Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;General Insecurity&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Kindly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;---&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report (please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Symptoms Signs &amp;amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&amp;rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major Group &amp;ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&amp;rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp;amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The third leading cause group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &amp;lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&amp;rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Under the fourth leading group &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&amp;rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The group of diseases relating to &amp;ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&amp;rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major group &amp;ldquo;Neoplasm&amp;rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&amp;rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The seventh leading cause, &amp;ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&amp;rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&amp;rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &amp;ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp;amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&amp;rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Age-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp;amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gender-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&quot;&gt;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&amp;rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&amp;rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;road accidents&quot; src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp&quot; style=&quot;height:299px; width:500px&quot; title=&quot;road accidents&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source: &lt;/strong&gt;Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&amp;rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&amp;rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &amp;ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&amp;agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&amp;agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/&lt;br /&gt;Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;General Insecurity&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Kindly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;---&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report (please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Symptoms Signs &amp;amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&amp;rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major Group &amp;ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&amp;rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp;amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The third leading cause group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &amp;lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&amp;rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Under the fourth leading group &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&amp;rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The group of diseases relating to &amp;ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&amp;rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major group &amp;ldquo;Neoplasm&amp;rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&amp;rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The seventh leading cause, &amp;ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&amp;rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&amp;rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &amp;ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp;amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&amp;rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Age-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp;amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gender-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&quot;&gt;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&amp;rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&amp;rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;road accidents&quot; src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp&quot; style=&quot;height:299px; width:500px&quot; title=&quot;road accidents&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source: &lt;/strong&gt;Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&amp;rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&amp;rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &amp;ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&amp;agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&amp;agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External..."/>
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            <h1 class="news_headlines" style="font-style:normal">
                <strong>General Insecurity</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS&nbsp;</span></p><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**</span><br /><br /><em><span style="font-size:small"># Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/<br />Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf</a></span></em></div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector<br />&nbsp;</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">               </font>
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		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Kindly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;---&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report (please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Symptoms Signs &amp;amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&amp;rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major Group &amp;ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&amp;rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp;amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The third leading cause group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &amp;lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&amp;rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Under the fourth leading group &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&amp;rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The group of diseases relating to &amp;ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&amp;rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major group &amp;ldquo;Neoplasm&amp;rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&amp;rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The seventh leading cause, &amp;ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&amp;rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&amp;rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &amp;ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp;amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&amp;rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Age-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp;amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gender-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&quot;&gt;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&amp;rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&amp;rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;road accidents&quot; src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp&quot; style=&quot;height:299px; width:500px&quot; title=&quot;road accidents&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source: &lt;/strong&gt;Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&amp;rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&amp;rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &amp;ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&amp;agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&amp;agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/&lt;br /&gt;Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;General Insecurity&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Kindly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;---&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report (please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Symptoms Signs &amp;amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&amp;rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major Group &amp;ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&amp;rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp;amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The third leading cause group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &amp;lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&amp;rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Under the fourth leading group &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&amp;rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The group of diseases relating to &amp;ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&amp;rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major group &amp;ldquo;Neoplasm&amp;rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&amp;rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The seventh leading cause, &amp;ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&amp;rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&amp;rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &amp;ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp;amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&amp;rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Age-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp;amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gender-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&quot;&gt;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&amp;rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&amp;rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;road accidents&quot; src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp&quot; style=&quot;height:299px; width:500px&quot; title=&quot;road accidents&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source: &lt;/strong&gt;Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&amp;rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&amp;rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &amp;ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&amp;agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&amp;agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/&lt;br /&gt;Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&#039;
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&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External..."/>
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                <strong>General Insecurity</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS&nbsp;</span></p><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**</span><br /><br /><em><span style="font-size:small"># Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/<br />Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf</a></span></em></div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector<br />&nbsp;</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">               </font>
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		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;General Insecurity&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Kindly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;---&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report (please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Symptoms Signs &amp;amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&amp;rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major Group &amp;ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&amp;rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp;amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The third leading cause group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &amp;lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&amp;rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Under the fourth leading group &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&amp;rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The group of diseases relating to &amp;ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&amp;rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major group &amp;ldquo;Neoplasm&amp;rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&amp;rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The seventh leading cause, &amp;ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&amp;rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&amp;rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &amp;ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp;amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&amp;rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Age-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp;amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gender-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&quot;&gt;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&amp;rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&amp;rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;road accidents&quot; src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp&quot; style=&quot;height:299px; width:500px&quot; title=&quot;road accidents&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source: &lt;/strong&gt;Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&amp;rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&amp;rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &amp;ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&amp;agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&amp;agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/&lt;br /&gt;Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 16,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;General Insecurity&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;Kindly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;---&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report (please &lt;a href=&quot;/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).&lt;br /&gt;
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
* Symptoms Signs &amp;amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&amp;rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major Group &amp;ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&amp;rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp;amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The third leading cause group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &amp;lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&amp;rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Under the fourth leading group &amp;ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&amp;rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The group of diseases relating to &amp;ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&amp;rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The major group &amp;ldquo;Neoplasm&amp;rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&amp;rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The seventh leading cause, &amp;ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&amp;rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &amp;lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&amp;rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &amp;ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp;amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&amp;rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Age-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &amp;ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp;amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&amp;rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gender-wise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&quot;&gt;http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&amp;rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&amp;rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;road accidents&quot; src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp&quot; style=&quot;height:299px; width:500px&quot; title=&quot;road accidents&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source: &lt;/strong&gt;Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&amp;rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&amp;rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;**page**&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], &lt;a href=&quot;http://morth.nic.in/&quot;&gt;http://morth.nic.in/&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &amp;ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&amp;agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&amp;agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;KEY TRENDS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp;amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;&amp;bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small&quot;&gt;# Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/&lt;br /&gt;Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium&quot;&gt;&#039;
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                <strong>General Insecurity</strong></h1>
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                <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS&nbsp;</span></p><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**</span><br /><br /><em><span style="font-size:small"># Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/<br />Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf</a></span></em></div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector<br />&nbsp;</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">               </font>
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		'description' => '<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS&nbsp;</span></p>

<div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**</span><br />
<br />
<em><span style="font-size:small"># Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf</a></span></em></div>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector<br />
&nbsp;</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">**page**</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Kindly <a href="https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf">click here</a> to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">According to the report (please <a href="/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">click here</a> to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
&bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).<br />
<br />
&bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:<br />
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)<br />
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)<br />
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).<br />
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)<br />
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)<br />
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)<br />
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)<br />
* Symptoms Signs &amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)<br />
<br />
&bull; Among the &ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; The major Group &ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.<br />
<br />
&bull; The third leading cause group &ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; Under the fourth leading group &ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; The group of diseases relating to &ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.<br />
<br />
&bull; The major group &ldquo;Neoplasm&rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; The seventh leading cause, &ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.<br />
<br />
&bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.<br />
<br />
<strong><em>Age-wise</em></strong><br />
<br />
&bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)<br />
<br />
&bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.<br />
<br />
&bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).<br />
<br />
&bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.<br />
<br />
&bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.<br />
<br />
&bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.<br />
<br />
&bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.<br />
<br />
<strong><em>Gender-wise</em></strong><br />
<br />
&bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.<br />
<br />
&bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.<br />
<br />
&bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p>

<div style="text-align:justify">According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], <a href="http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf">http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf</a>, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.<br />
&nbsp;</div>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="road accidents" src="tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp" style="height:299px; width:500px" title="road accidents" /><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, </em></span><a href="http://morth.nic.in/"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>http://morth.nic.in/</em></span></a></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><a href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">:&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], <a href="http://morth.nic.in/">http://morth.nic.in/</a>: </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, </span><a href="http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf</span></a></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],</span><br />
<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf</span></a>:</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>
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&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External...',
	'disp' => '<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS&nbsp;</span></p><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**</span><br /><br /><em><span style="font-size:small"># Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/<br />Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf</a></span></em></div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector<br />&nbsp;</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">',
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	'id' => (int) 16,
	'title' => 'General Insecurity',
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	'description' => '<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS&nbsp;</span></p>

<div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:small">&bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**</span><br />
<br />
<em><span style="font-size:small"># Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf</a></span></em></div>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector<br />
&nbsp;</em></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">**page**</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Kindly <a href="https://www.im4change.org/upload/files/Traffic-Crash-Injuries-and-Disabilities-The-Burden-on-Indian-Society.pdf">click here</a> to access the report titled [inside]Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society(released in February, 2021)[/inside], which is brought out by the World Bank in collaboration with SaveLIFE Foundation.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">According to the report (please <a href="/upload/files/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">click here</a> to access) entitled [inside]Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013)[/inside], Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI,</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
&bull; The present report for the year 2008 is the thirty fourth in the series of the publication presenting statistics on causes of death obtained through the Civil Registration System under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. The report on MCCD-2008, is based upon 8,78,339 (Males: 5,51,069 and Females: 3,27,270) total medically certified deaths (19.3 per cent of total registered deaths) supplied by 26 States/UTs. The necessary data is collected in the prescribed forms (Form 4 for Hospital deaths and Form 4A for Non-institutional deaths). Both these forms have been designed by World Health Organization (WHO).<br />
<br />
&bull; Following are eight leading cause-groups of deaths constituting around 87.9 percent of total deaths:<br />
* Diseases of Circulatory System (27.7 percent)<br />
* Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (14.0 percent)<br />
* Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes (8.9 percent).<br />
* Diseases of Respiratory System (8.5 percent)<br />
* Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period (7.0 per cent)<br />
* Neoplasms (4.7 percent)<br />
* Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (4.0 percent)<br />
* Symptoms Signs &amp; Abnormal Clinical Findings Not Elsewhere Classified (13.1 percent)<br />
<br />
&bull; Among the &ldquo;Diseases of Circulatory System&rdquo; deaths, Ischaemic Heart Diseases (IHD) and the diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases account for 31.5 and 35.2 percent deaths, respectively. Since 1990, the group Diseases of the Circulatory System has not only occupied the position of top-most killer but its percentage to total deaths has registered an increasing trend over the years. This group accounts for 27.8 percent males and 27.6 percent female deaths in their respective totals of medically certified deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; The major Group &ldquo;Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&rdquo; which is the second leading cause of death is mainly constituted by Tuberculosis and Septicemia. The group Certain Infectious &amp; Parasitic Diseases constitutes 14.0 percent of medically certified deaths for all the reporting States taken together.<br />
<br />
&bull; The third leading cause group &ldquo;Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&rdquo;, has a major constituent The group of Injury, Poisoning and Certain other Consequences of External Causes has contributed to 8.9 per cent of total medically certified deaths in 2008. The proportion of deaths under this category has exhibited a fluctuating pattern over the years. &lsquo;Burns and Corrosions&rsquo; contributing around 24.2 per cent of the total deaths under this cause group and 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; Under the fourth leading group &ldquo;Diseases of Respiratory System&rdquo;, Pneumonia, caused 25.1 out of every hundred reported deaths, followed by Asthma causing around 11 deaths. Pneumonia alone accounts for 2.1 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. The share of medically certified deaths due to Diseases of Respiratory System has varied in the range of 7.0 per cent to 9.6 per cent during the period 1990 to 2008, thus accounting for around 7 to 10 deaths per hundred reported medically certified deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; The group of diseases relating to &ldquo;Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period&rdquo; is the fifth leading cause of death, accounting for 7.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths. Deaths under this category has shown a declining trend in percentage terms over the years.<br />
<br />
&bull; The major group &ldquo;Neoplasm&rdquo; (Cancer) is the sixth leading cause accounting for 4.7 percent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &lsquo;Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs&rsquo; accounts for more than one-fourth of deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; The seventh leading cause, &ldquo;Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases&rdquo; is responsible for 4.0 per cent of the total medically certified deaths, of which &lsquo;Diabetes Mellitus&rsquo; alone accounts for about 86.4 per cent of the deaths. The share of Diabetes Mellitus in the total medically certified deaths is 3.4 percent. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus death is reported to be the highest for the age 70 years or above.<br />
<br />
&bull; About 13 per cent of the total medically certified deaths were classified under the &ldquo;Symptoms, signs &amp; abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified&rdquo; which is the eighth leading cause.<br />
<br />
<strong><em>Age-wise</em></strong><br />
<br />
&bull; Every tenth reported medically certified death has been of the infants (age less than 1 year)<br />
<br />
&bull; About 69.0 per cent of infant deaths have been reported to be caused by Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period.<br />
<br />
&bull; Among the children aged 1-4 years, Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases have taken the highest toll of 25.8 per cent. Among the children aged 0-4 years, Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period cause 57.7% of deaths. Septicemia causes 6.2 percent of deaths followed by Pneumonia (4.8%) and diseases of Circulatory Systems (3.7%).<br />
<br />
&bull; In the age-group 5-14 years, the cause group Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases claimed the top most position with the share of 23.6 percent.<br />
<br />
&bull; In the age-group of 15-24 and 25-34 years, major group &ldquo;Injury, Poisoning &amp; Certain Other Consequences of External Causes&rdquo; is the first among the leading causes contributing around 29.7 per cent and 25.3 per cent respectively. It implies that these age-groups of youth and adolescent are more vulnerable to injuries and poisoning related deaths.<br />
<br />
&bull; In the age-group 35-44 years, the first two leading causes, Diseases of Circulatory System and Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases are having the shares of 21.4 per cent and 21.0 percent respectively.<br />
<br />
&bull; For all the age-groups of 45 years and above, Diseases of Circulatory System is the first leading cause of death. The percentage contribution of this cause group for 45 years and above, to respective age-group totals has been increasing with age. The percentage share of this cause group to the total medically certified deaths for these ages varies from 30.6 percent to 41.7 percent.<br />
<br />
&bull; The highest number of deaths (1, 90,761, i.e. 21.7 per cent of total), as expected, has been reported for the age-group 70 years and above.<br />
<br />
<strong><em>Gender-wise</em></strong><br />
<br />
&bull; The contributions of male and female deaths in the total medically certified cases has been reported to be 62.7 per cent and 37.3 per cent respectively, with a sex ratio of females to males to be 594 per thousand.<br />
<br />
&bull; There is no significant difference for both males and females as far as eight leading causes are concerned, except for Neoplasm deaths and deaths due to Diseases of the Digestive System.<br />
<br />
&bull; The percentage of female Neoplasm deaths to total female medically certified deaths is 4.9 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 3.9 percent. On the contrary, the percentage of female Digestive System Deaths to total female medically certified deaths is just 2.6 percent as compared to the corresponding male figure of 5.0 percent.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p>

<div style="text-align:justify">According to the report entitled [inside]Disaster Management in India (2011)[/inside], <a href="http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf">http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf</a>, which has been prepared by Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI:<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Global Status Report on Road Safety (WHO, 2009) has estimated that 1.2 million people die on the world&rsquo;s road every year, and as many as 50 million others are injured. Over 90% of deaths occurred in low income and middle income countries, which have only 48% of the world&rsquo;s registered vehicles. The problem of road safety is acute in India. In the year 2008 alone, number of road accidents were 4.8 lakh resulting in close to 1.2 lakh deaths and 5.2 lakh injured, many of whom are disabled for rest of their lives. Sadly, many of these victims are economically active young people.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Between 1970 and 2008, the number of accidents quadrupled with more than 7 fold increase in injuries and more than 8 fold increase in fatalities in the backdrop of about 64 fold increase in the number of registered motor vehicles and threefold increase in road network.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka which had a share of around 30.4 % in total number of vehicles registered in India in 2006, accounted for about 38% of the total road accidents, 28 % of the total number of persons killed and 35% of the total persons injured in road accidents in year 2008.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National Highways accounted for 29% in total road accidents and 36% in total number of persons killed in 2008. Similarly, State Highways accounted for 26% of total accidents and a share of close to 28 % in the total number of persons killed in road accidents in 2008. Highways permit greater speed resulting in relatively greater number of road accidents and fatalities.<br />
&nbsp;</div>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">The graph below shows the total number of road accidents has increased from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,39,200 in 2005. The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased from 14,500 in 1970 to 94,900 in 2005. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>Road accidents and persons killed in India (in thousand)</strong></span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="road accidents" src="tinymce/uploaded/Road%20accidents.bmp" style="height:299px; width:500px" title="road accidents" /><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, </em></span><a href="http://morth.nic.in/"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>http://morth.nic.in/</em></span></a></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to [inside]Regional Report on Status of Road Safety: the South-East Asia Region-A Call for Policy Direction[/inside] (World Health Organisation, 2009),</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><a href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">http://whqlibdoc.who.int/searo/2009/9789290223559_eng.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">:&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Road traffic injuries kill nearly 1.3 million women, men and children around the world every year and are responsible for hundreds of thousands of injuries and disability. World Health Organization estimates predict that road traffic injury will increase from being the ninth leading cause of death globally in 2004 to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2030.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every day around the world almost 16 000 people die from injuries and violence, and that this accounted for 9.8% of the world&rsquo;s deaths and 12.3% of the world&rsquo;s burden of disease in 2004. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Crash victims are often working age adults, whose families are then left without a breadwinner or bear the added expenses of caring for a disabled family member.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In India reported number of road traffic deaths during 2006 was 1,05,725 out of which 93% were males and 7 % were females. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Reported number of road traffic injuries in India during 2006 was 4,52,922. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Estimated annual economic cost of road traffic injuries and/or deaths in India during 2000 was Rs. 55,000 crore</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In India, drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers (22%) account for the bulk of the most vulnerable road users, to be followed by users and drivers of passenger cars and taxis (15%), pedestrians (13%) and trucks (12%).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;During the year 2004, of all the registered vehicles, 71% were two-wheelers.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Road traffic death rate (per 1,00,000 population) in India has increased from 7.8 in 2002 to 9.2 in 2006.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;India and Thailand have seat-belt installation standards applicable only for the front seats.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The Government of India has taken initiatives to improve public transport services as a viable alternative to private car transport.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The effectiveness of enforcement of helmet laws is quite low in India.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">According to the [inside]Ministry of Road Transport and Highways data[/inside], <a href="http://morth.nic.in/">http://morth.nic.in/</a>: </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004 </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of accidents per thousand vehicles has actually reduced from 814.42 in 1970 to 59.12 in 2004</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The total number of persons killed by motor vehicles in 2005 stood out be highest in the states of Andhra Pradesh (10,534), to be followed by Maharastra (10,259) and Uttar Pradesh (9,955)</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to [inside]National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)[/inside], Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector, </span><a href="http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">http://nceus.gov.in/Condition_of_workers_sep_2007.pdf</span></a></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Since the farming sector is unorganized in character, there is an absence of statistics on farm related accidents and injuries. The tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were the highest (27.7 per cent), followed by thresher (14.6 per cent), sprayer/duster (12.2 per cent), sugarcane crusher (8.1 per cent), and chaff cutter accidents (7.8 per cent). Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8 per cent of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/ 1,000 mechanical threshers/year in Southern India).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;A field study surveyed power thresher accidents in Punjab (Northern India) and reported that about 73 per cent of the accidents were due to human factors, 13 per cent due to machine factors, and the remaining 14 per cent were due to crop and other factors. The All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRP) on human engineering and safety in agriculture reported accident and injury data (1995-1999) from forty-four sample villages of Eastern, Southern, Central and Northern regions points out that while farm mechanization is more in the Northern India, accidents were more in the villages in Southern India. Tractor and tractor implements, thresher, sprayer, sugar cane crusher and chaff cutters accidents accounted for 70 per cent of the total farm accidents.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The increasing use of chemicals and biological agents with hazard potential unknown to people; the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals including pesticides, agricultural machineries and equipment, and their impact on health and safety of exposed population; pose serious safety and health risks for agricultural workers.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Since the occupational safety and health services are out of the reach of this group their vulnerability is further accentuated. Pesticides are usually sprayed and it has been observed that the sprayer operators experience fatigue mainly due to carrying the sprayer load. The vibration arising out of powered sprayers also causes discomfort to the operator. The pesticide applicators, mixers and loaders are at the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;It is not uncommon that the farmers broadcast pesticides or prepare pesticide solutions with bare hands. Improper handling of pesticides, spraying without wearing personal protective devises, oral poisoning of pesticides, etc. led to many sprayer related accidents. Also due to low education and awareness levels among the group they are subject to greater health and occupational hazards. </span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;The risks to life of agricultural workers are greatly increased due to low levels of health security. Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care. In most cases, the workers in the informal sector do not obtain any support for meeting the medical cost. Lack of resources to pay for the health care often forces the poor workers either to forego it or become indebted or improvised while trying to pay for it.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">According to the [inside]Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)[/inside],</span><br />
<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/Summary_Report_Death_01_03.pdf</span></a>:</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><br />
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Overall non-communicable diseases are the leading causes of death in the country, constituting 42% of all deaths. Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions constitute another 38% of deaths. Injuries and ill-defined causes constitute 10% of deaths each. However, majority of ill-defined causes are at older ages (70 or higher years) and most of ill-defined deaths are likely to be from non-communicable diseases.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%). The urban areas have a lower number of deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions but a higher proportion from non-communicable diseases (56%). Their proportion is less in rural areas (40%). Injuries constitute about the same proportion in both rural and urban areas; however, the specific causes of injury vary.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Overall, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (19%), followed by respiratory diseases (namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD, asthma, other respiratory diseases; 9%), diarrhoeal diseases (8%), perinatal conditions (6.3%), respiratory infections such as acute pneumonia (6.2%), tuberculosis (6%), malignant and other neoplasms (5.7%), senility (5.1% &ndash; which is concentrated at ages 70 and higher), unintentional injuries: other (4.9%), and symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (4.8%).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Notable differences by gender are seen in the case of diarrhoeal diseases with 10% of female deaths against 7% of male deaths, tuberculosis with 5% of female deaths vis-&agrave;-vis 7% male deaths, and cardiovascular diseases with 17% female deaths versus 20% male deaths.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among males as well as females. The male-female patterns are similar, except for a notably higher proportion of female deaths from cancer (12%) vis-&agrave;-vis males (8%). In contrast, males have higher number of deaths from tuberculosis (11%) versus females (8%) and digestive diseases (6%) versus females (4%).</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;HIV/AIDS is a direct cause of death in about 2.4% of deaths at ages 15-59 in the states with higher HIV prevalence namely Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. It is responsible for only 0.3% in the remaining lower prevalence states. These ratios are comparable to those observed differences in the antenatal clinic data from the National AIDS Control Organisation.</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&bull;&nbsp;In Eastern and Northeastern regions, deaths due to malaria are notably higher at 6% and 5% respectively, of deaths due to all causes. In the Southern region, suicide constitutes nearly 5% of all deaths at all ages. Senility and ill-defined symptoms and signs constitute 8% to 12% of deaths across different regions with the highest (12%) in Southern region. The results are influenced by the age at death, with the States having higher proportion of older populations showing more deaths due to ill-defined causes</span></p>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>
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&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External...'
$disp = '<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS&nbsp;</span></p><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical &amp; Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified #</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)*</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization**</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:small">&bull; Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care**</span><br /><br /><em><span style="font-size:small"># Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, <a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/<br />Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf</a></span></em></div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>@ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>$ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>* Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003)</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><em>** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector<br />&nbsp;</em></span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">'
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General Insecurity

KEY TRENDS  • The eight leading cause-groups of deaths in 2008 based on Medical Certification of Cause of Death are: 1. Diseases of the Circulatory System; 2. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; 3. Injury, Poisoning and Certain Other Consequences of External Causes; 4. Diseases of the Respiratory System; 5. Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period; 6. Neoplasm (C00-D48); 7. Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic Diseases; and 8. Symptoms, Sign and Abnormal Clinical & Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified # • The severity of road accidents measured in terms of persons killed per 100 accidents is observed to have increased from less than 19.9 in 2001 to 24.7 in 2008 in India@ • The total number of road accidents has increased by nearly four times from 1,14,100 in 1970 to 4,29,910 in 2004$ • The total number of persons killed due to road accidents has increased by nearly six times from 14,500 in 1970 to 92,618 in 2004$ • Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated at 22 per 100,000 farmers** • Rural areas report more deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions (41%)* • Besides the normal health problems, agricultural workers, in general, suffer from certain specific health hazards due to extensive use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides and mechanization** • Low-income levels and consequent low nutritional intake and constant physical labour increase health problems. Poor health status further affects their productivity and forces them to spend their limited earnings on expensive health care** # Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death 2008 (published in 2013), Office of the Registrar General, India, GoI, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/mccd_Report1/ Report%20on%20Medical%20Certification%202.pdf   @ Disaster Management in India (2011), Ministry of Home Affairs $ Ministry of Road Transport and Highways * Summary Report on Causes of Death in India (2001-2003) ** NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector