Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
$stackFrame = (int) 1
$trace = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php',
		'line' => (int) 2421,
		'function' => 'deprecationWarning',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.'
		]
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php',
		'line' => (int) 73,
		'function' => 'offsetGet',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => 'catslug'
		]
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php',
		'line' => (int) 610,
		'function' => 'printArticle',
		'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController',
		'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => []
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php',
		'line' => (int) 120,
		'function' => 'invokeAction',
		'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller',
		'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => []
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php',
		'line' => (int) 94,
		'function' => '_invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php',
		'line' => (int) 235,
		'function' => 'dispatch',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication',
		'object' => object(App\Application) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php',
		'line' => (int) 162,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware',
		'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php',
		'line' => (int) 88,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware',
		'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php',
		'line' => (int) 96,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware',
		'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 51,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php',
		'line' => (int) 98,
		'function' => 'run',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php',
		'line' => (int) 39,
		'function' => 'run',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => []
	]
]
$frame = [
	'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php',
	'line' => (int) 73,
	'function' => 'offsetGet',
	'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest',
	'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {
		trustProxy => false
		[protected] params => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] query => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] cookies => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] _environment => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] url => 'latest-news-updates/swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214/print'
		[protected] base => ''
		[protected] webroot => '/'
		[protected] here => '/latest-news-updates/swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214/print'
		[protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] _input => null
		[protected] _detectors => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] _detectorCache => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {}
		[protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {}
		[protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {}
		[protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] emulatedAttributes => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] protocol => null
		[protected] requestTarget => null
		[private] deprecatedProperties => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	},
	'type' => '->',
	'args' => [
		(int) 0 => 'catslug'
	]
]
deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
$stackFrame = (int) 1
$trace = [
	(int) 0 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ServerRequest.php',
		'line' => (int) 2421,
		'function' => 'deprecationWarning',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead.'
		]
	],
	(int) 1 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php',
		'line' => (int) 74,
		'function' => 'offsetGet',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => 'artileslug'
		]
	],
	(int) 2 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Controller/Controller.php',
		'line' => (int) 610,
		'function' => 'printArticle',
		'class' => 'App\Controller\ArtileDetailController',
		'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => []
	],
	(int) 3 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php',
		'line' => (int) 120,
		'function' => 'invokeAction',
		'class' => 'Cake\Controller\Controller',
		'object' => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => []
	],
	(int) 4 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php',
		'line' => (int) 94,
		'function' => '_invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(App\Controller\ArtileDetailController) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 5 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/BaseApplication.php',
		'line' => (int) 235,
		'function' => 'dispatch',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 6 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\BaseApplication',
		'object' => object(App\Application) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 7 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php',
		'line' => (int) 162,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 8 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware',
		'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 9 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php',
		'line' => (int) 88,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 10 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware',
		'object' => object(Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 11 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php',
		'line' => (int) 96,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 12 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 65,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware',
		'object' => object(Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 13 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Runner.php',
		'line' => (int) 51,
		'function' => '__invoke',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 14 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Http/Server.php',
		'line' => (int) 98,
		'function' => 'run',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Runner',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Runner) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => [
			(int) 0 => object(Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue) {},
			(int) 1 => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {},
			(int) 2 => object(Cake\Http\Response) {}
		]
	],
	(int) 15 => [
		'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/webroot/index.php',
		'line' => (int) 39,
		'function' => 'run',
		'class' => 'Cake\Http\Server',
		'object' => object(Cake\Http\Server) {},
		'type' => '->',
		'args' => []
	]
]
$frame = [
	'file' => '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php',
	'line' => (int) 74,
	'function' => 'offsetGet',
	'class' => 'Cake\Http\ServerRequest',
	'object' => object(Cake\Http\ServerRequest) {
		trustProxy => false
		[protected] params => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] data => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] query => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] cookies => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] _environment => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] url => 'latest-news-updates/swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214/print'
		[protected] base => ''
		[protected] webroot => '/'
		[protected] here => '/latest-news-updates/swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214/print'
		[protected] trustedProxies => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] _input => null
		[protected] _detectors => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] _detectorCache => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] stream => object(Zend\Diactoros\PhpInputStream) {}
		[protected] uri => object(Zend\Diactoros\Uri) {}
		[protected] session => object(Cake\Http\Session) {}
		[protected] attributes => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] emulatedAttributes => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
		[protected] uploadedFiles => [[maximum depth reached]]
		[protected] protocol => null
		[protected] requestTarget => null
		[private] deprecatedProperties => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	},
	'type' => '->',
	'args' => [
		(int) 0 => 'artileslug'
	]
]
deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

	'status' => (int) 200,
	'contentType' => 'text/html',
	'headers' => [
		'Content-Type' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'file' => null,
	'fileRange' => [],
	'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {},
	'cacheDirectives' => [],
	'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
$dataForView = [
	&#039;article_current&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
		&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&#039;,
		&#039;article_img&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;article_img_thumb&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;status&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
		&#039;show_on_home&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
		&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;EN&#039;,
		&#039;category_id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
		&#039;tag_keyword&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;seo_url&#039; =&gt; &#039;swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214&#039;,
		&#039;meta_title&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;meta_keywords&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;meta_description&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;noindex&#039; =&gt; (int) 0,
		&#039;publish_date&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		&#039;most_visit_section_id&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;article_big_img&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;liveid&#039; =&gt; (int) 4686214,
		&#039;created&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		&#039;modified&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		&#039;edate&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;tags&#039; =&gt; [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		&#039;category&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
		&#039;[new]&#039; =&gt; false,
		&#039;[accessible]&#039; =&gt; [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		&#039;[dirty]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[original]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[virtual]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[hasErrors]&#039; =&gt; false,
		&#039;[errors]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[invalid]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[repository]&#039; =&gt; &#039;Articles&#039;
	
	},
	&#039;articleid&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
	&#039;metaTitle&#039; =&gt; &#039;LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
	&#039;metaKeywords&#039; =&gt; &#039;Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank&#039;,
	&#039;metaDesc&#039; =&gt; &#039;
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;English&#039;,
	&#039;SITE_URL&#039; =&gt; &#039;https://im4change.in/&#039;,
	&#039;site_title&#039; =&gt; &#039;im4change&#039;,
	&#039;adminprix&#039; =&gt; &#039;admin&#039;
]
$article_current = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&#039;,
	&#039;article_img&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;article_img_thumb&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;status&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
	&#039;show_on_home&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
	&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;EN&#039;,
	&#039;category_id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
	&#039;tag_keyword&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;seo_url&#039; =&gt; &#039;swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214&#039;,
	&#039;meta_title&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;meta_keywords&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;meta_description&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;noindex&#039; =&gt; (int) 0,
	&#039;publish_date&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
	&#039;most_visit_section_id&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;article_big_img&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;liveid&#039; =&gt; (int) 4686214,
	&#039;created&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	&#039;modified&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	&#039;edate&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;tags&#039; =&gt; [
		(int) 0 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	&#039;category&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
	&#039;[new]&#039; =&gt; false,
	&#039;[accessible]&#039; =&gt; [
		&#039;*&#039; =&gt; true,
		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; false
	],
	&#039;[dirty]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[original]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[virtual]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[hasErrors]&#039; =&gt; false,
	&#039;[errors]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[invalid]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[repository]&#039; =&gt; &#039;Articles&#039;

}
$articleid = (int) 38083
$metaTitle = &#039;LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;
$metaKeywords = &#039;Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank&#039;
$metaDesc = &#039;
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
$lang = &#039;English&#039;
$SITE_URL = &#039;https://im4change.in/&#039;
$site_title = &#039;im4change&#039;
$adminprix = &#039;admin&#039;</pre><pre class="stack-trace">include - APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp, line 8
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374
Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214.html"/>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
    <link href="https://im4change.in/css/control.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
          media="all"/>
    <title>LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra | Im4change.org</title>
    <meta name="description" content="
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by..."/>
    <script src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

        $(document).ready(function () {
            var img = $("img")[0]; // Get my img elem
            var pic_real_width, pic_real_height;
            $("<img/>") // Make in memory copy of image to avoid css issues
                .attr("src", $(img).attr("src"))
                .load(function () {
                    pic_real_width = this.width;   // Note: $(this).width() will not
                    pic_real_height = this.height; // work for in memory images.
                });
        });
    </script>
    <style type="text/css">
        @media screen {
            div.divFooter {
                display: block;
            }
        }

        @media print {
            .printbutton {
                display: none !important;
            }
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="98%" align="center">
    <tr>
        <td class="top_bg">
            <div class="divFooter">
                <img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo1.jpg" height="59" border="0"
                     alt="Resource centre on India's rural distress" style="padding-top:14px;"/>
            </div>

        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td id="topspace">&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>

    <tr id="topspace">
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td height="50" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; padding-top:10px;" class="printbutton">
            <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page "
                         onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form>
        </td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
        <td width="100%">
            <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal">
                <strong>Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra</strong></h1>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td width="100%" style="font-family:Arial, 'Segoe Script', 'Segoe UI', sans-serif, serif"><font size="3">
                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world<br /></em><br />The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&mdash;much higher than what the government&rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.<br /><br />According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.<br /><br />In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.<br /><br />They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &ldquo;rebrand&rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html" title="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
        <td height="50" style="border-top:1px solid #000; border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-top:10px;">
            <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page "
                         onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form>
        </td>
    </tr>
</table></body>
</html>'

}
$maxBufferLength = (int) 8192
$file = '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php'
$line = (int) 853
$message = 'Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853'
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48
Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141
[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39

Warning (2): Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php:853) [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 148]
Code Context
            $response->getStatusCode(),

            ($reasonPhrase ? ' ' . $reasonPhrase : '')

        ));
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

	'status' => (int) 200,
	'contentType' => 'text/html',
	'headers' => [
		'Content-Type' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'file' => null,
	'fileRange' => [],
	'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {},
	'cacheDirectives' => [],
	'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
$dataForView = [
	&#039;article_current&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
		&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&#039;,
		&#039;article_img&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;article_img_thumb&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;status&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
		&#039;show_on_home&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
		&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;EN&#039;,
		&#039;category_id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
		&#039;tag_keyword&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;seo_url&#039; =&gt; &#039;swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214&#039;,
		&#039;meta_title&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;meta_keywords&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;meta_description&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;noindex&#039; =&gt; (int) 0,
		&#039;publish_date&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		&#039;most_visit_section_id&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;article_big_img&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;liveid&#039; =&gt; (int) 4686214,
		&#039;created&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		&#039;modified&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		&#039;edate&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;tags&#039; =&gt; [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		&#039;category&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
		&#039;[new]&#039; =&gt; false,
		&#039;[accessible]&#039; =&gt; [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		&#039;[dirty]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[original]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[virtual]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[hasErrors]&#039; =&gt; false,
		&#039;[errors]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[invalid]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[repository]&#039; =&gt; &#039;Articles&#039;
	
	},
	&#039;articleid&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
	&#039;metaTitle&#039; =&gt; &#039;LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
	&#039;metaKeywords&#039; =&gt; &#039;Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank&#039;,
	&#039;metaDesc&#039; =&gt; &#039;
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;English&#039;,
	&#039;SITE_URL&#039; =&gt; &#039;https://im4change.in/&#039;,
	&#039;site_title&#039; =&gt; &#039;im4change&#039;,
	&#039;adminprix&#039; =&gt; &#039;admin&#039;
]
$article_current = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&#039;,
	&#039;article_img&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;article_img_thumb&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;status&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
	&#039;show_on_home&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
	&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;EN&#039;,
	&#039;category_id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
	&#039;tag_keyword&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;seo_url&#039; =&gt; &#039;swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214&#039;,
	&#039;meta_title&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;meta_keywords&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;meta_description&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;noindex&#039; =&gt; (int) 0,
	&#039;publish_date&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
	&#039;most_visit_section_id&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;article_big_img&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;liveid&#039; =&gt; (int) 4686214,
	&#039;created&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	&#039;modified&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	&#039;edate&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;tags&#039; =&gt; [
		(int) 0 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	&#039;category&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
	&#039;[new]&#039; =&gt; false,
	&#039;[accessible]&#039; =&gt; [
		&#039;*&#039; =&gt; true,
		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; false
	],
	&#039;[dirty]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[original]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[virtual]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[hasErrors]&#039; =&gt; false,
	&#039;[errors]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[invalid]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[repository]&#039; =&gt; &#039;Articles&#039;

}
$articleid = (int) 38083
$metaTitle = &#039;LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;
$metaKeywords = &#039;Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank&#039;
$metaDesc = &#039;
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
$lang = &#039;English&#039;
$SITE_URL = &#039;https://im4change.in/&#039;
$site_title = &#039;im4change&#039;
$adminprix = &#039;admin&#039;</pre><pre class="stack-trace">include - APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp, line 8
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374
Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214.html"/>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
    <link href="https://im4change.in/css/control.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
          media="all"/>
    <title>LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra | Im4change.org</title>
    <meta name="description" content="
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by..."/>
    <script src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

        $(document).ready(function () {
            var img = $("img")[0]; // Get my img elem
            var pic_real_width, pic_real_height;
            $("<img/>") // Make in memory copy of image to avoid css issues
                .attr("src", $(img).attr("src"))
                .load(function () {
                    pic_real_width = this.width;   // Note: $(this).width() will not
                    pic_real_height = this.height; // work for in memory images.
                });
        });
    </script>
    <style type="text/css">
        @media screen {
            div.divFooter {
                display: block;
            }
        }

        @media print {
            .printbutton {
                display: none !important;
            }
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="98%" align="center">
    <tr>
        <td class="top_bg">
            <div class="divFooter">
                <img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo1.jpg" height="59" border="0"
                     alt="Resource centre on India's rural distress" style="padding-top:14px;"/>
            </div>

        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td id="topspace">&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>

    <tr id="topspace">
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td height="50" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; padding-top:10px;" class="printbutton">
            <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page "
                         onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form>
        </td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
        <td width="100%">
            <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal">
                <strong>Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra</strong></h1>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td width="100%" style="font-family:Arial, 'Segoe Script', 'Segoe UI', sans-serif, serif"><font size="3">
                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world<br /></em><br />The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&mdash;much higher than what the government&rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.<br /><br />According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.<br /><br />In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.<br /><br />They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &ldquo;rebrand&rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html" title="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
        <td height="50" style="border-top:1px solid #000; border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-top:10px;">
            <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page "
                         onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form>
        </td>
    </tr>
</table></body>
</html>'

}
$reasonPhrase = 'OK'
header - [internal], line ??
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitStatusLine() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 148
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 54
Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141
[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39

Warning (2): Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php:853) [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 181]
Code Context
                    $value

                ), $first);

                $first = false;
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

	'status' => (int) 200,
	'contentType' => 'text/html',
	'headers' => [
		'Content-Type' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		]
	],
	'file' => null,
	'fileRange' => [],
	'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {},
	'cacheDirectives' => [],
	'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
</span></code></span>
<code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">meta&nbsp;http</span><span style="color: #007700">-</span><span style="color: #0000BB">equiv</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"Content-Type"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">content</span><span style="color: #007700">=</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"text/html;&nbsp;charset=utf-8"</span><span style="color: #007700">/&gt;
</span></span></code></pre><pre id="cakeErr67ef12442c0e8-context" class="cake-context" style="display: none;">$viewFile = &#039;/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp&#039;
$dataForView = [
	&#039;article_current&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
		&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&#039;,
		&#039;article_img&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;article_img_thumb&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;status&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
		&#039;show_on_home&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
		&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;EN&#039;,
		&#039;category_id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
		&#039;tag_keyword&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;seo_url&#039; =&gt; &#039;swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214&#039;,
		&#039;meta_title&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;meta_keywords&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;meta_description&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;noindex&#039; =&gt; (int) 0,
		&#039;publish_date&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		&#039;most_visit_section_id&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;article_big_img&#039; =&gt; null,
		&#039;liveid&#039; =&gt; (int) 4686214,
		&#039;created&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		&#039;modified&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		&#039;edate&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;tags&#039; =&gt; [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		&#039;category&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
		&#039;[new]&#039; =&gt; false,
		&#039;[accessible]&#039; =&gt; [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		&#039;[dirty]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[original]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[virtual]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[hasErrors]&#039; =&gt; false,
		&#039;[errors]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[invalid]&#039; =&gt; [[maximum depth reached]],
		&#039;[repository]&#039; =&gt; &#039;Articles&#039;
	
	},
	&#039;articleid&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
	&#039;metaTitle&#039; =&gt; &#039;LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
	&#039;metaKeywords&#039; =&gt; &#039;Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank&#039;,
	&#039;metaDesc&#039; =&gt; &#039;
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;English&#039;,
	&#039;SITE_URL&#039; =&gt; &#039;https://im4change.in/&#039;,
	&#039;site_title&#039; =&gt; &#039;im4change&#039;,
	&#039;adminprix&#039; =&gt; &#039;admin&#039;
]
$article_current = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 38083,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
	&#039;credit_writer&#039; =&gt; &#039;Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&#039;,
	&#039;article_img&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;article_img_thumb&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;status&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
	&#039;show_on_home&#039; =&gt; (int) 1,
	&#039;lang&#039; =&gt; &#039;EN&#039;,
	&#039;category_id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
	&#039;tag_keyword&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;seo_url&#039; =&gt; &#039;swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214&#039;,
	&#039;meta_title&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;meta_keywords&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;meta_description&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;noindex&#039; =&gt; (int) 0,
	&#039;publish_date&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
	&#039;most_visit_section_id&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;article_big_img&#039; =&gt; null,
	&#039;liveid&#039; =&gt; (int) 4686214,
	&#039;created&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	&#039;modified&#039; =&gt; object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	&#039;edate&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;tags&#039; =&gt; [
		(int) 0 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 =&gt; object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	&#039;category&#039; =&gt; object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
	&#039;[new]&#039; =&gt; false,
	&#039;[accessible]&#039; =&gt; [
		&#039;*&#039; =&gt; true,
		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; false
	],
	&#039;[dirty]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[original]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[virtual]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[hasErrors]&#039; =&gt; false,
	&#039;[errors]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[invalid]&#039; =&gt; [],
	&#039;[repository]&#039; =&gt; &#039;Articles&#039;

}
$articleid = (int) 38083
$metaTitle = &#039;LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra&#039;
$metaKeywords = &#039;Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank&#039;
$metaDesc = &#039;
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-Livemint.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&amp;rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&amp;rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&amp;mdash;much higher than what the government&amp;rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&amp;rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &amp;ldquo;rebrand&amp;rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot; title=&quot;https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
$lang = &#039;English&#039;
$SITE_URL = &#039;https://im4change.in/&#039;
$site_title = &#039;im4change&#039;
$adminprix = &#039;admin&#039;</pre><pre class="stack-trace">include - APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp, line 8
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374
Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51</pre></div></pre>latest-news-updates/swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214.html"/>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
    <link href="https://im4change.in/css/control.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
          media="all"/>
    <title>LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra | Im4change.org</title>
    <meta name="description" content="
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by..."/>
    <script src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-1.10.2.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://im4change.in/js/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script>
    <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

        $(document).ready(function () {
            var img = $("img")[0]; // Get my img elem
            var pic_real_width, pic_real_height;
            $("<img/>") // Make in memory copy of image to avoid css issues
                .attr("src", $(img).attr("src"))
                .load(function () {
                    pic_real_width = this.width;   // Note: $(this).width() will not
                    pic_real_height = this.height; // work for in memory images.
                });
        });
    </script>
    <style type="text/css">
        @media screen {
            div.divFooter {
                display: block;
            }
        }

        @media print {
            .printbutton {
                display: none !important;
            }
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="98%" align="center">
    <tr>
        <td class="top_bg">
            <div class="divFooter">
                <img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo1.jpg" height="59" border="0"
                     alt="Resource centre on India's rural distress" style="padding-top:14px;"/>
            </div>

        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td id="topspace">&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>

    <tr id="topspace">
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td height="50" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; padding-top:10px;" class="printbutton">
            <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page "
                         onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form>
        </td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
        <td width="100%">
            <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal">
                <strong>Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra</strong></h1>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td width="100%" style="font-family:Arial, 'Segoe Script', 'Segoe UI', sans-serif, serif"><font size="3">
                <div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world<br /></em><br />The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&mdash;much higher than what the government&rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.<br /><br />According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.<br /><br />In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.<br /><br />They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &ldquo;rebrand&rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html" title="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
        </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
        <td height="50" style="border-top:1px solid #000; border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding-top:10px;">
            <form><input type="button" value=" Print this page "
                         onclick="window.print();return false;"/></form>
        </td>
    </tr>
</table></body>
</html>'

}
$cookies = []
$values = [
	(int) 0 => 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
]
$name = 'Content-Type'
$first = true
$value = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
header - [internal], line ??
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitHeaders() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 181
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 55
Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141
[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39

<head>

    <link rel="canonical" href="<?php echo Configure::read('SITE_URL'); ?><?php echo $urlPrefix;?><?php echo $article_current->category->slug; ?>/<?php echo $article_current->seo_url; ?>.html"/>

    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>

$viewFile = '/home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp'
$dataForView = [
	'article_current' => object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

		'id' => (int) 38083,
		'title' => 'Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra',
		'subheading' => '',
		'description' => '<div align="justify">
-Livemint.com<br />
<br />
<em>Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world<br />
</em><br />
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&mdash;much higher than what the government&rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.<br />
<br />
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.<br />
<br />
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.<br />
<br />
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &ldquo;rebrand&rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
		'credit_writer' => 'Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html',
		'article_img' => '',
		'article_img_thumb' => '',
		'status' => (int) 1,
		'show_on_home' => (int) 1,
		'lang' => 'EN',
		'category_id' => (int) 16,
		'tag_keyword' => '',
		'seo_url' => 'swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214',
		'meta_title' => null,
		'meta_keywords' => null,
		'meta_description' => null,
		'noindex' => (int) 0,
		'publish_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
		'most_visit_section_id' => null,
		'article_big_img' => null,
		'liveid' => (int) 4686214,
		'created' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
		'edate' => '',
		'tags' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'category' => object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
		'[new]' => false,
		'[accessible]' => [
			[maximum depth reached]
		],
		'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[hasErrors]' => false,
		'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
		'[repository]' => 'Articles'
	
	},
	'articleid' => (int) 38083,
	'metaTitle' => 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra',
	'metaKeywords' => 'Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank',
	'metaDesc' => '
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...',
	'disp' => '<div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world<br /></em><br />The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&mdash;much higher than what the government&rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.<br /><br />According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.<br /><br />In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.<br /><br />They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &ldquo;rebrand&rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html" title="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>',
	'lang' => 'English',
	'SITE_URL' => 'https://im4change.in/',
	'site_title' => 'im4change',
	'adminprix' => 'admin'
]
$article_current = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) {

	'id' => (int) 38083,
	'title' => 'Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra',
	'subheading' => '',
	'description' => '<div align="justify">
-Livemint.com<br />
<br />
<em>Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world<br />
</em><br />
The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&mdash;much higher than what the government&rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.<br />
<br />
According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.<br />
<br />
In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.<br />
<br />
They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &ldquo;rebrand&rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
	'credit_writer' => 'Livemint.com, 24 December, 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html',
	'article_img' => '',
	'article_img_thumb' => '',
	'status' => (int) 1,
	'show_on_home' => (int) 1,
	'lang' => 'EN',
	'category_id' => (int) 16,
	'tag_keyword' => '',
	'seo_url' => 'swachh-bharat-still-not-quite-shows-a-world-bank-study-nikita-kwatra-4686214',
	'meta_title' => null,
	'meta_keywords' => null,
	'meta_description' => null,
	'noindex' => (int) 0,
	'publish_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
	'most_visit_section_id' => null,
	'article_big_img' => null,
	'liveid' => (int) 4686214,
	'created' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	'modified' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {},
	'edate' => '',
	'tags' => [
		(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
		(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
	],
	'category' => object(App\Model\Entity\Category) {},
	'[new]' => false,
	'[accessible]' => [
		'*' => true,
		'id' => false
	],
	'[dirty]' => [],
	'[original]' => [],
	'[virtual]' => [],
	'[hasErrors]' => false,
	'[errors]' => [],
	'[invalid]' => [],
	'[repository]' => 'Articles'

}
$articleid = (int) 38083
$metaTitle = 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra'
$metaKeywords = 'Open Defecation,Swachh Bharat Mission,Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin),world bank'
$metaDesc = '
-Livemint.com

Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world

The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-Livemint.com<br /><br /><em>Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world<br /></em><br />The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme&rsquo;s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open&mdash;much higher than what the government&rsquo;s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open.<br /><br />According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns.<br /><br />In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people&rsquo;s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed.<br /><br />They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people&rsquo;s beliefs through campaigns, which &ldquo;rebrand&rdquo; toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use.<br /><br />Please <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html" title="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ckG4i9oTywwSi7ML5cXfXI/Swachh-Bharat-Still-not-quite-shows-a-World-Bank-study.html">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
$lang = 'English'
$SITE_URL = 'https://im4change.in/'
$site_title = 'im4change'
$adminprix = 'admin'

include - APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp, line 8
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1413
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1374
Cake\View\View::renderLayout() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 927
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 885
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 791
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 126
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51

Swachh Bharat? Still not quite, shows a World Bank study -Nikita Kwatra

-Livemint.com Despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the launch of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’s launch on 2 October, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world The Swachh Bharat Mission hopes to make India open-defecation free by October 2019. But, despite the rush in the construction of toilets since the scheme’s launch, India has the highest rate of open defecation in the world. According to a new study by the World Bank, 48% of Indians continue to defecate in the open—much higher than what the government’s official records say. According to the latest NSSO survey, 33% of people in rural India and only 4% in urban India defecate in the open. According to the study, even among the households with toilets, nearly 40% have members who defecate in the open. This is so, because social norms and cultural beliefs, rather than economic conditions, act as barriers to toilet use. An earlier Plain Facts column had raised these concerns. In their study, Varun Gauri, Tasmia Rahma and Iman Sen surveyed five villages in Uttar Pradesh to measure four key aspects of open defecation: defecation practices, acceptability of open defecation, enforcement of toilet use, and notions of purity attached to toilet construction. They find that people’s beliefs are closely linked to their perceptions of what others believe, highlighting how social norms determine individual attitudes. In the context of open defecation, this is important because people associate toilets with gandagi (dirt). They also tend to underestimate the use of toilets among others in the community. Both these factors ultimately result in toilets being underused. However, the authors also show that these social norms can be changed. They reveal that simply informing people who defecate in the open about the growth of toilet use in their neighbourhood and stressing that open defecation is no longer the norm can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, toilet use. Besides, targeting people’s beliefs through campaigns, which “rebrand” toilet use as clean can have a similar impact. The authors conclude that low-cost information campaigns can effectively improve the beliefs and practices around toilet use. Please click here to read more.