Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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-Hindustan Times&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there...&#039;
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-Hindustan Times

In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there..."/>
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                <strong>Funding elections in India: Whose money has the most influence? -Jennifer Bussell</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Hindustan Times<br /><br /><em>In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.<br /></em><br />Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.<br /><br />However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.<br /><br />The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.<br /><br />What did we find? It&rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. <br /><br />Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.<br /><br />The politicians&rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.<br /><br />A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.<br /><br />More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html" title="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Hindustan Times&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there...&#039;
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-Hindustan Times

In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there..."/>
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                <strong>Funding elections in India: Whose money has the most influence? -Jennifer Bussell</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Hindustan Times<br /><br /><em>In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.<br /></em><br />Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.<br /><br />However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.<br /><br />The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.<br /><br />What did we find? It&rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. <br /><br />Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.<br /><br />The politicians&rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.<br /><br />A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.<br /><br />More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html" title="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Hindustan Times&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-Hindustan Times

In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Hindustan Times&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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-Hindustan Times

In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Hindustan Times&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;In India, it&amp;rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&amp;rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&amp;mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &amp;mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&amp;rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What did we find? It&amp;rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The politicians&amp;rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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-Hindustan Times

In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there..."/>
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                <strong>Funding elections in India: Whose money has the most influence? -Jennifer Bussell</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-Hindustan Times<br /><br /><em>In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.<br /></em><br />Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.<br /><br />However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.<br /><br />The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.<br /><br />What did we find? It&rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. <br /><br />Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.<br /><br />The politicians&rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.<br /><br />A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.<br /><br />More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html" title="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-Hindustan Times<br />
<br />
<em>In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.<br />
</em><br />
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.<br />
<br />
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.<br />
<br />
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.<br />
<br />
What did we find? It&rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. <br />
<br />
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.<br />
<br />
The politicians&rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.<br />
<br />
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.<br />
<br />
More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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-Hindustan Times

In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there...',
	'disp' => '<div align="justify">-Hindustan Times<br /><br /><em>In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.<br /></em><br />Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.<br /><br />However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.<br /><br />The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.<br /><br />What did we find? It&rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. <br /><br />Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.<br /><br />The politicians&rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.<br /><br />A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.<br /><br />More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html" title="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>',
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-Hindustan Times<br />
<br />
<em>In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.<br />
</em><br />
Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.<br />
<br />
However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.<br />
<br />
The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.<br />
<br />
What did we find? It&rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. <br />
<br />
Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.<br />
<br />
The politicians&rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.<br />
<br />
A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.<br />
<br />
More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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$metaTitle = 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Funding elections in India: Whose money has the most influence? -Jennifer Bussell'
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-Hindustan Times

In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.

Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-Hindustan Times<br /><br /><em>In India, it&rsquo;s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country.<br /></em><br />Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections.<br /><br />However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India&rsquo;s largest and most electorally competitive states&mdash;Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh &mdash;offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates&rsquo; sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds.<br /><br />The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns.<br /><br />What did we find? It&rsquo;s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. <br /><br />Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates.<br /><br />The politicians&rsquo; responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report.<br /><br />A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office.<br /><br />More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html" title="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/funding-elections-in-india-whose-money-has-the-most-influence/story-KlBvIvtVhdfAPy6hRes3PJ.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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Funding elections in India: Whose money has the most influence? -Jennifer Bussell

-Hindustan Times In India, it’s difficult to find accurate estimates of campaign spending. Research also shows that illicit funds are important in funding elections in the country. Despite constant chatter about the massive (and rising) costs of election campaigns in India, there is a dearth of credible data on the actual costs, the sources of support for candidates, and the implications of campaign costs on governance between elections. However, newly available survey data on politicians in three of India’s largest and most electorally competitive states—Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh —offer a unique and systematic view into the nature of campaign finance across all levels of elected office, from the gram panchayat to the Lok Sabha, and the possible repercussions for Indian democracy. These data, collected between 2011 and 2014 from surveys of more than 2,500 incumbent politicians, provide insights into the role of political parties in funding elections, candidates’ sources of campaign support, and the specific, and troubling, importance of illicit funds. The survey asked politicians about their own spending in past elections, sources of both financial and non-financial assistance, perception of the spending habits of their peers, and, perhaps most importantly, the role of cash in their campaigns. What did we find? It’s worth starting with what we did not find: accurate estimates of campaign spending. Most respondents report spending less on campaigns than the official limits, despite regular grumbling by politicians about the exceedingly strict campaign finance limits imposed by the Election Commission. Thus, either the anecdotal reports are wrong or politicians are unwilling to report honestly on their spending. One piece of evidence in favour of the second explanation is the fact that politicians at all levels indicate their peers spent at least double what they themselves spent, suggesting that their own reports are severe underestimates. The politicians’ responses were not all such obvious affectations of innocence, however, and there is much we can learn from what they did report. A key question posed by election analysts, to date unanswered, is the degree to which political parties provide financial support to candidates for office at various tiers of government . We found that party support was far more prevalent at higher levels of office. More than 60% of politicians at the state and national levels report receiving political party support, compared to fewer than 10% of respondents at the district level and lower. Please click here to read more.