Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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The grievance redress system in the country is &amp;ldquo;poor&amp;rdquo; and public service providers &amp;ldquo;lack accountability&amp;rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &amp;lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010&#039;, prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the &amp;ldquo;aam admi&amp;rdquo; has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;The bribes paid by households for various purposes ranged between as low as Rs.5 to as high as Rs.800. For example, to get an application form to apply for a ration card, some households paid Rs.5 while to get the BPL ration card, without being eligible fore the same or not having supporting documents, some households paid Rs.800,&amp;rdquo; the study reveals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;The estimation of bribe amount paid by the rural households brings out an amount of Rs.471.8 crore...The percentage of rural households that paid bribe during the last year was relatively higher in PDS (11.5 per cent), followed by hospitals (9 per cent), schools (5.8 per cent), water (4.3 per cent),&amp;rdquo; the study said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Based on interviews with the people, the study claims that the socio-economically weaker sections are most affected by corrupt practices in public services. The study further claims that compared to the ICS 2005, in 2010 overall the percentage of rural households which paid bribe for any public service has come down to 28 per cent from 56 per cent except in states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Kerala and Maharashtra.
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The grievance redress system in the country is &amp;ldquo;poor&amp;rdquo; and public service providers &amp;ldquo;lack accountability&amp;rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The grievance redress system in the country is &amp;ldquo;poor&amp;rdquo; and public service providers &amp;ldquo;lack accountability&amp;rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &amp;lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010&#039;, prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the &amp;ldquo;aam admi&amp;rdquo; has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;The bribes paid by households for various purposes ranged between as low as Rs.5 to as high as Rs.800. For example, to get an application form to apply for a ration card, some households paid Rs.5 while to get the BPL ration card, without being eligible fore the same or not having supporting documents, some households paid Rs.800,&amp;rdquo; the study reveals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;The estimation of bribe amount paid by the rural households brings out an amount of Rs.471.8 crore...The percentage of rural households that paid bribe during the last year was relatively higher in PDS (11.5 per cent), followed by hospitals (9 per cent), schools (5.8 per cent), water (4.3 per cent),&amp;rdquo; the study said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Based on interviews with the people, the study claims that the socio-economically weaker sections are most affected by corrupt practices in public services. The study further claims that compared to the ICS 2005, in 2010 overall the percentage of rural households which paid bribe for any public service has come down to 28 per cent from 56 per cent except in states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Kerala and Maharashtra.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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The grievance redress system in the country is &ldquo;poor&rdquo; and public service providers &ldquo;lack accountability&rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This..."/>
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                <div align="justify">The grievance redress system in the country is &ldquo;poor&rdquo; and public service providers &ldquo;lack accountability&rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010', prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.<br /><br />The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the &ldquo;aam admi&rdquo; has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply.<br /><br />&ldquo;The bribes paid by households for various purposes ranged between as low as Rs.5 to as high as Rs.800. For example, to get an application form to apply for a ration card, some households paid Rs.5 while to get the BPL ration card, without being eligible fore the same or not having supporting documents, some households paid Rs.800,&rdquo; the study reveals.<br /><br />It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States.<br /><br />&ldquo;The estimation of bribe amount paid by the rural households brings out an amount of Rs.471.8 crore...The percentage of rural households that paid bribe during the last year was relatively higher in PDS (11.5 per cent), followed by hospitals (9 per cent), schools (5.8 per cent), water (4.3 per cent),&rdquo; the study said.<br /><br />Based on interviews with the people, the study claims that the socio-economically weaker sections are most affected by corrupt practices in public services. The study further claims that compared to the ICS 2005, in 2010 overall the percentage of rural households which paid bribe for any public service has come down to 28 per cent from 56 per cent except in states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Kerala and Maharashtra.</div>               </font>
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
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<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
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The grievance redress system in the country is &amp;ldquo;poor&amp;rdquo; and public service providers &amp;ldquo;lack accountability&amp;rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &amp;lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010&#039;, prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the &amp;ldquo;aam admi&amp;rdquo; has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;The bribes paid by households for various purposes ranged between as low as Rs.5 to as high as Rs.800. For example, to get an application form to apply for a ration card, some households paid Rs.5 while to get the BPL ration card, without being eligible fore the same or not having supporting documents, some households paid Rs.800,&amp;rdquo; the study reveals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;The estimation of bribe amount paid by the rural households brings out an amount of Rs.471.8 crore...The percentage of rural households that paid bribe during the last year was relatively higher in PDS (11.5 per cent), followed by hospitals (9 per cent), schools (5.8 per cent), water (4.3 per cent),&amp;rdquo; the study said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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The grievance redress system in the country is &amp;ldquo;poor&amp;rdquo; and public service providers &amp;ldquo;lack accountability&amp;rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This...&#039;,
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The grievance redress system in the country is &ldquo;poor&rdquo; and public service providers &ldquo;lack accountability&rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This..."/>
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                <div align="justify">The grievance redress system in the country is &ldquo;poor&rdquo; and public service providers &ldquo;lack accountability&rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010', prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.<br /><br />The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the &ldquo;aam admi&rdquo; has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply.<br /><br />&ldquo;The bribes paid by households for various purposes ranged between as low as Rs.5 to as high as Rs.800. For example, to get an application form to apply for a ration card, some households paid Rs.5 while to get the BPL ration card, without being eligible fore the same or not having supporting documents, some households paid Rs.800,&rdquo; the study reveals.<br /><br />It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States.<br /><br />&ldquo;The estimation of bribe amount paid by the rural households brings out an amount of Rs.471.8 crore...The percentage of rural households that paid bribe during the last year was relatively higher in PDS (11.5 per cent), followed by hospitals (9 per cent), schools (5.8 per cent), water (4.3 per cent),&rdquo; the study said.<br /><br />Based on interviews with the people, the study claims that the socio-economically weaker sections are most affected by corrupt practices in public services. The study further claims that compared to the ICS 2005, in 2010 overall the percentage of rural households which paid bribe for any public service has come down to 28 per cent from 56 per cent except in states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Kerala and Maharashtra.</div>               </font>
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr680d9f6390e2f-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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                <strong>Corruption, bribes have become a way of life: Survey</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">The grievance redress system in the country is &ldquo;poor&rdquo; and public service providers &ldquo;lack accountability&rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010', prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.<br /><br />The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the &ldquo;aam admi&rdquo; has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply.<br /><br />&ldquo;The bribes paid by households for various purposes ranged between as low as Rs.5 to as high as Rs.800. For example, to get an application form to apply for a ration card, some households paid Rs.5 while to get the BPL ration card, without being eligible fore the same or not having supporting documents, some households paid Rs.800,&rdquo; the study reveals.<br /><br />It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States.<br /><br />&ldquo;The estimation of bribe amount paid by the rural households brings out an amount of Rs.471.8 crore...The percentage of rural households that paid bribe during the last year was relatively higher in PDS (11.5 per cent), followed by hospitals (9 per cent), schools (5.8 per cent), water (4.3 per cent),&rdquo; the study said.<br /><br />Based on interviews with the people, the study claims that the socio-economically weaker sections are most affected by corrupt practices in public services. The study further claims that compared to the ICS 2005, in 2010 overall the percentage of rural households which paid bribe for any public service has come down to 28 per cent from 56 per cent except in states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Kerala and Maharashtra.</div>               </font>
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The grievance redress system in the country is &ldquo;poor&rdquo; and public service providers &ldquo;lack accountability&rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010', prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.<br />
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The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the &ldquo;aam admi&rdquo; has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply.<br />
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It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States.<br />
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The grievance redress system in the country is &ldquo;poor&rdquo; and public service providers &ldquo;lack accountability&rdquo;. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, &lsquo;India Corruption Study: 2010', prepared by the Centre for Media Studies.<br />
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Corruption, bribes have become a way of life: Survey

The grievance redress system in the country is “poor” and public service providers “lack accountability”. This is indicated by the fact that 95 per cent of the households that were asked to pay a bribe ended up doing so. This is revealed by a new survey, ‘India Corruption Study: 2010', prepared by the Centre for Media Studies. The report, based on a survey of around 10,000 households across 12 major cities, claims that the general perception about corruption in public services involving the “aam admi” has shown a declining trend. However, people continue to pay bribes for services like the public distribution scheme, medical assistance and water supply. “The bribes paid by households for various purposes ranged between as low as Rs.5 to as high as Rs.800. For example, to get an application form to apply for a ration card, some households paid Rs.5 while to get the BPL ration card, without being eligible fore the same or not having supporting documents, some households paid Rs.800,” the study reveals. It says the outcome budget of the Union Ministry of Rural Development, the total expenditure made under the MGNREGS during 2010-11 in States like Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra is equal to or less than the total amount of Rs.471.8 crore paid as bribe by the rural households in the 12 States. “The estimation of bribe amount paid by the rural households brings out an amount of Rs.471.8 crore...The percentage of rural households that paid bribe during the last year was relatively higher in PDS (11.5 per cent), followed by hospitals (9 per cent), schools (5.8 per cent), water (4.3 per cent),” the study said. Based on interviews with the people, the study claims that the socio-economically weaker sections are most affected by corrupt practices in public services. The study further claims that compared to the ICS 2005, in 2010 overall the percentage of rural households which paid bribe for any public service has come down to 28 per cent from 56 per cent except in states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Kerala and Maharashtra.