Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67efb2cc4f37d-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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-The Times of India
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India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to an independent survey on information commissions across the world there was no precedent of retired or serving judges as members of panels hearing cases related to freedom of information.
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The rapid survey &amp;mdash; conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) &amp;mdash; says that none of the &#039;&#039;35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members&#039;.&#039; Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK.
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CHRI in its survey said that the SC had cited international practices regarding the composition of judicial tribunals and the qualifications for appointment of their members from countries such as the UK, Germany, the US, Australia and New South Wales (a province in Australia).
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Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI&#039;s Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.
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However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &amp;mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. &#039;&#039;They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,&#039;&#039; Nayak said.
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While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL.
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In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country&#039;s freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor&#039;s degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies.
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Both the Canadian information commissioner and its assistant information commissioner have a degree in law and served as lawyers in various capacities but not as a judge.
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The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany&#039;s office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.&amp;nbsp;
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India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;-The Times of India&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to an independent survey on information commissions across the world there was no precedent of retired or serving judges as members of panels hearing cases related to freedom of information.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The rapid survey &amp;mdash; conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) &amp;mdash; says that none of the &#039;&#039;35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members&#039;.&#039; Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;CHRI in its survey said that the SC had cited international practices regarding the composition of judicial tribunals and the qualifications for appointment of their members from countries such as the UK, Germany, the US, Australia and New South Wales (a province in Australia).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI&#039;s Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &amp;mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. &#039;&#039;They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,&#039;&#039; Nayak said.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country&#039;s freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor&#039;s degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Both the Canadian information commissioner and its assistant information commissioner have a degree in law and served as lawyers in various capacities but not as a judge.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany&#039;s office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI&#039;s Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.
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However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &amp;mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. &#039;&#039;They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,&#039;&#039; Nayak said.
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While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL.
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In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country&#039;s freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor&#039;s degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies.
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The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany&#039;s office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.&amp;nbsp;
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India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to...&#039;
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India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to..."/>
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                <strong>Only in India: Judge on info panel -Himanshi Dhawan</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify">-The Times of India</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to an independent survey on information commissions across the world there was no precedent of retired or serving judges as members of panels hearing cases related to freedom of information.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The rapid survey &mdash; conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) &mdash; says that none of the ''35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members'.' Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">CHRI in its survey said that the SC had cited international practices regarding the composition of judicial tribunals and the qualifications for appointment of their members from countries such as the UK, Germany, the US, Australia and New South Wales (a province in Australia).</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI's Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. ''They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,'' Nayak said.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country's freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor's degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Both the Canadian information commissioner and its assistant information commissioner have a degree in law and served as lawyers in various capacities but not as a judge.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany's office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.&nbsp;</div>               </font>
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                <strong>Only in India: Judge on info panel -Himanshi Dhawan</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify">-The Times of India</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to an independent survey on information commissions across the world there was no precedent of retired or serving judges as members of panels hearing cases related to freedom of information.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The rapid survey &mdash; conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) &mdash; says that none of the ''35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members'.' Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">CHRI in its survey said that the SC had cited international practices regarding the composition of judicial tribunals and the qualifications for appointment of their members from countries such as the UK, Germany, the US, Australia and New South Wales (a province in Australia).</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI's Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. ''They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,'' Nayak said.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country's freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor's degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Both the Canadian information commissioner and its assistant information commissioner have a degree in law and served as lawyers in various capacities but not as a judge.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany's office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.&nbsp;</div>               </font>
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Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI&#039;s Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.
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However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &amp;mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. &#039;&#039;They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,&#039;&#039; Nayak said.
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However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &amp;mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. &#039;&#039;They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,&#039;&#039; Nayak said.
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                <strong>Only in India: Judge on info panel -Himanshi Dhawan</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify">-The Times of India</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to an independent survey on information commissions across the world there was no precedent of retired or serving judges as members of panels hearing cases related to freedom of information.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The rapid survey &mdash; conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) &mdash; says that none of the ''35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members'.' Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">CHRI in its survey said that the SC had cited international practices regarding the composition of judicial tribunals and the qualifications for appointment of their members from countries such as the UK, Germany, the US, Australia and New South Wales (a province in Australia).</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI's Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. ''They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,'' Nayak said.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country's freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor's degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Both the Canadian information commissioner and its assistant information commissioner have a degree in law and served as lawyers in various capacities but not as a judge.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany's office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.&nbsp;</div>               </font>
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The rapid survey &mdash; conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) &mdash; says that none of the ''35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members'.' Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK.
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CHRI in its survey said that the SC had cited international practices regarding the composition of judicial tribunals and the qualifications for appointment of their members from countries such as the UK, Germany, the US, Australia and New South Wales (a province in Australia).
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Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI's Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice.
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However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts &mdash; other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. ''They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,'' Nayak said.
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While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL.
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In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country's freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor's degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies.
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The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany's office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.&nbsp;
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-The Times of India
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India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to an independent survey on information commissions across the world there was no precedent of retired or serving judges as members of panels hearing cases related to freedom of information.
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The rapid survey &mdash; conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) &mdash; says that none of the ''35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members'.' Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK.
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</div>
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<br />
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Only in India: Judge on info panel -Himanshi Dhawan

-The Times of India India is likely to be on an unchartered territory when it implements the Supreme Court order mandating the presence of a judicial officer and an expert to hear appeals in information commissions across the country. According to an independent survey on information commissions across the world there was no precedent of retired or serving judges as members of panels hearing cases related to freedom of information. The rapid survey — conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) — says that none of the ''35 national and provincial jurisdictions had retired or serving judges as members'.' Among the countries that were surveyed included Australia, Canada, Germany and the UK. CHRI in its survey said that the SC had cited international practices regarding the composition of judicial tribunals and the qualifications for appointment of their members from countries such as the UK, Germany, the US, Australia and New South Wales (a province in Australia). Arguing that this could be an unfair comparison CHRI's Venkatesh Nayak said in most of the international jurisdictions, the Commission or the Tribunals have been treated to be part of the court attached system of administration of justice. However, Indian information commissions and information commissioners must be compared with their foreign counterparts — other information commissions (commissioners) established for the purpose of administering the access to information laws and for adjudicating information access disputes. ''They cannot be compared with other judicial tribunals established in other countries for other kinds of adjudication. We could not find any serving or retired judge appointed as information commissioner in any of the 35 jurisdictions that we surveyed,'' Nayak said. While the UK information commissioner is a history graduate and worked in Advertising Standards Authority and BBC, only one deputy information commissioners has a law degree and has practiced as a government lawyer. The other served as chairman of the data protection supervisory body of EUROPOL. In Australia, the information commissioner has served as Commonwealth ombudsman, while the country's freedom of information commissioner has a doctoral degree in artificial intelligence and law. The privacy commissioner has a bachelor's degree in arts and held senior management positions in government agencies. Both the Canadian information commissioner and its assistant information commissioner have a degree in law and served as lawyers in various capacities but not as a judge. The European ombudsman, according to the survey, has a doctoral degree in political science. Germany's office of the federal commissioner of data protection and freedom of information is headed by a former government official, who has a degree in economics.