Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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-The United Nations
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The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.
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An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.
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The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution.
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&amp;quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&amp;quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &amp;quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&amp;quot;
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The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &amp;lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,&#039; provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.
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These included diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts. But this is the first time that experts have classified outdoor air pollution as a cause of cancer.
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&amp;quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&amp;quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &amp;quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&amp;quot;
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&amp;quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&amp;quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &amp;quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&amp;quot;
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&amp;quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&amp;quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &amp;quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&amp;quot;
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The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.


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                <strong>Outdoor air pollution a leading cause of cancer, say UN health experts</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The United Nations</div><p align="justify"><br />The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.</p><p align="justify">An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.</p><p align="justify">In a <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf" title="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf">news release</a>, the IARC pointed out that air pollution is already known to increase risks for a wide range of diseases, such as respiratory and heart diseases. Studies indicate that in recent years exposure levels have increased significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in rapidly industrializing countries with large populations.</p><p align="justify">The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,' provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.</p><p align="justify">These included diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts. But this is the first time that experts have classified outdoor air pollution as a cause of cancer.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The main sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, stationary power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking. Some air pollutants have natural sources, as well.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&quot;</p>               </font>
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The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.
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An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.
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The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution.
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&amp;quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&amp;quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &amp;quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&amp;quot;
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The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &amp;lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,&#039; provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.
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These included diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts. But this is the first time that experts have classified outdoor air pollution as a cause of cancer.
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&amp;quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&amp;quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &amp;quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&amp;quot;
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&amp;quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&amp;quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &amp;quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&amp;quot;
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-The United Nations



The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.


An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme..."/>
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                <strong>Outdoor air pollution a leading cause of cancer, say UN health experts</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The United Nations</div><p align="justify"><br />The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.</p><p align="justify">An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.</p><p align="justify">In a <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf" title="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf">news release</a>, the IARC pointed out that air pollution is already known to increase risks for a wide range of diseases, such as respiratory and heart diseases. Studies indicate that in recent years exposure levels have increased significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in rapidly industrializing countries with large populations.</p><p align="justify">The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,' provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.</p><p align="justify">These included diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts. But this is the first time that experts have classified outdoor air pollution as a cause of cancer.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The main sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, stationary power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking. Some air pollutants have natural sources, as well.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&quot;</p>               </font>
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The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.
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An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.
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&amp;quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&amp;quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &amp;quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&amp;quot;
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The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &amp;lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,&#039; provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.
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&amp;quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&amp;quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &amp;quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&amp;quot;
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-The United Nations



The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.


An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme..."/>
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                <strong>Outdoor air pollution a leading cause of cancer, say UN health experts</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The United Nations</div><p align="justify"><br />The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.</p><p align="justify">An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.</p><p align="justify">In a <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf" title="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf">news release</a>, the IARC pointed out that air pollution is already known to increase risks for a wide range of diseases, such as respiratory and heart diseases. Studies indicate that in recent years exposure levels have increased significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in rapidly industrializing countries with large populations.</p><p align="justify">The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,' provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.</p><p align="justify">These included diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts. But this is the first time that experts have classified outdoor air pollution as a cause of cancer.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The main sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, stationary power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking. Some air pollutants have natural sources, as well.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&quot;</p>               </font>
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-The United Nations
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The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.
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An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.
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In a <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf">news release</a>, the IARC pointed out that air pollution is already known to increase risks for a wide range of diseases, such as respiratory and heart diseases. Studies indicate that in recent years exposure levels have increased significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in rapidly industrializing countries with large populations.
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The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution.
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&quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&quot;
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The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,' provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.
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&quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&quot;
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The main sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, stationary power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking. Some air pollutants have natural sources, as well.
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&quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&quot;
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-The United Nations
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The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.
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An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.
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In a <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf">news release</a>, the IARC pointed out that air pollution is already known to increase risks for a wide range of diseases, such as respiratory and heart diseases. Studies indicate that in recent years exposure levels have increased significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in rapidly industrializing countries with large populations.
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&quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&quot;
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The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,' provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.
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&quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&quot;
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$metaTitle = 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Outdoor air pollution a leading cause of cancer, say UN health experts'
$metaKeywords = 'Air Pollution,Pollution,Cancer,Health'
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-The United Nations



The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.


An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-The United Nations</div><p align="justify"><br />The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.</p><p align="justify">An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer.</p><p align="justify">In a <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf" title="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf">news release</a>, the IARC pointed out that air pollution is already known to increase risks for a wide range of diseases, such as respiratory and heart diseases. Studies indicate that in recent years exposure levels have increased significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in rapidly industrializing countries with large populations.</p><p align="justify">The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances,&quot; said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. &quot;We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the &lsquo;encyclopaedia of carcinogens,' provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution.</p><p align="justify">These included diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts. But this is the first time that experts have classified outdoor air pollution as a cause of cancer.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,&quot; said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. &quot;The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.&quot;</p><p align="justify">The main sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, stationary power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking. Some air pollutants have natural sources, as well.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step,&quot; stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. &quot;There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.&quot;</p>'
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Outdoor air pollution a leading cause of cancer, say UN health experts

-The United Nations The specialized cancer agency of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) announced today that outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme found there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk for bladder cancer. In a news release, the IARC pointed out that air pollution is already known to increase risks for a wide range of diseases, such as respiratory and heart diseases. Studies indicate that in recent years exposure levels have increased significantly in some parts of the world, particularly in rapidly industrializing countries with large populations. The most recent data indicate that 223,000 deaths from lung cancer in 2010 resulted from air pollution. "The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances," said Kurt Straif, Head of the IARC Monographs Section. "We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths." The IARC Monographs Programme, dubbed the ‘encyclopaedia of carcinogens,' provides an authoritative source of scientific evidence on cancer-causing substances and exposures. In the past, the Programme evaluated many individual chemicals and specific mixtures that occur in outdoor air pollution. These included diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dusts. But this is the first time that experts have classified outdoor air pollution as a cause of cancer. "Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants," said Dana Loomis, Deputy Head of the Monographs Section. "The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution." The main sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, stationary power generation, industrial and agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking. Some air pollutants have natural sources, as well. "Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step," stressed IARC Director Christopher Wild. "There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay."