Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

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<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &amp;ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The Santals settled into the present-day Santhal Parganas between 1790-1810 after being driven away by zamindars from the neighbouring Birbhum estate. The area was called Damin-i-Koh (skirts of the hills), a khas property of the colonial government created for the Paharias who lived in the hill tracts. The Santals were welcomed to clear the dense jungles for cultivation and given land for settlement in the foothills on rent. They came to assert that since they were the first to clear and inhabit the land, they were its rightful stewards.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku &amp;ndash; the exploitative outsiders.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &amp;ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.

The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be...&#039;,
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &amp;ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.

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                <strong>Remembering Santal Hul: The First Struggle Against Imperialism -Nolina S Minj and Rahi Soren</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-TheWire.in</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Santals settled into the present-day Santhal Parganas between 1790-1810 after being driven away by zamindars from the neighbouring Birbhum estate. The area was called Damin-i-Koh (skirts of the hills), a khas property of the colonial government created for the Paharias who lived in the hill tracts. The Santals were welcomed to clear the dense jungles for cultivation and given land for settlement in the foothills on rent. They came to assert that since they were the first to clear and inhabit the land, they were its rightful stewards.</p><p style="text-align:justify">But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku &ndash; the exploitative outsiders.</p><p style="text-align:justify">When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution" title="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution">click here</a> to read more.&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p>               </font>
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &amp;ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The Santals settled into the present-day Santhal Parganas between 1790-1810 after being driven away by zamindars from the neighbouring Birbhum estate. The area was called Damin-i-Koh (skirts of the hills), a khas property of the colonial government created for the Paharias who lived in the hill tracts. The Santals were welcomed to clear the dense jungles for cultivation and given land for settlement in the foothills on rent. They came to assert that since they were the first to clear and inhabit the land, they were its rightful stewards.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku &amp;ndash; the exploitative outsiders.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &amp;ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.

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                <strong>Remembering Santal Hul: The First Struggle Against Imperialism -Nolina S Minj and Rahi Soren</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-TheWire.in</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Santals settled into the present-day Santhal Parganas between 1790-1810 after being driven away by zamindars from the neighbouring Birbhum estate. The area was called Damin-i-Koh (skirts of the hills), a khas property of the colonial government created for the Paharias who lived in the hill tracts. The Santals were welcomed to clear the dense jungles for cultivation and given land for settlement in the foothills on rent. They came to assert that since they were the first to clear and inhabit the land, they were its rightful stewards.</p><p style="text-align:justify">But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku &ndash; the exploitative outsiders.</p><p style="text-align:justify">When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution" title="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution">click here</a> to read more.&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p>               </font>
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &amp;ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &amp;ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.

The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be...&#039;
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It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.

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                <strong>Remembering Santal Hul: The First Struggle Against Imperialism -Nolina S Minj and Rahi Soren</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify">-TheWire.in</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em>It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.</em></p><p style="text-align:justify">The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The Santals settled into the present-day Santhal Parganas between 1790-1810 after being driven away by zamindars from the neighbouring Birbhum estate. The area was called Damin-i-Koh (skirts of the hills), a khas property of the colonial government created for the Paharias who lived in the hill tracts. The Santals were welcomed to clear the dense jungles for cultivation and given land for settlement in the foothills on rent. They came to assert that since they were the first to clear and inhabit the land, they were its rightful stewards.</p><p style="text-align:justify">But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku &ndash; the exploitative outsiders.</p><p style="text-align:justify">When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution" title="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution">click here</a> to read more.&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;</p>               </font>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><em>It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.</em></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The Santals settled into the present-day Santhal Parganas between 1790-1810 after being driven away by zamindars from the neighbouring Birbhum estate. The area was called Damin-i-Koh (skirts of the hills), a khas property of the colonial government created for the Paharias who lived in the hill tracts. The Santals were welcomed to clear the dense jungles for cultivation and given land for settlement in the foothills on rent. They came to assert that since they were the first to clear and inhabit the land, they were its rightful stewards.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku &ndash; the exploitative outsiders.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution">click here</a> to read more.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify"><em>It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.</em></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831.</p>

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<p style="text-align:justify">But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku &ndash; the exploitative outsiders.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://thewire.in/history/santal-hul-revolution">click here</a> to read more.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>
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It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery &ndash; an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them.

The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be...'
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Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
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Remembering Santal Hul: The First Struggle Against Imperialism -Nolina S Minj and Rahi Soren

-TheWire.in It was indeed an unequal conflict, as the Santals unflinchingly fought with bows and arrows against troops armed with artillery – an indicator of how precious self-rule was to them. The 1857 uprising of Indian sepoys is commonly considered to be the first war of independence in Indian history, even though it was preceded by tribal revolts such as the Halba rebellion of 1774, the Bhil revolt of 1818, and the Kol uprising of 1831. The Santal Hul (revolution) of 1855-56 was one such landmark revolt fought by the Santal Adivasis and lower caste peasants against the exploitative upper caste zamindars (landlords), mahajans (moneylenders), darogas (police), traders, and imperial forces from the East India Company in the erstwhile Bengal presidency. The Santals settled into the present-day Santhal Parganas between 1790-1810 after being driven away by zamindars from the neighbouring Birbhum estate. The area was called Damin-i-Koh (skirts of the hills), a khas property of the colonial government created for the Paharias who lived in the hill tracts. The Santals were welcomed to clear the dense jungles for cultivation and given land for settlement in the foothills on rent. They came to assert that since they were the first to clear and inhabit the land, they were its rightful stewards. But a final, peaceful and sovereign homeland for the tribe was not to be because of the diku – the exploitative outsiders. When the lands were cleared, the zamindars raised their rent. The mahajans charged unreasonable interest rates, took control of their lands as foreclosure, and forced them into bonded labour. Traders in the markets often swindled the Santals by using heavier weights when buying from them and lighter weights when selling to them. Appeals to the British administration went unheard and seeking recourse from the law was not easy since the courts were in the faraway districts of Deoghar and Bhagalpur. Please click here to read more.