Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {

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-TheGuardian.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Women&amp;rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&amp;rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &amp;ldquo;working&amp;rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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                <strong>Women are the engines of the Indian economy but our contribution is ignored -Jayati Ghosh</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-TheGuardian.com<br /><br /><em>Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?<br /></em><br />Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.<br /><br />Where women&rsquo;s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn&rsquo;t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour.<br /><br />In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?<br /><br />Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &ldquo;working&rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.<br /><br />However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &ndash; or by policymakers and society.<br /><br />In India&rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&rdquo;.<br /><br />Please <a href="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india" title="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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&lt;em&gt;Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?&lt;br /&gt;
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Women&amp;rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&amp;rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Where women&amp;rsquo;s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn&amp;rsquo;t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour.&lt;br /&gt;
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Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &amp;ldquo;working&amp;rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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In India&amp;rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &amp;ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&amp;rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &amp;ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&amp;rdquo;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?

Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities..."/>
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                <strong>Women are the engines of the Indian economy but our contribution is ignored -Jayati Ghosh</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-TheGuardian.com<br /><br /><em>Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?<br /></em><br />Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.<br /><br />Where women&rsquo;s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn&rsquo;t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour.<br /><br />In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?<br /><br />Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &ldquo;working&rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.<br /><br />However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &ndash; or by policymakers and society.<br /><br />In India&rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&rdquo;.<br /><br />Please <a href="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india" title="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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&lt;em&gt;Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Women&amp;rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&amp;rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&amp;rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &amp;ndash; or by policymakers and society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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-TheGuardian.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Women&amp;rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&amp;rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&amp;rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &amp;ldquo;working&amp;rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &amp;ndash; or by policymakers and society.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In India&amp;rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &amp;ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&amp;rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &amp;ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&amp;rdquo;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please &lt;a href=&quot;ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to read more. &lt;br /&gt;
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                <strong>Women are the engines of the Indian economy but our contribution is ignored -Jayati Ghosh</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-TheGuardian.com<br /><br /><em>Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?<br /></em><br />Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.<br /><br />Where women&rsquo;s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn&rsquo;t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour.<br /><br />In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?<br /><br />Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &ldquo;working&rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.<br /><br />However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &ndash; or by policymakers and society.<br /><br />In India&rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&rdquo;.<br /><br />Please <a href="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india" title="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>               </font>
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-TheGuardian.com<br />
<br />
<em>Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?<br />
</em><br />
Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.<br />
<br />
Where women&rsquo;s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn&rsquo;t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour.<br />
<br />
In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?<br />
<br />
Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &ldquo;working&rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.<br />
<br />
However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &ndash; or by policymakers and society.<br />
<br />
In India&rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&rdquo;.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india">click here</a> to read more. <br />
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-TheGuardian.com<br />
<br />
<em>Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?<br />
</em><br />
Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.<br />
<br />
Where women&rsquo;s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn&rsquo;t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour.<br />
<br />
In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?<br />
<br />
Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &ldquo;working&rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.<br />
<br />
However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &ndash; or by policymakers and society.<br />
<br />
In India&rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&rdquo;.<br />
<br />
Please <a href="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india">click here</a> to read more. <br />
</div>',
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$metaTitle = 'LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Women are the engines of the Indian economy but our contribution is ignored -Jayati Ghosh'
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-TheGuardian.com

Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?

Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-TheGuardian.com<br /><br /><em>Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this?<br /></em><br />Women&rsquo;s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women&rsquo;s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.<br /><br />Where women&rsquo;s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn&rsquo;t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour.<br /><br />In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women&rsquo;s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?<br /><br />Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were &ldquo;working&rdquo;, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.<br /><br />However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys &ndash; or by policymakers and society.<br /><br />In India&rsquo;s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties only&rdquo;. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who &ldquo;attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use&rdquo;.<br /><br />Please <a href="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india" title="ttps://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jul/16/womens-workforce-participation-declining-india">click here</a> to read more. <br /></div>'
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Women are the engines of the Indian economy but our contribution is ignored -Jayati Ghosh

-TheGuardian.com Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this? Women’s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers more opportunities for women’s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid. Where women’s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the surrounding society isn’t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid labour. In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent statistics appear to show that women’s workforce participation rates (already low by international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends? Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural women and 17% of women over 15 years old were “working”, as regular or casual wage workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops). By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas. However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not recognised as such by the surveys – or by policymakers and society. In India’s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who “attended to domestic duties only”. That includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who “attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc for household use”. Please click here to read more.