Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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-PTI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&amp;rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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-PTI

According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&amp;rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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-PTI

According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can...&#039;
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According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can..."/>
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            <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal">
                <strong>Higher incidents of rape in India linked to open defecation: Study</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-PTI<br /><br /><em>According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.<br /><br />Washington: </em>Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.<br /><br />&ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.<br /><br />&ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&rdquo; the paper says.<br /><br />The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.<br /><br />&ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&rdquo; she said.<br /><br />According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.<br /><br />&ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&rdquo; Jadhav said. &ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&rdquo; she said.<br /><br />Nearly half the world&rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.</div>               </font>
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-PTI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&amp;rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-PTI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&amp;rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&amp;rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
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Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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-PTI

According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can..."/>
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                <strong>Higher incidents of rape in India linked to open defecation: Study</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-PTI<br /><br /><em>According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.<br /><br />Washington: </em>Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.<br /><br />&ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.<br /><br />&ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&rdquo; the paper says.<br /><br />The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.<br /><br />&ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&rdquo; she said.<br /><br />According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.<br /><br />&ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&rdquo; Jadhav said. &ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&rdquo; she said.<br /><br />Nearly half the world&rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.</div>               </font>
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&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&amp;rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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-PTI

According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-PTI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&amp;rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;em&gt;According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Washington: &lt;/em&gt;Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &amp;ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&amp;rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&amp;rdquo; the paper says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &amp;ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&amp;rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&amp;rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&amp;rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&amp;rdquo; Jadhav said. &amp;ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;br /&gt;
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Nearly half the world&amp;rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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-PTI

According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can...&#039;
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-PTI

According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can..."/>
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                <strong>Higher incidents of rape in India linked to open defecation: Study</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-PTI<br /><br /><em>According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.<br /><br />Washington: </em>Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.<br /><br />&ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.<br /><br />&ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&rdquo; the paper says.<br /><br />The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.<br /><br />&ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&rdquo; she said.<br /><br />According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.<br /><br />&ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&rdquo; Jadhav said. &ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&rdquo; she said.<br /><br />Nearly half the world&rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.</div>               </font>
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-PTI<br />
<br />
<em>According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.<br />
<br />
Washington: </em>Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.<br />
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&ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.<br />
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&ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&rdquo; the paper says.<br />
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The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.<br />
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&ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&rdquo; she said.<br />
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According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.<br />
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&ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&rdquo; Jadhav said. &ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&rdquo; she said.<br />
<br />
Nearly half the world&rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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-PTI<br />
<br />
<em>According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.<br />
<br />
Washington: </em>Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. &ldquo;Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,&rdquo; says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal.<br />
<br />
&ldquo;Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,&rdquo; the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says.<br />
<br />
&ldquo;Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,&rdquo; the paper says.<br />
<br />
The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. &ldquo;None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women&rsquo;s risk of sexual violence,&rdquo; said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M&rsquo;s Institute for Social Research.<br />
<br />
&ldquo;We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,&rdquo; she said.<br />
<br />
According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities.<br />
<br />
&ldquo;There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,&rdquo; Jadhav said. &ldquo;This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,&rdquo; she said.<br />
<br />
Nearly half the world&rsquo;s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.
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-PTI

According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet.

Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can...'
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Higher incidents of rape in India linked to open defecation: Study

-PTI According to the study, women who use open defecation sites are twice as likely to get raped compared to women using a home toilet. Washington: Women in India who use open defecation are prone to sexual violence and infrastructure improvements can provide them with some level of protection, a US university researcher has said. “Open defecation places women at uniquely higher risk of one type of sexual violence: non-partner,” says Approva Jadhav from the University of Michigan in a research paper published in the latest issue of Bio-Med Central Journal. “Women who use open defecation sites like open fields or the side of a railway track are twice as likely to get raped when compared with women using a home toilet,” the study says. The research results, which suggest that women who use open defecation have twice the odds of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) than women who use household toilets, indicate that infrastructure improvements can provide women with some level of protection against NPSV, it says. “Our findings provide further rationale for NGOs and the Indian government to expand sanitation programmes, and raise new questions about the potentially protective role of sanitation facilities in other contexts beyond India,” the paper says. The researchers looked at the latest Indian National Family Health Survey data and analysed a nationally representative sample of 75,000 women to answer questions about access to a home toilet and their exposure to different types of violence. “None of the earlier sanitation studies have looked at the connection between access to a toilet and women’s risk of sexual violence,” said Jadhav, lead author and postdoctoral fellow at U-M’s Institute for Social Research. “We need more than anecdotes to bring a policy change,” she said. According to the study, at least 50 per cent of structures built for sanitation purposes in India remain unused or are used for other purposes. The researchers strongly recommends infrastructure improvements that can provide women with some level of protection against sexual violence, along with behaviour changes to utilise these built toilet facilities. “There have been several nationwide campaigns in India to improve sanitation, most recently Swachh Bharat Mission which can bring access to toilets and safety in national conversation,” Jadhav said. “This is an urgent need that cannot be ignored anymore,” she said. Nearly half the world’s population lacks access to improved sanitation conditions and half of them reside in India, according to a 2015 UNICEF/WHO report. Almost half a billion Indians defecate in the open and about 300 million women and girls in India have no access to bathrooms.