Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6800ee0215e75-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6800ee0215e75-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr6800ee0215e75-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6800ee0215e75-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6800ee0215e75-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6800ee0215e75-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6800ee0215e75-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr6800ee0215e75-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &amp;lsquo;below poverty line&amp;rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &amp;lsquo;pre-modern&amp;rsquo; identities. Isn&amp;rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In &amp;lsquo;mainstream&amp;rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &amp;lsquo;pollution&amp;rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &amp;lsquo;backwards&amp;rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.&lt;br /&gt;
ssjodhka@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &amp;lsquo;below poverty line&amp;rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &amp;lsquo;pre-modern&amp;rsquo; identities. Isn&amp;rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In &amp;lsquo;mainstream&amp;rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &amp;lsquo;pollution&amp;rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &amp;lsquo;backwards&amp;rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.&lt;br /&gt;ssjodhka@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;br /&gt;
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &amp;lsquo;pre-modern&amp;rsquo; identities. Isn&amp;rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In &amp;lsquo;mainstream&amp;rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &amp;lsquo;pollution&amp;rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &amp;lsquo;backwards&amp;rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.&lt;br /&gt;
ssjodhka@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste...&#039;
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
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AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste..."/>
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                <strong>Caste census will benefit the deprived by Surinder S Jodhka</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &lsquo;below poverty line&rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.<br /><br />Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &lsquo;pre-modern&rsquo; identities. Isn&rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!<br /><br />In &lsquo;mainstream&rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.<br /><br />However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &lsquo;pollution&rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &lsquo;backwards&rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.<br /><br />Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.<br /><br />Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.<br />ssjodhka@yahoo.com<br /><br /></div>               </font>
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &amp;lsquo;below poverty line&amp;rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &amp;lsquo;pre-modern&amp;rsquo; identities. Isn&amp;rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In &amp;lsquo;mainstream&amp;rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &amp;lsquo;pollution&amp;rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &amp;lsquo;backwards&amp;rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.&lt;br /&gt;
ssjodhka@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &amp;lsquo;below poverty line&amp;rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &amp;lsquo;pre-modern&amp;rsquo; identities. Isn&amp;rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In &amp;lsquo;mainstream&amp;rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &amp;lsquo;pollution&amp;rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &amp;lsquo;backwards&amp;rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.&lt;br /&gt;
ssjodhka@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste...&#039;
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                <strong>Caste census will benefit the deprived by Surinder S Jodhka</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &lsquo;below poverty line&rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.<br /><br />Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &lsquo;pre-modern&rsquo; identities. Isn&rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!<br /><br />In &lsquo;mainstream&rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.<br /><br />However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &lsquo;pollution&rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &lsquo;backwards&rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.<br /><br />Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.<br /><br />Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.<br />ssjodhka@yahoo.com<br /><br /></div>               </font>
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &amp;lsquo;below poverty line&amp;rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &amp;lsquo;pre-modern&amp;rsquo; identities. Isn&amp;rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In &amp;lsquo;mainstream&amp;rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &amp;lsquo;pollution&amp;rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &amp;lsquo;backwards&amp;rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.&lt;br /&gt;
ssjodhka@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &amp;lsquo;below poverty line&amp;rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &amp;lsquo;pre-modern&amp;rsquo; identities. Isn&amp;rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In &amp;lsquo;mainstream&amp;rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &amp;lsquo;pollution&amp;rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &amp;lsquo;backwards&amp;rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.&lt;br /&gt;
ssjodhka@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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AFTER MORE than a year&amp;rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste...&#039;
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                <strong>Caste census will benefit the deprived by Surinder S Jodhka</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &lsquo;below poverty line&rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.<br /><br />Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &lsquo;pre-modern&rsquo; identities. Isn&rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!<br /><br />In &lsquo;mainstream&rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.<br /><br />However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &lsquo;pollution&rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &lsquo;backwards&rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.<br /><br />Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.<br /><br />Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.<br />ssjodhka@yahoo.com<br /><br /></div>               </font>
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AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &lsquo;below poverty line&rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.<br />
<br />
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &lsquo;pre-modern&rsquo; identities. Isn&rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!<br />
<br />
In &lsquo;mainstream&rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.<br />
<br />
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &lsquo;pollution&rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &lsquo;backwards&rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.<br />
<br />
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.<br />
<br />
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.<br />
ssjodhka@yahoo.com<br />
<br />
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AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste...',
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	'title' => 'Caste census will benefit the deprived by Surinder S Jodhka',
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AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &lsquo;below poverty line&rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.<br />
<br />
Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &lsquo;pre-modern&rsquo; identities. Isn&rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!<br />
<br />
In &lsquo;mainstream&rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.<br />
<br />
However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &lsquo;pollution&rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &lsquo;backwards&rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.<br />
<br />
Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.<br />
<br />
Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.<br />
ssjodhka@yahoo.com<br />
<br />
</div>',
	'credit_writer' => 'Tehelka Magazine, Vol 8, Issue 22, 04 June 2011, http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne040611PROSCONS.asp',
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AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">AFTER MORE than a year&rsquo;s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the &lsquo;below poverty line&rsquo; (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures.<br /><br />Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such &lsquo;pre-modern&rsquo; identities. Isn&rsquo;t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all!<br /><br />In &lsquo;mainstream&rsquo; sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community.<br /><br />However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the &lsquo;pollution&rsquo; line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the &lsquo;backwards&rsquo;, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities.<br /><br />Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations.<br /><br />Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU.<br />ssjodhka@yahoo.com<br /><br /></div>'
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Caste census will benefit the deprived by Surinder S Jodhka

AFTER MORE than a year’s debate on enumerating caste in Census 2011, it was finally decided in a Cabinet meeting on 19 May that all Indians would be asked their caste and religion along with their economic status. The caste census will be conducted as part of the ‘below poverty line’ (BPL) survey, to be carried out by the Ministries of Rural Development and Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation along with the Registrar General of India. Though poverty surveys have been done periodically by the Ministry of Rural Development, they have been standalone exercises. This time, the data on variables indicating the economic status of households to determine its inclusion or exclusion in the BPL category, and the information on caste and religion will presumably be added to the already collected Census 2011 figures. Even though poverty and determination of BPL status has always been an extremely contentious subject, no one seems particularly bothered about the new method of calculating the poor or about the use of new technology. However, inclusion of caste along with religion is proving hard to accept. Why should we enumerate caste when we are in the second decade of the 21st century? Even the British who had started the exercise found it problematic and decided to take it out of Census 1941. Enumeration of caste and community, as the historical research on the colonial Census shows, only reinforces such ‘pre-modern’ identities. Isn’t it another instance of populist politics and giving in to the obscurantist forces and wily politicians? No, not at all! In ‘mainstream’ sociological literature, caste was viewed as an aspect of the traditional cultural life of the Hindus, which was to gradually disappear with the processes of economic development and modernisation. For large sections of the urban Indian middle classes, this has indeed happened. Caste no longer determines their occupation or everyday social life. It is of some relevance only in matters of kinship and marriage, and there too the younger generation is moving ahead and choosing partners without worrying too much about caste and community. However, caste means different things to different people and its effects vary significantly across different categories, depending on where one is located on the hierarchical scale of the traditional system. While for the so-called upper castes, it was simply a matter of rituals and cultural practices, for those below the ‘pollution’ line, or close to it, the ex-untouchables and the ‘backwards’, it always meant denial and humiliation. It also meant deprivation and discrimination. Not only were those from the ex-untouchables made to live outside the main village, they were also not allowed to own and formally cultivate land. It was for this reason that when land was being transferred to tillers under the Land Reform legislations, rarely did it go to Dalits. Their traditional entitlements were only to the labour work on land and the callings of their castes. The oft-cited correlation between poverty, caste and landlessness does not particularly surprise the social scientist familiar with the rural realities. Caste, thus, has several dimensions. Enumeration of caste today is not being demanded by those who benefited from the system but by its victims. And the idea is not to enumerate the extent of its cultural presence or ideological hold but to use it as an indicator of development and deprivation. If the poor are predominantly from specific social categories and communities, policymakers need to know this. A good policy can only emerge from a good understanding and acknowledgement of the reality. A caste Census would only help us in moving from a mere quantitative notion of poverty to a more substantive qualitative understanding of persistent inequalities and deprivations. Surinder S Jodhka is Professor of sociology, JNU. ssjodhka@yahoo.com