Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Indian Express, 4 January, 2010, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indians-spend-25-of-income-on-food-1.5-on-health-1.4-on-emis/563062/&#039;,
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Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under...&#039;
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                <strong>Indians spend 25% of income on food, 1.5% on health, 1.4% on EMIs</strong></h1>
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                <p align="justify"><font >Of Indian households&rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&rsquo;s (CMIE&rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &mdash; 45 per cent of households. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >This is terrible news for the world&rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.</font></p>               </font>
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;
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Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Indians spend 25% of income on food, 1.5% on health, 1.4% on EMIs&#039;,
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;The Indian Express, 4 January, 2010, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indians-spend-25-of-income-on-food-1.5-on-health-1.4-on-emis/563062/&#039;,
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Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under...&#039;
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                <strong>Indians spend 25% of income on food, 1.5% on health, 1.4% on EMIs</strong></h1>
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                <p align="justify"><font >Of Indian households&rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&rsquo;s (CMIE&rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &mdash; 45 per cent of households. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >This is terrible news for the world&rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.</font></p>               </font>
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67f1d7c7761af-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;
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Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;font &gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of Indian households&amp;rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &amp;mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&amp;rsquo;s (CMIE&amp;rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&amp;rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &amp;mdash; 45 per cent of households. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;CMIE&amp;rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&amp;rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &amp;mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &amp;mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. &lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. &lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This is terrible news for the world&amp;rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&#039;,
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                <strong>Indians spend 25% of income on food, 1.5% on health, 1.4% on EMIs</strong></h1>
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                <p align="justify"><font >Of Indian households&rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&rsquo;s (CMIE&rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &mdash; 45 per cent of households. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >This is terrible news for the world&rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.</font></p>               </font>
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Of Indian households&rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. </font>
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. </font>
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. </font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&rsquo;s (CMIE&rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. </font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">CMIE&rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">CMIE&rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &mdash; 45 per cent of households. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">CMIE&rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. </font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. </font>
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">This is terrible news for the world&rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.</font>
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Of Indian households&rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. </font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&rsquo;s (CMIE&rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">CMIE&rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">CMIE&rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &mdash; 45 per cent of households. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">CMIE&rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">This is terrible news for the world&rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.</font>
</p>
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Of Indian households&rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under...'
$disp = '<p align="justify"><font >Of Indian households&rsquo; total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers &mdash; that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy&rsquo;s (CMIE&rsquo;s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household&rsquo;s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle &mdash; 45 per cent of households. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >CMIE&rsquo;s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households&rsquo; savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury &mdash; only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic &mdash; nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. </font></p><p align="justify"><font >This is terrible news for the world&rsquo;s second fastest growing major economy.</font></p>'
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Indians spend 25% of income on food, 1.5% on health, 1.4% on EMIs

Of Indian households’ total annual income, 0.22 per cent is spent on buying newspapers — that is, if total national household annual income was Rs 100, 22 paise would be set aside for newspapers. Paying off bank loans (expenditure under equated monthly instalments) takes up 1.4 per cent of total household annual income. The share of health expenditure is 1.5 per cent, and that of education expenditure, 3.21 per cent. Indian households devote roughly the same proportion of their annual income on recreation and alcohol (0.64 per cent and 0.6 per cent, respectively) and somewhat more on eating out (1.02 per cent of annual income). Expenditure on employing domestic help? 0.57 per cent of total annual household income. Food expenditure (this category excludes money spent on eating out) commands just over 25 per cent of household annual income, while power and fuel account for 7.6 per cent, and transport expenses eat up 1.74 per cent. These are among the many interesting findings on household income, expenditure, savings, asset-holding and debt status that are part of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy’s (CMIE’s) Consumer Pyramids, a survey of Indian households. The data, the first-ever direct income estimate, has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. CMIE’s data for 2008-09 says household income the last financial year was Rs 28 billion. This is smaller than the official estimate (for 2007-08) of personal disposable income, which is put at Rs 36 billion. However, official estimates by the Central Statistical Organization measures income of what are called non-profit institutions serving households: basically, temples, churches, mosques, gurdwaras and various trusts. The god element probably explains the difference. CMIE’s data, which estimates household income directly and by including incomes of all household members and not just the head of household’s, finds the average per household income in India in 2008-09 was Rs 1,40,000. Income is distributed unequally for sure, but the inequality is not as sharp as many think. The richest 5 per cent of households account for 23.1 per cent of the total income, and 50 per cent of households from the bottom account for 18.7 per cent of the total income. But 58.2 per cent of the total income is earned by a significantly large bulge in the middle — 45 per cent of households. CMIE’s Consumer Pyramids also indirectly estimates households’ savings rate. The national household savings rate is a very healthy 40.41%. There are interesting variations among states. Delhi and Maharashtra are high savings states (47.72 per cent and 49.72 per cent savings rates, respectively, higher than the national average), while Bengal and Andhra Pradesh (27.45 % and 22.03%) are significantly low savings states. Nearly 59 per cent of households in India are investing households, according to CMIE data. Households classified by ownership of consumer durables also reveal interesting data. Home theatres are a real luxury — only 0.02 per cent households own this entertainment-related asset. Kitchen appliances are somewhat more democratic — nearly 43 per cent of Indian households own one or more of appliances that range from refrigerators to toasters. Flat-screen television is a class differentiator: while 64.55 per cent of households own a TV, only 3.17 per cent own a LCD or plasma TV. One bit of data shows how far India has to travel to become a modern economy: while over 26 per cent of households described themselves as borrower households, of these over 70 per cent borrowed from friends/relatives/moneylenders and just over 25 per cent from banks. This is terrible news for the world’s second fastest growing major economy.