Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
		&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 26 November, 2018, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 26 November, 2018, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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-The Hindu Business Line

The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat..."/>
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                <strong>Floods, droughts compound diseases in India -Raghu Murtugudde</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood<br /></em><br />Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.<br /><br />Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.<br /><br />Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.<br /><br />What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.<br /><br />India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.<br /><br /><em>Changes in monsoon<br /></em><br />It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&ntilde;o and La Ni&ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.<br /><br />Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
		&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 26 November, 2018, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Hindu Business Line, 26 November, 2018, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&#039;,
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The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat...&#039;
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-The Hindu Business Line

The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat..."/>
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                <strong>Floods, droughts compound diseases in India -Raghu Murtugudde</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood<br /></em><br />Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.<br /><br />Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.<br /><br />Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.<br /><br />What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.<br /><br />India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.<br /><br /><em>Changes in monsoon<br /></em><br />It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&ntilde;o and La Ni&ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.<br /><br />Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

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-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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-The Hindu Business Line

The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu Business Line&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&amp;rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Changes in monsoon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&amp;ntilde;o and La Ni&amp;ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat..."/>
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                <strong>Floods, droughts compound diseases in India -Raghu Murtugudde</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood<br /></em><br />Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.<br /><br />Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.<br /><br />Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.<br /><br />What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.<br /><br />India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.<br /><br /><em>Changes in monsoon<br /></em><br />It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&ntilde;o and La Ni&ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.<br /><br />Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu Business Line<br />
<br />
<em>The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood<br />
</em><br />
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.<br />
<br />
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.<br />
<br />
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.<br />
<br />
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.<br />
<br />
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.<br />
<br />
<em>Changes in monsoon<br />
</em><br />
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&ntilde;o and La Ni&ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.<br />
<br />
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat...',
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-The Hindu Business Line<br />
<br />
<em>The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood<br />
</em><br />
Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.<br />
<br />
Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.<br />
<br />
Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.<br />
<br />
What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.<br />
<br />
India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.<br />
<br />
<em>Changes in monsoon<br />
</em><br />
It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&ntilde;o and La Ni&ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.<br />
<br />
Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
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$metaKeywords = 'Excessive Rainfall,drought,Flooding,cholera,Typhoid,malaria,filariasis,Leptospirosis,Schistosomiasis,Japanese Encephalitis,dengue,malaria,Chikungunya,Swine Flu,Zika'
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-The Hindu Business Line

The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood

Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-The Hindu Business Line<br /><br /><em>The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood<br /></em><br />Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time.<br /><br />Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India&rsquo;s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence.<br /><br />Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes.<br /><br />What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts.<br /><br />India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika.<br /><br /><em>Changes in monsoon<br /></em><br />It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Ni&ntilde;o and La Ni&ntilde;a, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent.<br /><br />Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/floods-droughts-compound-diseases-in-india/article25600007.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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Floods, droughts compound diseases in India -Raghu Murtugudde

-The Hindu Business Line The manner in which alternating wet and dry spells trigger disease and morbidity needs to be better understood Monsoon fury was in full display this year with record floods over Kerala as well as widespread floods from Gujarat to the North-East. The season also produced a wide swathe of drought that covered much of peninsular India with a smattering of districts from Gujarat to the eastern regions and the North-East. Considering that even a normal monsoon season consists active and break periods, India is a unique place with floods and droughts juxtaposed in space and time. Both floods and droughts degrade water quality and exacerbate health and hygiene issues not only from water-borne diseases but also from vector- and air-borne and zoonotic diseases. Confounding the floods and droughts, India’s mean temperatures are also generally optimal for maximum disease prevalence. Air pollution in India is getting the much deserved attention recently, especially in terms of the unacceptably high number of premature deaths, not to mention the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). DALY provides an estimate of disease burden in terms of years lost due to the disability caused by or premature mortality because of the disease. Air pollution is typically associated with chronic diseases such Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, asthma, and according to some new evidence, also diabetes. What has not been getting as much attention is the disease morbidity due to floods and droughts. India remains a hotspot for cholera, typhoid, malaria, filariasis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc., on the one hand, and for dengue, malaria, Chikungunya, and also incidences of swine flu and Zika. Changes in monsoon It is also evident now that all changes in monsoon occur as variations of these wet and dry spells. From ice ages to El Niño and La Niña, monsoon variability is manifest as alterations in the intensity and frequency of the active/break periods. Global warming is also beginning to make the wet periods more intense and break periods more frequent. Responses of the whole host of diseases to this inherent character of monsoon distribution remains to be understood thoroughly if India wants to reduce the disease burden. All the major species of mosquitoes that are endemic to India have life cycles from eggs to adulthood of only 6-10 days. This means that the active/break periods may be leading to some unique human ecology, i.e., interactions between humans and their surroundings, which include the natural and social environments as well built infrastructure. Please click here to read more.