Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&amp;rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &amp;ldquo;formal&amp;rdquo; jobs &amp;mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &amp;mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unemployment, they have pointed out, is a luxury. To be able to be actively looking for a job requires you to have a safety net &amp;mdash; social, state-provided or kin-based &amp;mdash; that feeds and clothes you while you do so. Enough Indians simply don&amp;rsquo;t have the resources to do that, and so they aren&amp;rsquo;t unemployed. But they aren&amp;rsquo;t in the right jobs, either. Now comes news that the ministry of labour intends to expand their survey, earlier conducted only in 300 districts, to all 600-plus districts of the country. But if they wish to improve on the twice-a-decade estimates provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation, there are a few crucial changes they must make. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First, they need to break out of the template set by more formal markets. More crucial than that 9.4 per cent number, for example, was the throwaway line that &amp;ldquo;the survey results show that 436 persons out of 1,000 persons are either employed in seasonal or ad-hoc type of enterprises.&amp;rdquo; That may not be the fault of the ministry, but it reveals that expansion geographically should not be prioritised over better survey design. Last year&amp;rsquo;s report complains that &amp;ldquo;measures of employment/unemployment which capture intermittent unemployment and seasonality... could not be followed due to a shorter survey period.&amp;rdquo; That needs fixing. The NSSO also gives us data about how much people earn from their jobs, and whether it needs supplementing. That, too, is essential to figuring out the true nature of unemployment and underemployment in India &amp;mdash; an essential input for policy-making that wishes to create space for India&amp;rsquo;s aspirational young people.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by..."/>
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                <div align="justify">In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &ldquo;formal&rdquo; jobs &mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.<br /><br />Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.<br /><br />Unemployment, they have pointed out, is a luxury. To be able to be actively looking for a job requires you to have a safety net &mdash; social, state-provided or kin-based &mdash; that feeds and clothes you while you do so. Enough Indians simply don&rsquo;t have the resources to do that, and so they aren&rsquo;t unemployed. But they aren&rsquo;t in the right jobs, either. Now comes news that the ministry of labour intends to expand their survey, earlier conducted only in 300 districts, to all 600-plus districts of the country. But if they wish to improve on the twice-a-decade estimates provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation, there are a few crucial changes they must make. <br /><br />First, they need to break out of the template set by more formal markets. More crucial than that 9.4 per cent number, for example, was the throwaway line that &ldquo;the survey results show that 436 persons out of 1,000 persons are either employed in seasonal or ad-hoc type of enterprises.&rdquo; That may not be the fault of the ministry, but it reveals that expansion geographically should not be prioritised over better survey design. Last year&rsquo;s report complains that &ldquo;measures of employment/unemployment which capture intermittent unemployment and seasonality... could not be followed due to a shorter survey period.&rdquo; That needs fixing. The NSSO also gives us data about how much people earn from their jobs, and whether it needs supplementing. That, too, is essential to figuring out the true nature of unemployment and underemployment in India &mdash; an essential input for policy-making that wishes to create space for India&rsquo;s aspirational young people.</div>               </font>
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67fddf03b15da-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67fddf03b15da-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67fddf03b15da-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67fddf03b15da-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67fddf03b15da-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67fddf03b15da-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67fddf03b15da-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67fddf03b15da-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67fddf03b15da-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
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In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&amp;rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &amp;ldquo;formal&amp;rdquo; jobs &amp;mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &amp;mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&amp;rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&amp;rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &amp;ldquo;formal&amp;rdquo; jobs &amp;mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &amp;mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unemployment, they have pointed out, is a luxury. To be able to be actively looking for a job requires you to have a safety net &amp;mdash; social, state-provided or kin-based &amp;mdash; that feeds and clothes you while you do so. Enough Indians simply don&amp;rsquo;t have the resources to do that, and so they aren&amp;rsquo;t unemployed. But they aren&amp;rsquo;t in the right jobs, either. Now comes news that the ministry of labour intends to expand their survey, earlier conducted only in 300 districts, to all 600-plus districts of the country. But if they wish to improve on the twice-a-decade estimates provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation, there are a few crucial changes they must make. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First, they need to break out of the template set by more formal markets. More crucial than that 9.4 per cent number, for example, was the throwaway line that &amp;ldquo;the survey results show that 436 persons out of 1,000 persons are either employed in seasonal or ad-hoc type of enterprises.&amp;rdquo; That may not be the fault of the ministry, but it reveals that expansion geographically should not be prioritised over better survey design. Last year&amp;rsquo;s report complains that &amp;ldquo;measures of employment/unemployment which capture intermittent unemployment and seasonality... could not be followed due to a shorter survey period.&amp;rdquo; That needs fixing. The NSSO also gives us data about how much people earn from their jobs, and whether it needs supplementing. That, too, is essential to figuring out the true nature of unemployment and underemployment in India &amp;mdash; an essential input for policy-making that wishes to create space for India&amp;rsquo;s aspirational young people.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&amp;rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &amp;ldquo;formal&amp;rdquo; jobs &amp;mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &amp;mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374
Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/higher-hires-5976.html"/>
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In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by..."/>
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                <strong>Higher hires</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &ldquo;formal&rdquo; jobs &mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.<br /><br />Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.<br /><br />Unemployment, they have pointed out, is a luxury. To be able to be actively looking for a job requires you to have a safety net &mdash; social, state-provided or kin-based &mdash; that feeds and clothes you while you do so. Enough Indians simply don&rsquo;t have the resources to do that, and so they aren&rsquo;t unemployed. But they aren&rsquo;t in the right jobs, either. Now comes news that the ministry of labour intends to expand their survey, earlier conducted only in 300 districts, to all 600-plus districts of the country. But if they wish to improve on the twice-a-decade estimates provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation, there are a few crucial changes they must make. <br /><br />First, they need to break out of the template set by more formal markets. More crucial than that 9.4 per cent number, for example, was the throwaway line that &ldquo;the survey results show that 436 persons out of 1,000 persons are either employed in seasonal or ad-hoc type of enterprises.&rdquo; That may not be the fault of the ministry, but it reveals that expansion geographically should not be prioritised over better survey design. Last year&rsquo;s report complains that &ldquo;measures of employment/unemployment which capture intermittent unemployment and seasonality... could not be followed due to a shorter survey period.&rdquo; That needs fixing. The NSSO also gives us data about how much people earn from their jobs, and whether it needs supplementing. That, too, is essential to figuring out the true nature of unemployment and underemployment in India &mdash; an essential input for policy-making that wishes to create space for India&rsquo;s aspirational young people.</div>               </font>
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</span></span></code>
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</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67fddf03b15da-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
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&lt;br /&gt;
Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374
Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/higher-hires-5976.html"/>
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In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by..."/>
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                <strong>Higher hires</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &ldquo;formal&rdquo; jobs &mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.<br /><br />Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.<br /><br />Unemployment, they have pointed out, is a luxury. To be able to be actively looking for a job requires you to have a safety net &mdash; social, state-provided or kin-based &mdash; that feeds and clothes you while you do so. Enough Indians simply don&rsquo;t have the resources to do that, and so they aren&rsquo;t unemployed. But they aren&rsquo;t in the right jobs, either. Now comes news that the ministry of labour intends to expand their survey, earlier conducted only in 300 districts, to all 600-plus districts of the country. But if they wish to improve on the twice-a-decade estimates provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation, there are a few crucial changes they must make. <br /><br />First, they need to break out of the template set by more formal markets. More crucial than that 9.4 per cent number, for example, was the throwaway line that &ldquo;the survey results show that 436 persons out of 1,000 persons are either employed in seasonal or ad-hoc type of enterprises.&rdquo; That may not be the fault of the ministry, but it reveals that expansion geographically should not be prioritised over better survey design. Last year&rsquo;s report complains that &ldquo;measures of employment/unemployment which capture intermittent unemployment and seasonality... could not be followed due to a shorter survey period.&rdquo; That needs fixing. The NSSO also gives us data about how much people earn from their jobs, and whether it needs supplementing. That, too, is essential to figuring out the true nature of unemployment and underemployment in India &mdash; an essential input for policy-making that wishes to create space for India&rsquo;s aspirational young people.</div>               </font>
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In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India&rsquo;s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding &ldquo;formal&rdquo; jobs &mdash; both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws &mdash; the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India.<br />
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Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.<br />
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Economists studying India have worried about this for decades.<br />
<br />
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Higher hires

In October last year, the ministry of labour released the results of its first large-scale survey of employment and unemployment in India. The headline number was this: 9.4 per cent of India’s labour force is unemployed. An enviable number by world standards in the middle of recession. Except, of course, that number means precisely nothing. The problem lies in figuring out exactly who counts as unemployed. Given the nature of our restrictions on employment, the difficulties involved in expanding “formal” jobs — both because of various regulations that limit enterprise size, and archaic labour laws — the traditional, Western, notion of unemployment is of only limited use in India. Economists studying India have worried about this for decades. Unemployment, they have pointed out, is a luxury. To be able to be actively looking for a job requires you to have a safety net — social, state-provided or kin-based — that feeds and clothes you while you do so. Enough Indians simply don’t have the resources to do that, and so they aren’t unemployed. But they aren’t in the right jobs, either. Now comes news that the ministry of labour intends to expand their survey, earlier conducted only in 300 districts, to all 600-plus districts of the country. But if they wish to improve on the twice-a-decade estimates provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation, there are a few crucial changes they must make. First, they need to break out of the template set by more formal markets. More crucial than that 9.4 per cent number, for example, was the throwaway line that “the survey results show that 436 persons out of 1,000 persons are either employed in seasonal or ad-hoc type of enterprises.” That may not be the fault of the ministry, but it reveals that expansion geographically should not be prioritised over better survey design. Last year’s report complains that “measures of employment/unemployment which capture intermittent unemployment and seasonality... could not be followed due to a shorter survey period.” That needs fixing. The NSSO also gives us data about how much people earn from their jobs, and whether it needs supplementing. That, too, is essential to figuring out the true nature of unemployment and underemployment in India — an essential input for policy-making that wishes to create space for India’s aspirational young people.