Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 19909,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;
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	&#039;metaTitle&#039; =&gt; &#039;NEWS ALERTS | Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;,
	&#039;metaKeywords&#039; =&gt; &#039;forest rights,Tribal Rights,Forests&#039;,
	&#039;metaDesc&#039; =&gt; &#039;

Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;&lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;&lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief&lt;br /&gt;_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_&lt;br /&gt;report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai&lt;br /&gt;gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot; title=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;&lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;&lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;&lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;&lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;&lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;HI&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;&lt;w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;&lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;&lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;&lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;&lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;&lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;&lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;&lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;&lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;&lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;m:mathPr&gt;&lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:dispDef/&gt;&lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;&lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; 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SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; 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Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; 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&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot; title=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot;&gt;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/&lt;br /&gt;2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 19909,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
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$metaTitle = &#039;NEWS ALERTS | Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;
$metaKeywords = &#039;forest rights,Tribal Rights,Forests&#039;
$metaDesc = &#039;

Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;&lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;&lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief&lt;br /&gt;_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_&lt;br /&gt;report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai&lt;br /&gt;gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot; title=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;&lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;&lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;&lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;&lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;&lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;HI&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;&lt;w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;&lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;&lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;&lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;&lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;&lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;&lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;&lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;&lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;&lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;m:mathPr&gt;&lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:dispDef/&gt;&lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;&lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; 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&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot; title=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot;&gt;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/&lt;br /&gt;2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to..."/>
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                <strong>Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly</strong></h1>
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                <br /><div align="justify">Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.<br /><br />On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&rsquo;s possession. &nbsp;<br /><br />As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. <br /></div><div align="justify"><img src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp" alt="FRA" title="FRA" width="415" height="387" /> <br /></div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings><o:RelyOnVML/><o:AllowPNG/></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><strong>Links for further reading: </strong></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief background to FRA:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about" title="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about">http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/" title="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/">http://www.forestcaseindia.org/</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf" title="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf">http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief<br />_FRAtoPAs.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A case study of Gadchiroli&rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf" title="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf">http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_<br />report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 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		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 19909,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;
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Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;&lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;&lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief&lt;br /&gt;_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_&lt;br /&gt;report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai&lt;br /&gt;gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; 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SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; 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Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; 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&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot; title=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot;&gt;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/&lt;br /&gt;2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 19909,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
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$metaTitle = &#039;NEWS ALERTS | Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;
$metaKeywords = &#039;forest rights,Tribal Rights,Forests&#039;
$metaDesc = &#039;

Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;&lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;&lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief&lt;br /&gt;_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_&lt;br /&gt;report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai&lt;br /&gt;gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot; title=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;&lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;&lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;&lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;&lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;&lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;HI&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;&lt;w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;&lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;&lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;&lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;&lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;&lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;&lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;&lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;&lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;&lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;m:mathPr&gt;&lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:dispDef/&gt;&lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;&lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; 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&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot; title=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot;&gt;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/&lt;br /&gt;2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to..."/>
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                <strong>Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly</strong></h1>
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                <br /><div align="justify">Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.<br /><br />On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&rsquo;s possession. &nbsp;<br /><br />As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. <br /></div><div align="justify"><img src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp" alt="FRA" title="FRA" width="415" height="387" /> <br /></div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings><o:RelyOnVML/><o:AllowPNG/></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><strong>Links for further reading: </strong></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief background to FRA:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about" title="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about">http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/" title="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/">http://www.forestcaseindia.org/</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf" title="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf">http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief<br />_FRAtoPAs.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A case study of Gadchiroli&rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf" title="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf">http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_<br />report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 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[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39

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Code Context
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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr6801ddbb51e8d-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
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		&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 19909,
		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;,
		&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;
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Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;&lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;&lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief&lt;br /&gt;_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_&lt;br /&gt;report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai&lt;br /&gt;gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot; title=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;&lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;&lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;&lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;&lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;&lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;HI&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;&lt;w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;&lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;&lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;&lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;&lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;&lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;&lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;&lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;&lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;&lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;m:mathPr&gt;&lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:dispDef/&gt;&lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;&lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; 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SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; 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Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; 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&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot; title=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot;&gt;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/&lt;br /&gt;2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;id&#039; =&gt; (int) 19909,
	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;,
	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/p&gt;
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$metaTitle = &#039;NEWS ALERTS | Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly&#039;
$metaKeywords = &#039;forest rights,Tribal Rights,Forests&#039;
$metaDesc = &#039;

Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&amp;rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &amp;lsquo;landmark&amp;rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &amp;ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&amp;rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;bull;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&amp;rsquo;s possession. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp&quot; alt=&quot;FRA&quot; title=&quot;FRA&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;387&quot; /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;&lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;&lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links for further reading: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief background to FRA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&quot;&gt;http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&quot;&gt;http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot; title=&quot;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.forestcaseindia.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf&quot;&gt;http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief&lt;br /&gt;_FRAtoPAs.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;A case study of Gadchiroli&amp;rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&amp;rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &amp;ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_&lt;br /&gt;report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#039;Arial&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039;&quot;&gt;Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot; title=&quot;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&quot;&gt;http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai&lt;br /&gt;gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#039;Garamond&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot; title=&quot;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&quot;&gt;http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;&lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;&lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;&lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;&lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;&lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;&lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;&lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;&lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;&lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;&lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;HI&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;&lt;w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;&lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;&lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;&lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;&lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;&lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;&lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;&lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;&lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;&lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;&lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;&lt;m:mathPr&gt;&lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:dispDef/&gt;&lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;&lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;&lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; 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&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot; title=&quot;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&quot;&gt;http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/&lt;br /&gt;2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to..."/>
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                <strong>Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly</strong></h1>
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                <br /><div align="justify">Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.<br /><br />On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&rsquo;s possession. &nbsp;<br /><br />As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. <br /></div><div align="justify"><img src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp" alt="FRA" title="FRA" width="415" height="387" /> <br /></div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings><o:RelyOnVML/><o:AllowPNG/></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><strong>Links for further reading: </strong></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief background to FRA:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about" title="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about">http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/" title="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/">http://www.forestcaseindia.org/</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf" title="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf">http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief<br />_FRAtoPAs.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A case study of Gadchiroli&rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf" title="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf">http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_<br />report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, <a href="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report" title="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report">http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai<br />gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'"> </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><a href="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp" title="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp">http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp</a>&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: 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		'title' => 'Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly',
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<div align="justify">
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.<br />
<br />
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&rsquo;s possession. &nbsp;<br />
<br />
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. <br />
</div>
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<img src="tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp" alt="FRA" title="FRA" width="415" height="387" /> <br />
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&nbsp;
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<strong>Links for further reading: </strong>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief background to FRA:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about">http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/">http://www.forestcaseindia.org/</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf">http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A case study of Gadchiroli&rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf">http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, <a href="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report">http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<a href="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp">http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp</a>&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
&nbsp;
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	'metaTitle' => 'NEWS ALERTS | Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly',
	'metaKeywords' => 'forest rights,Tribal Rights,Forests',
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Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...',
	'disp' => '<br /><div align="justify">Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.<br /><br />On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&rsquo;s possession. &nbsp;<br /><br />As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. <br /></div><div align="justify"><img src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp" alt="FRA" title="FRA" width="415" height="387" /> <br /></div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings><o:RelyOnVML/><o:AllowPNG/></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><strong>Links for further reading: </strong></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief background to FRA:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about" title="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about">http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/" title="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/">http://www.forestcaseindia.org/</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf" title="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf">http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief<br />_FRAtoPAs.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A case study of Gadchiroli&rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf" title="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf">http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_<br />report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, <a href="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report" title="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report">http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai<br />gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'"> </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><a href="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp" title="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp">http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp</a>&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: 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	'id' => (int) 19909,
	'title' => 'Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly',
	'subheading' => '',
	'description' => '<br />
<div align="justify">
Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.<br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. <br />
<br />
&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.<br />
<br />
On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&rsquo;s possession. &nbsp;<br />
<br />
As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. <br />
</div>
<div align="justify">
<img src="tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp" alt="FRA" title="FRA" width="415" height="387" /> <br />
</div>
<div align="justify">
&nbsp;
</div>
<div align="justify">
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<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<strong>Links for further reading: </strong>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief background to FRA:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about">http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progress
in implementing FRA</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The updated FRA rules issued in September
2012:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A database on ongoing litigation and relevant
Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/">http://www.forestcaseindia.org/</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf">http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A case study of Gadchiroli&rsquo;s Mendha-lekha
village, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has became
the country&rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &ndash; a
right which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to the
community, under FRA. </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<a href="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf">http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf</a>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
2006: REPORT from Action Aid, <a href="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report">http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'"> </span>
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<a href="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp">http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp</a>&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
&nbsp;
</p>
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<![endif]--> <strong>Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), <a href="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg">http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg</a></strong><br />
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$metaTitle = 'NEWS ALERTS | Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly'
$metaKeywords = 'forest rights,Tribal Rights,Forests'
$metaDesc = '

Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to...'
$disp = '<br /><div align="justify">Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act&rsquo;s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as &lsquo;landmark&rsquo; because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below:<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA &ndash; e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities.<br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa&rsquo;s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. <br /><br />&bull;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions.<br /><br />On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community&rsquo;s possession. &nbsp;<br /><br />As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table. <br /></div><div align="justify"><img src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/FRA.bmp" alt="FRA" title="FRA" width="415" height="387" /> <br /></div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings><o:RelyOnVML/><o:AllowPNG/></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><strong>Links for further reading: </strong></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief background to FRA:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about" title="http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about">http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The updated FRA rules issued in September2012:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf" title="http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf">http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/" title="http://www.forestcaseindia.org/">http://www.forestcaseindia.org/</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A brief on FRA in Protected Areas:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf" title="http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief_FRAtoPAs.pdf">http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief<br />_FRAtoPAs.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">A case study of Gadchiroli&rsquo;s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country&rsquo;s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce &ndash; aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><a href="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf" title="http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf">http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_<br />report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf</a></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, <a href="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report" title="http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campaign/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report">http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai<br />gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Garamond','serif'"> </span></p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><a href="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp" title="http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp">http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp</a>&nbsp;</p><p style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: 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Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]--> <strong>Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), <a href="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg" title="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg">http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/<br />2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg</a></strong><br /></div>'
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Forest Rights Act: Good, Bad and Ugly

Groups from across India gathered in Delhi recently to assess the Forest Rights Act’s journey since 2006. The law is often dubbed as ‘landmark’ because it ended the age-old illegality surrounding communities living in forest areas by entitling them to individual and community land title. It also went beyond the colonial paradigms of the forest bureaucracy to recognise community efforts at protecting and preserving forests. Numerous groups and individuals working in forest areas of over 10 states flagged the multiple challenges that the act is battling. On the positive side, they lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state officials required to implement the Act. The main points are listed below: •    Large number of claims filed by forest-dwellers going unsettled. These are for individual as well as community right titles. In forest areas, where mining projects have been proposed, this problem is especially pronounced. •    Circulars issued by state governments or district authorities, which contradict FRA provisions •    Draft PESA rules issued by states, which go against FRA – e.g. mandating royalties for governments or government forest marketing corporations marketing minor forest produce, collected by forest communities. •    Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses without community and gram sabha consent, especially where mining projects are concerned. Additionally, a dilution of these powers by central government orders for linear projects. •    No provisions for adivasi communities displaced by development projects and industry who are entitled to titles, but do not possess the requisite evidence on account of having been displaced from their original habitat. •    No clarity in official policy on the habitat rights of Primitive Tribal Groups (e.g. the Dongariya Kondhs inhabiting Western Orissa’s Niyamgiri mountains) or nomadic groups and shifting cultivators; non-implementation of FRA in Protected Areas. •    Forest bureaucracy still reluctant to yield control to communities, especially where revenue from non-timber forest produce is concerned. •    No Minimum Support Price yet from minor forest produce, despite such recommendations by a government-constituted committee. •    Inadequate transparency by state governments on progress made in issuing title deeds as well as other FRA related orders and actions. On the positive side, the groups lauded the current emphasis by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on systematic training of state government officials are required to implement the act, as well as the issuing of amended rules in September 2012. Positive practices by certain district-level administrations were also flagged as models to be replicated in other parts of the country e.g. in Gadchiroli, the Collector has proactively put together all evidence from land records to individual and community titles and handed them to gram sabhas in FRA areas as a single file to be kept in the community’s possession.   As per the latest (for the period ending on 31-12-2012) progress report on MoTA website, the status of CFRs is given in the following table.   Links for further reading:   A brief background to FRA: http://www.forestrightsact.com/what-is-this-act-about   Status as of Dec 2012 on state-wise progressin implementing FRA http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1507.pdf   The updated FRA rules issued in September2012: http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1434.pdf   A database on ongoing litigation and relevantSupreme Court and National Green Tribunal rulings with regard to forest areas: http://www.forestcaseindia.org/   A brief on FRA in Protected Areas: http://kalpavriksh.org/images/Documentation/Advocacy/Brief _FRAtoPAs.pdf   A case study of Gadchiroli’s Mendha-lekhavillage, where the community is protecting its deciduous forests and has becamethe country’s first village to harvest and sell its own bamboo produce – aright which was meant to move from the forest and state bureaucracy to thecommunity, under FRA. http://www.cenesta.net/icca/images/media/grd/mendha_india_ report_icca_grassroots_discussions.pdf   Status of Implementation of Forest Rights Act2006: REPORT from Action Aid, http://www.actionaid.org/india/reports-publications/campai gn/status-implementation-forest-rights-act-2006-report http://vasundharaodisha.org/laws.asp    Image Courtesy: The Guardian (UK), http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/ 2010/7/23/1279904694706/Dongria-Kondh-tribe-membe-006.jpg