Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&amp;rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&amp;rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&amp;rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&amp;rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&amp;rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This isn&amp;rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &amp;quot;policy-maker&amp;quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?&lt;/font&gt;
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                <strong>MPI, or Making Poverty Intricate by Bibek Debroy</strong></h1>
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                <p align="justify"><font ></font></p><p align="justify"><font >2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&quot;</font></p><p align="justify"><font >This isn&rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &quot;policy-maker&quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?</font></p><p align="justify"><font ></font></p>               </font>
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&amp;rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&amp;rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&amp;rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&amp;rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&amp;rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This isn&amp;rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &amp;quot;policy-maker&amp;quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?&lt;/font&gt;
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2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&amp;rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium...&#039;,
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This isn&amp;rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &amp;quot;policy-maker&amp;quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?&lt;/font&gt;
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2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&amp;rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium...&#039;
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2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium..."/>
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                <strong>MPI, or Making Poverty Intricate by Bibek Debroy</strong></h1>
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                <p align="justify"><font ></font></p><p align="justify"><font >2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&quot;</font></p><p align="justify"><font >This isn&rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &quot;policy-maker&quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?</font></p><p align="justify"><font ></font></p>               </font>
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&amp;rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&amp;rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&amp;rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&amp;rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&amp;rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This isn&amp;rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &amp;quot;policy-maker&amp;quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&amp;rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&amp;rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&amp;rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&amp;rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&amp;rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;font face=&quot;arial,helvetica,sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This isn&amp;rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &amp;quot;policy-maker&amp;quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?&lt;/font&gt;
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                <strong>MPI, or Making Poverty Intricate by Bibek Debroy</strong></h1>
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                <p align="justify"><font ></font></p><p align="justify"><font >2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&quot;</font></p><p align="justify"><font >This isn&rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &quot;policy-maker&quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?</font></p><p align="justify"><font ></font></p>               </font>
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">&quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">&quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&quot;</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">This isn&rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &quot;policy-maker&quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
</p>
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2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium...',
	'disp' => '<p align="justify"><font ></font></p><p align="justify"><font >2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&quot;</font></p><p align="justify"><font >This isn&rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &quot;policy-maker&quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?</font></p><p align="justify"><font ></font></p>',
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">&quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">&quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&quot;</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">This isn&rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &quot;policy-maker&quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
</p>
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2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium...'
$disp = '<p align="justify"><font ></font></p><p align="justify"><font >2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP&rsquo;s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don&rsquo;t think they would have succeeded that much.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren&rsquo;t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won&rsquo;t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That&rsquo;s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI:</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty.</font></p><p align="justify"><font >&quot;The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators.&quot;</font></p><p align="justify"><font >This isn&rsquo;t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average &quot;policy-maker&quot; will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?</font></p><p align="justify"><font ></font></p>'
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MPI, or Making Poverty Intricate by Bibek Debroy

2010 will mark 20 years of UNDP’s Human Development Reports (HDRs). Consequently, UNDP wants to do something new. There cannot be any dispute that HDRs have been phenomenally successful in focusing attention on human development aspects, and the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) may not have evolved without HDRs. There have been regional and sub-regional HDRs too, such as state-level ones in India. Among several development-cum-deprivation measures used in HDRs, HDI (human development index) based on education (literacy, enrolment rate), health (life expectancy) and PPP per capita income are the most commonly cited. Since 1990 and even earlier, we have known poverty is multi-dimensional. It cannot be captured through simple measures, it is also a process. However, several poverty-related variables are correlated with one another. Therefore, even simple measures based on a few variables can provide a good enough picture. While the academic purist can still complain about HDI (those complaints have declined over time), it succeeded in figuring in the policy discourse because it was simple. More complicated measures might have been academically more rigorous and sound, but I don’t think they would have succeeded that much. But perhaps because it is the 20th year, UNDP wanted to do something new. HDIs weren’t that exciting. Scores and ranks changed a bit from year to year. That was all. Therefore, in the 2010 version of HDR, we will have a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). This won’t replace HDI, but it will replace the human poverty index (HPI) used in HDRs. That’s a fair point, since HPI was narrower than even HDI. But sample this quote from OPHI: "The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure three critical dimensions of poverty at the household level: education, health and living standard in 104 developing countries. These directly measured deprivations in health and educational outcomes as well as key services such as water, sanitation, and electricity reveal not only how many people are poor but also the composition of their poverty. "The MPI also reflects the intensity of poverty -- the sum of weighted deprivations that each household faces at the same time. A person who is deprived in 70% of the indicators is clearly worse off than someone who is deprived in 40% of the indicators." This isn’t just about variables, but also about normalization, weights and aggregate. I fear the average "policy-maker" will simply be lost. Using MPI, we have been told poverty in India is concentrated in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal. At the risk of being deliberately unfair to MPI, did we need MPI to tell us that?