Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
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Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





The study...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





The study...&#039;
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                <strong>Prevention proof in HIV study by GS Mudur</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &ldquo;increased heavily&rdquo; over the past five years.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &mdash; it has effects across the general population.&rdquo;</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&rsquo;s own control efforts steady.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.</div>               </font>
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
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The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
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Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
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The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
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&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
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The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.
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&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;
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The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
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The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
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Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
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In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





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	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





The study...&#039;
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





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                <strong>Prevention proof in HIV study by GS Mudur</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &ldquo;increased heavily&rdquo; over the past five years.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &mdash; it has effects across the general population.&rdquo;</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&rsquo;s own control efforts steady.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.</div>               </font>
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67f9f06d2185b-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
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Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
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&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





The study...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;
In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





The study...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &amp;mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&amp;rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &amp;ldquo;increased heavily&amp;rdquo; over the past five years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&amp;ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&amp;rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &amp;ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &amp;mdash; it has effects across the general population.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &amp;mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&amp;rsquo;s own control efforts steady.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&amp;rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &amp;mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify&quot;&gt;In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&amp;rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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                <strong>Prevention proof in HIV study by GS Mudur</strong></h1>
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                <div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &ldquo;increased heavily&rdquo; over the past five years.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &mdash; it has effects across the general population.&rdquo;</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&rsquo;s own control efforts steady.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.</div>               </font>
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
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<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
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The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
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Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
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The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.
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The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
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&ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
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<br />
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The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &ldquo;increased heavily&rdquo; over the past five years.
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<div style="text-align: justify">
&ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &mdash; it has effects across the general population.&rdquo;
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify">
The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
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<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
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The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
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The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&rsquo;s own control efforts steady.
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Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
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In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





The study...',
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<div style="text-align: justify">
A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
&ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &ldquo;increased heavily&rdquo; over the past five years.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
&ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &mdash; it has effects across the general population.&rdquo;
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&rsquo;s own control efforts steady.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify">
<br />
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In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.
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A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.





The study...'
$disp = '<div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population &mdash; the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,&rdquo; said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has &ldquo;increased heavily&rdquo; over the past five years.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">&ldquo;Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,&rdquo; Dandona told The Telegraph. &ldquo;This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources &mdash; it has effects across the general population.&rdquo;</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative &mdash; simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government&rsquo;s own control efforts steady.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study&rsquo;s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure &mdash; the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government&rsquo;s own HIV control programme by 2013.</div>'
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Prevention proof in HIV study by GS Mudur

A five-year effort to promote condom use by sex workers and their clients and the use of safe needles by drug users may have helped India prevent about 100,000 HIV infections, according to a study to be released tomorrow. The study suggests that the high-profile HIV prevention initiative called Avahan, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and implemented in six states, was less effective in Nagaland, Manipur and Maharashtra than in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Public health researchers who estimated HIV prevalence in the six states in 2003 and 2008, before and five years into the Avahan initiative, said the results show that prevention aimed at high-risk groups can reduce HIV prevalence in general population. The researchers used a mathematical model and epidemiological data from antenatal screening clinics across the six states to compute the impact of the initiative. The results, published today in The Lancet, a peer-reviewed medical journal, suggest that Avahan contributed to reducing HIV prevalence in the general population — the highest reduction by 12.7 per cent in Karnataka and the lowest by 2.4 per cent in Maharashtra between 2003 and 2008. The reduction was 5.9 per cent in Manipur and 4.1 per cent in Nagaland. “We believe the relatively lower benefits in the Northeast may have been due to difficult geographic terrain and the scattered populations there,” said Lalit Dandona, a community medicine specialist at Public Health Foundation of India, and research team member. The researchers said their findings are significant because they highlight the benefits of HIV prevention efforts at a time when funding for prevention has stagnated while funding for HIV treatment has “increased heavily” over the past five years. “Sparse evidence for the benefits of prevention may have contributed to this stagnation in funding,” Dandona told The Telegraph. “This study shows that prevention also deserves more resources — it has effects across the general population.” The $258-million Avahan initiative focussed on high-risk groups such as sex workers and their clients, men who have sex with men, and drug addicts who use injections. The initiative facilitated safe-sex counselling, distribution of free condoms, needle and syringe exchanges through peer outreach programmes as well as provided treatment for sexually transmitted infections which can raise the risk of HIV transmission. The researchers used a technique called counter-factual analysis in their model to estimate the impact of the Avahan initiative — simulating scenarios in the absence of Avahan while holding the government’s own control efforts steady. Their calculations show that Avahan averted about 100,000 HIV infections in India during the five years but the study’s limitations inject a fairly large uncertainty over the figure — the number of infections prevented could be anything between 25,800 to 207,700. In 2009, the Gates Foundation announced an additional $80 million to facilitate the merger of Avahan with the government’s own HIV control programme by 2013.