Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Context
trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);
}
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 73, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'printArticle', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 88, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 73, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] cookies => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'latest-news-updates/machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575/print' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/latest-news-updates/machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575/print' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'catslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]Code Context
trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);
}
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.' $stackFrame = (int) 1 $trace = [ (int) 0 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php', 'line' => (int) 2421, 'function' => 'deprecationWarning', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.' ] ], (int) 1 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 74, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ], (int) 2 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php', 'line' => (int) 610, 'function' => 'printArticle', 'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 3 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 120, 'function' => 'invokeAction', 'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller', 'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ], (int) 4 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php', 'line' => (int) 94, 'function' => '_invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {} ] ], (int) 5 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php', 'line' => (int) 235, 'function' => 'dispatch', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 6 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication', 'object' => object(App\Application) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 7 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 162, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 8 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 9 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 88, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 10 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 11 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php', 'line' => (int) 96, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 12 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 65, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware', 'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {} ] ], (int) 13 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php', 'line' => (int) 51, 'function' => '__invoke', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 14 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php', 'line' => (int) 98, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {} ] ], (int) 15 => [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php', 'line' => (int) 39, 'function' => 'run', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {}, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [] ] ] $frame = [ 'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php', 'line' => (int) 74, 'function' => 'offsetGet', 'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest', 'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) { trustProxy => false [protected] params => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] query => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] cookies => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _environment => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] url => 'latest-news-updates/machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575/print' [protected] base => '' [protected] webroot => '/' [protected] here => '/latest-news-updates/machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575/print' [protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] _input => null [protected] _detectors => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] _detectorCache => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {} [protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {} [protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {} [protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] emulatedAttributes => [ [maximum depth reached] ] [protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]] [protected] protocol => null [protected] requestTarget => null [private] deprecatedProperties => [ [maximum depth reached] ] }, 'type' => '->', 'args' => [ (int) 0 => 'artileslug' ] ]deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311 Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421 App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74 Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]Code Contextif (Configure::read('debug')) {
trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);
} else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) { 'status' => (int) 200, 'contentType' => 'text/html', 'headers' => [ 'Content-Type' => [ [maximum depth reached] ] ], 'file' => null, 'fileRange' => [], 'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {}, 'cacheDirectives' => [], 'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr6804f054d3a51-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr6804f054d3a51-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700"><</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">> </span></span></code> <span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000"> <link rel="canonical" href="<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">); </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>/<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>.html"/> </span></code></span> <code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"> </span><span style="color: #007700"><</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type" </span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html; charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/> </span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr6804f054d3a51-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp' $dataForView = [ 'article_current' => object(App\Model\Entity\Article) { 'id' => (int) 27524, 'title' => 'Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma', 'subheading' => '', 'description' => '<div align="justify"> -The Times of India </div> <p align="justify"> Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. </p> <p align="justify"> These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. </p> <p align="justify"> Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. </p> <p align="justify"> These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p>', 'credit_writer' => 'The Times of India, 16 March, 2015, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5/articleshow/46577855.cms', 'article_img' => '', 'article_img_thumb' => '', 'status' => (int) 1, 'show_on_home' => (int) 1, 'lang' => 'EN', 'category_id' => (int) 16, 'tag_keyword' => '', 'seo_url' => 'machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575', 'meta_title' => null, 'meta_keywords' => null, 'meta_description' => null, 'noindex' => (int) 0, 'publish_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'most_visit_section_id' => null, 'article_big_img' => null, 'liveid' => (int) 4675575, 'created' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {}, 'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {}, 'edate' => '', 'tags' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], 'category' => object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {}, '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[hasErrors]' => false, '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'Articles' }, 'articleid' => (int) 27524, 'metaTitle' => 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma', 'metaKeywords' => 'farming,Agriculture,Farmers,Cultivation,Mechanization', 'metaDesc' => ' -The Times of India Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has...', 'disp' => '<div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p>', 'lang' => 'English', 'SITE_URL' => 'https://im4change.in/', 'site_title' => 'im4change', 'adminprix' => 'admin' ] $article_current = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) { 'id' => (int) 27524, 'title' => 'Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma', 'subheading' => '', 'description' => '<div align="justify"> -The Times of India </div> <p align="justify"> Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. </p> <p align="justify"> These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. </p> <p align="justify"> Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. </p> <p align="justify"> These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p>', 'credit_writer' => 'The Times of India, 16 March, 2015, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5/articleshow/46577855.cms', 'article_img' => '', 'article_img_thumb' => '', 'status' => (int) 1, 'show_on_home' => (int) 1, 'lang' => 'EN', 'category_id' => (int) 16, 'tag_keyword' => '', 'seo_url' => 'machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575', 'meta_title' => null, 'meta_keywords' => null, 'meta_description' => null, 'noindex' => (int) 0, 'publish_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'most_visit_section_id' => null, 'article_big_img' => null, 'liveid' => (int) 4675575, 'created' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {}, 'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {}, 'edate' => '', 'tags' => [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {} ], 'category' => object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {}, '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ '*' => true, 'id' => false ], '[dirty]' => [], '[original]' => [], '[virtual]' => [], '[hasErrors]' => false, '[errors]' => [], '[invalid]' => [], '[repository]' => 'Articles' } $articleid = (int) 27524 $metaTitle = 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma' $metaKeywords = 'farming,Agriculture,Farmers,Cultivation,Mechanization' $metaDesc = ' -The Times of India Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has...' $disp = '<div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p>' $lang = 'English' $SITE_URL = 'https://im4change.in/' $site_title = 'im4change' $adminprix = 'admin'</pre><pre class="stack-trace">include - APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp, line 8 Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413 Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374 Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927 Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885 Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575.html"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <link href="https://im4change.in/css/control.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all"/> <title>LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma | Im4change.org</title> <meta name="description" content=" -The Times of India Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has..."/> <script src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { var img = $("img")[0]; // Get my img elem var pic_real_width, pic_real_height; $("<img/>") // Make in memory copy of image to avoid css issues .attr("src", $(img).attr("src")) .load(function () { pic_real_width = this.width; // Note: $(this).width() will not pic_real_height = this.height; // work for in memory images. }); }); </script> <style type="text/css"> @media screen { div.divFooter { display: block; } } @media print { .printbutton { display: none !important; } } </style> </head> <body> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="98%" align="center"> <tr> <td class="top_bg"> <div class="divFooter"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo1.jpg" height="59" border="0" alt="Resource centre on India's rural distress" style="padding-top:14px;"/> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="topspace"> </td> </tr> <tr id="topspace"> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="50" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; padding-top:10px;" class="printbutton"> <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page " onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"> <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal"> <strong>Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" style="font-family:Arial, 'Segoe Script', 'Segoe UI', sans-serif, serif"><font size="3"> <div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="50" style="border-top:1px solid #000; border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-top:10px;"> <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page " onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form> </td> </tr> </table></body> </html>' } $maxBufferLength = (int) 8192 $file = '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php' $line = (int) 853 $message = 'Unable to emit headers. 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The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. </p> <p align="justify"> These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. </p> <p align="justify"> Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. </p> <p align="justify"> These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has...' $disp = '<div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p>' $lang = 'English' $SITE_URL = 'https://im4change.in/' $site_title = 'im4change' $adminprix = 'admin'</pre><pre class="stack-trace">include - APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp, line 8 Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413 Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374 Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927 Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885 Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575.html"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <link href="https://im4change.in/css/control.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all"/> <title>LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma | Im4change.org</title> <meta name="description" content=" -The Times of India Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has..."/> <script src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { var img = $("img")[0]; // Get my img elem var pic_real_width, pic_real_height; $("<img/>") // Make in memory copy of image to avoid css issues .attr("src", $(img).attr("src")) .load(function () { pic_real_width = this.width; // Note: $(this).width() will not pic_real_height = this.height; // work for in memory images. }); }); </script> <style type="text/css"> @media screen { div.divFooter { display: block; } } @media print { .printbutton { display: none !important; } } </style> </head> <body> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="98%" align="center"> <tr> <td class="top_bg"> <div class="divFooter"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo1.jpg" height="59" border="0" alt="Resource centre on India's rural distress" style="padding-top:14px;"/> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="topspace"> </td> </tr> <tr id="topspace"> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="50" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; padding-top:10px;" class="printbutton"> <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page " onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"> <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal"> <strong>Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" style="font-family:Arial, 'Segoe Script', 'Segoe UI', sans-serif, serif"><font size="3"> <div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="50" style="border-top:1px solid #000; border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-top:10px;"> <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page " onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form> </td> </tr> </table></body> </html>' } $reasonPhrase = 'OK'header - [internal], line ?? Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitStatusLine() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 148 Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 54 Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141 [main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39
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'' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr6804f054d3a51-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6804f054d3a51-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr6804f054d3a51-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700"><</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">> </span></span></code> <span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000"> <link rel="canonical" href="<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">); </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>/<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php </span><span style="color: #007700">echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">; </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>.html"/> </span></code></span> <code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"> </span><span style="color: #007700"><</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type" </span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html; charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/> </span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr6804f054d3a51-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp' $dataForView = [ 'article_current' => object(App\Model\Entity\Article) { 'id' => (int) 27524, 'title' => 'Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma', 'subheading' => '', 'description' => '<div align="justify"> -The Times of India </div> <p align="justify"> Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. </p> <p align="justify"> These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. </p> <p align="justify"> Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. </p> <p align="justify"> These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. 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More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. </p> <p align="justify"> These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. </p> <p align="justify"> Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. </p> <p align="justify"> These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has...' $disp = '<div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. &quot;This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor,&quot; Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p>' $lang = 'English' $SITE_URL = 'https://im4change.in/' $site_title = 'im4change' $adminprix = 'admin'</pre><pre class="stack-trace">include - APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp, line 8 Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413 Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374 Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927 Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885 Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/machines-drive-90-of-power-in-farming-humans-share-drops-to-5-subodh-varma-4675575.html"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <link href="https://im4change.in/css/control.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all"/> <title>LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma | Im4change.org</title> <meta name="description" content=" -The Times of India Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has..."/> <script src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { var img = $("img")[0]; // Get my img elem var pic_real_width, pic_real_height; $("<img/>") // Make in memory copy of image to avoid css issues .attr("src", $(img).attr("src")) .load(function () { pic_real_width = this.width; // Note: $(this).width() will not pic_real_height = this.height; // work for in memory images. }); }); </script> <style type="text/css"> @media screen { div.divFooter { display: block; } } @media print { .printbutton { display: none !important; } } </style> </head> <body> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="98%" align="center"> <tr> <td class="top_bg"> <div class="divFooter"> <img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo1.jpg" height="59" border="0" alt="Resource centre on India's rural distress" style="padding-top:14px;"/> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="topspace"> </td> </tr> <tr id="topspace"> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="50" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; padding-top:10px;" class="printbutton"> <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page " onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"> <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal"> <strong>Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma</strong></h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" style="font-family:Arial, 'Segoe Script', 'Segoe UI', sans-serif, serif"><font size="3"> <div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="50" style="border-top:1px solid #000; border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-top:10px;"> <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page " onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form> </td> </tr> </table></body> </html>' } $cookies = [] $values = [ (int) 0 => 'text/html; charset=UTF-8' ] $name = 'Content-Type' $first = true $value = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'header - [internal], line ?? 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More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. </p> <p align="justify"> These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. </p> <p align="justify"> Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. </p> <p align="justify"> These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has...', 'disp' => '<div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. </p> <p align="justify"> These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. </p> <p align="justify"> Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. </p> <p align="justify"> These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. </p> <p align="justify"> But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said. </p> <p align="justify"> In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. </p> <p align="justify"> It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. </p> <p align="justify"> The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. 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The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has...' $disp = '<div align="justify">-The Times of India</div><p align="justify">Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%.</p><p align="justify">These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.</p><p align="justify">Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%.</p><p align="justify">These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less.</p><p align="justify">But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said.</p><p align="justify">In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers.</p><p align="justify">It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%.</p><p align="justify">The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. </p>' $lang = 'English' $SITE_URL = 'https://im4change.in/' $site_title = 'im4change' $adminprix = 'admin'
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Machines drive 90% of power in farming, humans’ share drops to 5% -Subodh Varma |
-The Times of India Silently, agriculture in India has gone through a far-reaching change in the past few decades. The share of human power available for carrying out the myriad operations in farming has shrunk to a mere 5% as has that of draught animals, the iconic oxen pulling the plough. More than 90% of the power is now drawn from mechanical sources: tractors and power tillers provide the bulk, 47%; electric motors 27% and diesel engines 16%. These are the latest estimates thrown up by a study of farm mechanization done by C R Mehta, principal scientist, and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal. Four decades ago, in 1971-72, 60% of the power was provided by humans and animals - 15% by farm labourers and 45% by animals. In 1991-92, this collective share had dropped to 26% (labour accounted for 9%). Tractors have made the biggest stride, from a mere 7% to 47%. These shares are calculated using an average value of power that a human or a draught animal or any of the machines generate per unit of land, Mehta explained to TOI. An average human being, for instance, can yield 0.15 kilowatt power per hectare of land worked while a tractor can give 30.21kW. Mehta also pointed out that these are figures for power availability while actual consumption may be less. But before you begin to celebrate this decline in backbreaking drudgery, Mehta also points out that overall farm mechanization in India has reached only about 40%, compared to 95% levels in advanced countries. "This means that 40% of farm operations for major crops are done by mechanical power sources and 60% is still being done by animate power sources (human + draught animal) that generate only 10% of the total power available in farming. This shows that the timeliness and quality of farm operations with animate sources of power are poor," Mehta said. In most crops, tractors are used for initial land preparation, even by small land holders. Similarly, threshing is mostly mechanical nowadays as is drawing of water. But many other operations, including paddy transplanting, are still done by agricultural workers. It would be logical to assume that as machines take over agricultural operations, people are freed up from this onerous work. But this is not happening. There were 111 million cultivators and 75 million agricultural labourers in 1991 as per the Census. That's a total of 185 million people working on the land. But, in Census 2011, there were 119 million cultivators and a jaw-dropping 144 million agricultural labourers, making a total of 263 million people working on land. Population increased by 43T% in these 20 years but the number of landless agricultural laborers shot up by an astonishing 93%. The primary reason for this is that there is nowhere else where this army of under-employed people can find work, forcing them to crowd into agriculture or related rural work. It also pushes up migration to cities in search of jobs. |