cash, for instance, to pay the medical bills of a loved one, is enough to pitch a household into poverty. The wolf is never far from the door of India’s farmers, while television beams in images of high consumption lifestyles in big cities, increasingly distant from one’s immediate surroundings. The disjuncture is enough to make a person despair – why are the children of city folks able to climb the ladder to riches, while my children and those of folks like me are forced by circumstances to become mazdoors? Please click here to read more.