Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67f361a3a2f78-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Delhi&amp;#039;s air - a tragedy of the commons Hardayal Singh&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
		&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 22 November, 2017, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 22 November, 2017, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...&#039;
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Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,..."/>
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                <strong>Delhi&#039;s air - a tragedy of the commons Hardayal Singh</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency<br /></em><br />The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.<br /><br />This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.<br /><br />One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.<br /><br />The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.<br /><br />Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.<br /><br /><em>Future insignificant<br /></em><br />Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &ldquo;tragedy of the commons&rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.<br /><br />In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.<br /><br /><em>Limited view<br /></em><br />In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &ldquo;commons&rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.<br /><br />Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.<br /><br />So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.<br /><br />People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&rdquo;, so it doesn&rsquo;t matter.<br /><br />Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.<br /><br />As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Delhi&amp;#039;s air - a tragedy of the commons Hardayal Singh&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 22 November, 2017, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...&#039;
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,..."/>
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                <strong>Delhi&#039;s air - a tragedy of the commons Hardayal Singh</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency<br /></em><br />The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.<br /><br />This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.<br /><br />One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.<br /><br />The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.<br /><br />Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.<br /><br /><em>Future insignificant<br /></em><br />Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &ldquo;tragedy of the commons&rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.<br /><br />In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.<br /><br /><em>Limited view<br /></em><br />In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &ldquo;commons&rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.<br /><br />Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.<br /><br />So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.<br /><br />People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&rdquo;, so it doesn&rsquo;t matter.<br /><br />Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.<br /><br />As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
		&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 22 November, 2017, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 22 November, 2017, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Future insignificant&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &amp;ldquo;tragedy of the commons&amp;rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Limited view&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &amp;ldquo;commons&amp;rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &amp;ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&amp;rdquo;, so it doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,..."/>
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                <strong>Delhi&#039;s air - a tragedy of the commons Hardayal Singh</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency<br /></em><br />The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.<br /><br />This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.<br /><br />One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.<br /><br />The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.<br /><br />Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.<br /><br /><em>Future insignificant<br /></em><br />Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &ldquo;tragedy of the commons&rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.<br /><br />In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.<br /><br /><em>Limited view<br /></em><br />In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &ldquo;commons&rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.<br /><br />Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.<br /><br />So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.<br /><br />People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&rdquo;, so it doesn&rsquo;t matter.<br /><br />Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.<br /><br />As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu Business Line<br />
<br />
<em>Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency<br />
</em><br />
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.<br />
<br />
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.<br />
<br />
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.<br />
<br />
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.<br />
<br />
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.<br />
<br />
<em>Future insignificant<br />
</em><br />
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &ldquo;tragedy of the commons&rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.<br />
<br />
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.<br />
<br />
<em>Limited view<br />
</em><br />
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &ldquo;commons&rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.<br />
<br />
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.<br />
<br />
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.<br />
<br />
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&rdquo;, so it doesn&rsquo;t matter.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.<br />
<br />
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. <br />
<br />
Please <a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...',
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-The Hindu Business Line<br />
<br />
<em>Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency<br />
</em><br />
The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.<br />
<br />
This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.<br />
<br />
One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.<br />
<br />
The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.<br />
<br />
Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.<br />
<br />
<em>Future insignificant<br />
</em><br />
Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &ldquo;tragedy of the commons&rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.<br />
<br />
In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.<br />
<br />
<em>Limited view<br />
</em><br />
In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &ldquo;commons&rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.<br />
<br />
Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.<br />
<br />
So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.<br />
<br />
People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&rdquo;, so it doesn&rsquo;t matter.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.<br />
<br />
As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. <br />
<br />
Please <a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
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-The Hindu Business Line

Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency

The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance,...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency<br /></em><br />The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society.<br /><br />This relates to the gross misuse of common resources.<br /><br />One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing.<br /><br />The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste.<br /><br />Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits.<br /><br /><em>Future insignificant<br /></em><br />Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the &ldquo;tragedy of the commons&rdquo;, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus.<br /><br />In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means.<br /><br /><em>Limited view<br /></em><br />In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our &ldquo;commons&rdquo; are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas.<br /><br />Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes.<br /><br />So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives.<br /><br />People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that &ldquo;in the long run we are all dead&rdquo;, so it doesn&rsquo;t matter.<br /><br />Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself.<br /><br />As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. <br /><br />Please <a href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/delhis-air-a-tragedy-of-the-commons/article9969826.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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Delhi's air - a tragedy of the commons Hardayal Singh

-The Hindu Business Line Individuals are unable to modify present behaviour for future, collective gains. Wrong policies exacerbate this tendency The thick pall of smoke and noxious gases engulfing Delhi is an ecological catastrophe. Reflective of a very serious failure of governance, it is also reminiscent of another serious malaise afflicting our society. This relates to the gross misuse of common resources. One of the first persons to reflect upon this kind of environmental disaster was William Forster Lloyd, professor at Oxford, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. In 1832, he noted that while the common land in English villages was often barren and infertile, privately owned, fenced pastures were just the opposite: they were often lush and fertile. They were kept fallow for four years. This rest period allowed them to recover from the earlier grazing. The village commons enjoyed no such rest; so, over a period of time many of them were rendered waste. Forester concluded that the farmer, like the rest of us, does not take the losses of the community as seriously as his personal losses. The prudent man, he wrote, determines his conduct by comparing his present pleasure to future suffering, and his present sacrifice to his future benefits. Future insignificant Future suffering or gains, however, are always uncertain, difficult to measure, and vague; so most human beings are guided only by their estimates of present gains and losses. And this leads to the “tragedy of the commons”, a phrase later coined by Garrett Hardin in 1968 to explain why much of the public-owned land and other natural resources are often laid waste because of this calculus. In keeping with this principle, farmers of Punjab are least bothered about the impact of burning crop stubble on people in other States. All they know is that burning stubble is cheaper than disposing it of by other means. Limited view In India this tragedy of the commons plays out daily in our lives in a thousand different ways: at the macro- level our “commons” are our national resources. These include the air we breathe, the land we live on, and our water bodies, rivers and seas. Lax regulation has led every individual to feel that she has a fundamental right to use them in any way she likes. The quality of air has deteriorated because we continue to use the atmosphere as a dump where we mercilessly discharge waste gases and diesel fumes. So the first policy implication of the tragedy we face is to make people aware of the ecological consequences of the choices they make in their daily lives. People need to understand that it is short-sighted in terms of their own personal gains and losses to think that “in the long run we are all dead”, so it doesn’t matter. Unfortunately, governments too have fostered this kind of limited thinking. As a consequence of poorly directed subsidies in the supply of water and electricity, farmers in certain parts of Punjab have used these resources indiscriminately and waterlogged large tracts of arable land in certain areas, and reduced the level of the water table in others. Excessive use of pesticides has not only poisoned the fruit and vegetables we consume but has also had the effect of contaminating the soil itself. As any environmentalist will vouch, the list is endless; and we are leaving behind a poor legacy for our future generations. Please click here to read more.