Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef942291d89-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef942291d89-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67ef942291d89-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef942291d89-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef942291d89-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef942291d89-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef942291d89-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67ef942291d89-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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-Down to Earth
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&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;
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It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
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By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
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Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
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&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;
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The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.
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Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &amp;quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&amp;quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.
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&lt;em&gt;Aggressive promotion needed&lt;/em&gt;
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The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.
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The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.
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Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. 
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-Down to Earth


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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India....&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;-Down to Earth&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &amp;quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&amp;quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aggressive promotion needed&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. &lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;
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It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
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Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
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By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
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Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
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&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;
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The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.
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Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &amp;quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&amp;quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.
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&lt;em&gt;Aggressive promotion needed&lt;/em&gt;
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The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.
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The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.
&lt;/p&gt;
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Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. 
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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India....&#039;
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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


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                <strong>People in about 40 % rural households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify">-Down to Earth</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.</p><p style="text-align: justify">By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. </p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem </em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Aggressive promotion needed</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. </p>               </font>
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&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;
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It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
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Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
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By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
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Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
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&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;
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The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.
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Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &amp;quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&amp;quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.
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&lt;em&gt;Aggressive promotion needed&lt;/em&gt;
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The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.
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The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.
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-Down to Earth


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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India....&#039;,
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&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;
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It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
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Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;
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-Down to Earth


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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India....&#039;
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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


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                <strong>People in about 40 % rural households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify">-Down to Earth</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.</p><p style="text-align: justify">By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. </p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem </em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Aggressive promotion needed</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. </p>               </font>
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&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;
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It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
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Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
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By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
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Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
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&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;
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The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.
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Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &amp;quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&amp;quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.
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&lt;em&gt;Aggressive promotion needed&lt;/em&gt;
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The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.
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The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.
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Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. 
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-Down to Earth


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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India....&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;-Down to Earth&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &amp;quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&amp;quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aggressive promotion needed&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. &lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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&lt;em&gt;Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people&lt;/em&gt;
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It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
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Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
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By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
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Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
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&lt;em&gt;Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem &lt;/em&gt;
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The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.
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Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &amp;quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&amp;quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.
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&lt;em&gt;Aggressive promotion needed&lt;/em&gt;
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The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.
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The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.
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Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. 
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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


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Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


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                <strong>People in about 40 % rural households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify">-Down to Earth</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.</p><p style="text-align: justify">By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. </p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem </em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Aggressive promotion needed</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. </p>               </font>
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It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em>Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem </em>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em>Aggressive promotion needed</em>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. 
</p>',
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-Down to Earth


&nbsp;


Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India....',
	'disp' => '<div style="text-align: justify">-Down to Earth</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.</p><p style="text-align: justify">By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. </p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem </em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Aggressive promotion needed</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. </p>',
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	'title' => 'People in about 40 % rural households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey',
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-Down to Earth
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em>Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people</em>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em>Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem </em>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em>Aggressive promotion needed</em>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. 
</p>',
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-Down to Earth


&nbsp;


Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people


It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India....'
$disp = '<div style="text-align: justify">-Down to Earth</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states.</p><p style="text-align: justify">By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. </p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem </em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, &quot;While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts.&quot; She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><em>Aggressive promotion needed</em></p><p style="text-align: justify">The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive. </p>'
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People in about 40 % rural households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey

-Down to Earth   Programmes launched to promote use of latrines have failed to influence sanitation behaviours of many people It would be wrong to assume that construction of a toilet in every house can curb the problem of open defecation in India. According to a new study, a significant number of people prefer to defecate in open despite having latrines in their houses. The study was conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE), Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh. Researchers Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav and Sangita Vyas surveyed 3,235 rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. At least 30 per cent of the people in the world, who defecate in open, live in these states. By reaching these households, the researchers got to know about defecation-related behaviour of about 22,787 individuals. They were shocked to find that 40 per cent households, despite having a functional latrine, preferred to defecate in open. Talking about reasons for this behaviour, about 47 per cent residents said they found open defecation more comfortable and convenient. Others cited reasons like an opportunity for morning walk, a visit to their fields and access to fresh air in the morning as factors that drive them to defecate in open. Preferences, not facilities, are the real problem The observations state that much of the problem is about sanitation preferences. It is unfortunate that the government has not been able to do much to influence them. Only 31 per cent of total respondents said that they had seen a poster, painting, pamphlet, street play or a film about the use of latrines. Moreover, only 16 per cent respondents had heard of village-level meetings on sanitation. The basic awareness for sanitation policies does not seem to have improved despite various programmes launched to promote use of latrines. Hathi, one of the researchers and associate director of RICE, said, "While some of our findings will be no surprise to those who have tried to change sanitation behaviour in India, the magnitude of resistance to latrine use in rural north India might surprise even experts." She added that even among groups like young women who were most likely to use a toilet, open defecation was still more common than in some of the poorest countries in the world. Aggressive promotion needed The country has continuously topped the chart for open defecation being practised by as many as 70 per cent of Indians in rural areas-or approximately 550 million people, according to UNICEF. The researchers have suggested that India needed a large-scale campaign to change sanitation preferences and promote latrine use along with providing sanitation facilities to every household. They said if the government wants to achieve its goal of eliminating open defecation by 2019, it must concentrate on building demand for latrine use in rural India. Population density continues to remain a worry as hundreds of thousands of babies are killed due to diseases caused by lack of proper sanitation facilities and stunts the lives of millions who survive.