Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr6801bd0315a3f-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling...&#039;
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Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

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                <strong>Circular migration is holding back India&#039;s urbanization -Dipti Jain</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows <br /></em><br />One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.<br /><br />In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.<br /><br />These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.<br /><br />Analyzing India&rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.<br /><br />Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?<br /><br />A recent paper titled <em>Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 </em>(please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration">click here</a> to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.<br /><br />Tumbe argues that India&rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.<br /><br />But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.<br /><br />If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.<br /><br />In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-Livemint.com

Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling...&#039;
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Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

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                <strong>Circular migration is holding back India&#039;s urbanization -Dipti Jain</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows <br /></em><br />One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.<br /><br />In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.<br /><br />These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.<br /><br />Analyzing India&rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.<br /><br />Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?<br /><br />A recent paper titled <em>Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 </em>(please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration">click here</a> to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.<br /><br />Tumbe argues that India&rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.<br /><br />But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.<br /><br />If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.<br /><br />In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Circular migration is holding back India&amp;#039;s urbanization -Dipti Jain&#039;,
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-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-Livemint.com

Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analyzing India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&amp;rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A recent paper titled &lt;em&gt;Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 &lt;/em&gt;(please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf&quot; title=&quot;Working paper on circular migration&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tumbe argues that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&amp;rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot; title=&quot;http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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                <strong>Circular migration is holding back India&#039;s urbanization -Dipti Jain</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows <br /></em><br />One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.<br /><br />In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.<br /><br />These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.<br /><br />Analyzing India&rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.<br /><br />Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?<br /><br />A recent paper titled <em>Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 </em>(please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration">click here</a> to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.<br /><br />Tumbe argues that India&rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.<br /><br />But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.<br /><br />If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.<br /><br />In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Livemint.com<br />
<br />
<em>Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows <br />
</em><br />
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.<br />
<br />
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.<br />
<br />
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.<br />
<br />
Analyzing India&rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.<br />
<br />
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?<br />
<br />
A recent paper titled <em>Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 </em>(please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration">click here</a> to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.<br />
<br />
Tumbe argues that India&rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.<br />
<br />
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.<br />
<br />
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.<br />
<br />
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. <br />
<br />
Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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-Livemint.com

Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling...',
	'disp' => '<div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows <br /></em><br />One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.<br /><br />In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.<br /><br />These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.<br /><br />Analyzing India&rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.<br /><br />Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?<br /><br />A recent paper titled <em>Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 </em>(please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration">click here</a> to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.<br /><br />Tumbe argues that India&rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.<br /><br />But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.<br /><br />If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.<br /><br />In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>',
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	'title' => 'Circular migration is holding back India&#039;s urbanization -Dipti Jain',
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-Livemint.com<br />
<br />
<em>Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows <br />
</em><br />
One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.<br />
<br />
In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.<br />
<br />
These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.<br />
<br />
Analyzing India&rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.<br />
<br />
Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?<br />
<br />
A recent paper titled <em>Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 </em>(please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration">click here</a> to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.<br />
<br />
Tumbe argues that India&rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.<br />
<br />
But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.<br />
<br />
If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.<br />
<br />
In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. <br />
<br />
Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
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-Livemint.com

Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows 

One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows <br /></em><br />One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities.<br /><br />In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India&rsquo;s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth.<br /><br />These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come.<br /><br />Analyzing India&rsquo;s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging.<br /><br />Between 2001 and 2011 census, India&rsquo;s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya&rsquo;s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India?<br /><br />A recent paper titled <em>Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 </em>(please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tumbe-2016-Working-paper.pdf" title="Working paper on circular migration">click here</a> to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue.<br /><br />Tumbe argues that India&rsquo;s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.<br /><br />But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says.<br /><br />If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India&rsquo;s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points.<br /><br />In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India&rsquo;s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/p9l9OfhAoycxqPq9wShSmI/Circular-migration-is-holding-back-Indias-urbanization.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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Circular migration is holding back India's urbanization -Dipti Jain

-Livemint.com Many urban workers go back to their villages instead of settling in cities with their families, a study shows One of the biggest announcements after Narendra Modi assumed office was the announcement of the smart cities project, which involves overhauling of urban infrastructure in 100 Indian cities. In April, Niti Aayog chairman Arvind Panagariya predicted India’s urbanization rate to increase to over 60% in the next 30 years, assuming a 7-9% rate of economic growth. These policies and statements underline the importance of urbanization in the Indian growth story in the days to come. Analyzing India’s urbanization performance, so far, could be a useful tool to get an idea about how realistic such claims are. The numbers are not very encouraging. Between 2001 and 2011 census, India’s urbanization went up from 27.8% to 31.1%. Not only is the number far from impressive, it also makes Panagariya’s predictions way too optimistic. What explains this tepid growth in urbanisation in India? A recent paper titled Urbanisation, Demographic Transition and the Growth of Cities in India, 1870-2020 (please click here to access), authored by Chinmay Tumbe, an assistant professor of economics at IIM-Ahmedabad, gives some useful insights on this issue. Tumbe argues that India’s urbanization has been both low and slow irrespective of which definition is applied to measure its pace. The 2011 census defines urban areas as settlements with a local urban body and with a population of at least 5,000 people, density of at least 400 people per square km, and at least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural activities. But even if the definition of urban areas were to be relaxed to include all rural areas with a population of more than 10,000, the change in urbanization would remain the same, although the level would increase to 37% for 2011, the paper says. If the definition were to be further expanded to include all rural areas with population over 5,000, India’s urbanization level would increase to 47% in 2011, but the pace of growth would still be around three percentage points. In fact, analysis of historical figures from 1870 onwards shows that India’s urbanization pace has slowed down in the recent period. Please click here to read more.