Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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-The Hindu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &amp;mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The costs of migration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
However, at the destination, a migrant&amp;rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &amp;lsquo;urban informal&amp;rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &amp;lsquo;urban informal&amp;rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &amp;lsquo;search cost&amp;rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&amp;rsquo;s household&amp;rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

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&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The costs of migration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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-The Hindu

A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress..."/>
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                <strong>Support for lives on the move -Arun Kumar &amp; M Suresh Babu</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu<br /><br /><em>A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty<br /></em><br />Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.<br /><br /><em>The costs of migration<br /></em><br />However, at the destination, a migrant&rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.<br /><br />Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &lsquo;search cost&rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&rsquo;s household&rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &amp;mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The costs of migration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
However, at the destination, a migrant&amp;rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &amp;lsquo;urban informal&amp;rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &amp;lsquo;urban informal&amp;rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &amp;lsquo;search cost&amp;rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&amp;rsquo;s household&amp;rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &amp;mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The costs of migration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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-The Hindu

A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress..."/>
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                <strong>Support for lives on the move -Arun Kumar &amp; M Suresh Babu</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu<br /><br /><em>A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty<br /></em><br />Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.<br /><br /><em>The costs of migration<br /></em><br />However, at the destination, a migrant&rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.<br /><br />Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &lsquo;search cost&rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&rsquo;s household&rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &amp;mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The costs of migration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &amp;lsquo;search cost&amp;rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&amp;rsquo;s household&amp;rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.&lt;br /&gt;
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A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

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-The Hindu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &amp;mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The costs of migration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
However, at the destination, a migrant&amp;rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &amp;lsquo;urban informal&amp;rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &amp;lsquo;urban informal&amp;rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress...&#039;
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-The Hindu

A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress..."/>
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                <strong>Support for lives on the move -Arun Kumar &amp; M Suresh Babu</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu<br /><br /><em>A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty<br /></em><br />Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.<br /><br /><em>The costs of migration<br /></em><br />However, at the destination, a migrant&rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.<br /><br />Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &lsquo;search cost&rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&rsquo;s household&rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-The Hindu<br />
<br />
<em>A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty<br />
</em><br />
Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.<br />
<br />
<em>The costs of migration<br />
</em><br />
However, at the destination, a migrant&rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.<br />
<br />
Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &lsquo;search cost&rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&rsquo;s household&rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress...',
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-The Hindu<br />
<br />
<em>A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty<br />
</em><br />
Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.<br />
<br />
<em>The costs of migration<br />
</em><br />
However, at the destination, a migrant&rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.<br />
<br />
Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &lsquo;search cost&rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&rsquo;s household&rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty

Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-The Hindu<br /><br /><em>A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty<br /></em><br />Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress &mdash; distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict.<br /><br /><em>The costs of migration<br /></em><br />However, at the destination, a migrant&rsquo;s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The &lsquo;urban informal&rsquo; economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment.<br /><br />Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the &lsquo;search cost&rsquo; and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant&rsquo;s household&rsquo;s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true" title="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/support-for-lives-on-the-move/article25382963.ece?homepage=true">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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$site_title = 'im4change'
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Support for lives on the move -Arun Kumar & M Suresh Babu

-The Hindu A national policy for internal migration is needed to improve earnings and enable an exit from poverty Though migration is expected to enhance consumption and lift families out of absolute poverty at the origin, it is not free from distress — distress due to unemployment or underemployment in agriculture, natural calamities, and input/output market imperfections. Internal migration can be driven by push and/or pull factors. In India, over the recent decades, agrarian distress (a push factor) and an increase in better-paying jobs in urban areas (a pull factor) have been drivers of internal migration. Data show that employment-seeking is the principal reason for migration in regions without conflict. The costs of migration However, at the destination, a migrant’s lack of skills presents a major hindrance in entering the labour market. Further, the modern formal urban sector has often not been able to absorb the large number of rural workers entering the urban labour market. This has led to the growth of the ‘urban informal’ economy, which is marked by high poverty and vulnerabilities. The ‘urban informal’ economy is wrongly understood in countries such as India as a transient phenomenon. It has, in fact, expanded over the years and accounts for the bulk of urban employment. Most jobs in the urban informal sector pay poorly and involve self-employed workers who turn to petty production because of their inability to find wage labour. Then there are various forms of discrimination which do not allow migrants to graduate to better-paying jobs. Migrant workers earn only two-thirds of what is earned by non-migrant workers, according to 2014 data. Further, they have to incur a large cost of migration which includes the ‘search cost’ and the hazard of being cheated. Often these costs escalate as they are outside the state-provided health care and education system; this forces them to borrow from employers in order to meet these expenses. And frequent borrowing forces them to sell assets towards repayment of their loans. Employment opportunities, the levels of income earned, and the working conditions in destination areas are determined by the migrant’s household’s social location in his or her village. The division of the labour market by occupation, geography or industry (labour market segmentation), even within the urban informal labour market, confines migrants to the lower end. Often, such segmentation reinforces differences in social identity, and new forms of discrimination emerge in these sites. Please click here to read more.