Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67feba21a18ae-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67feba21a18ae-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr67feba21a18ae-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67feba21a18ae-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67feba21a18ae-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr67feba21a18ae-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr67feba21a18ae-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr67feba21a18ae-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
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-The Hindu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat&lt;br /&gt;er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.&lt;br /&gt;ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;subheading&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;,
	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-The Hindu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat&lt;br /&gt;er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.&lt;br /&gt;ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#039;
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Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just..."/>
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                <strong>Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>Chennai: </em>A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.</p><p align="justify">It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.</p><p align="justify">Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.</p><p align="justify">Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.</p><p align="justify">They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.</p><p align="justify">The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.</p><p align="justify">The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.</p><p align="justify">Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.</p><p align="justify">To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.</p><p align="justify">Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.</p><p align="justify">&quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.</p><p align="justify">The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &lsquo;reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &lsquo;interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&quot; Prof. Pradeep said.</p><p align="justify">The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.</p><p align="justify">In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. </p><p align="justify"><em>The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat<br />er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.<br />ece?homepage=true</a> </em></p>               </font>
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<span class="code-highlight"><code><span style="color: #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;link&nbsp;rel="canonical"&nbsp;href="<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Configure</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">read</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'SITE_URL'</span><span style="color: #007700">);&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$urlPrefix</span><span style="color: #007700">;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">category</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">slug</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>/<span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #007700">echo&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$article_current</span><span style="color: #007700">-&gt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">seo_url</span><span style="color: #007700">;&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt;</span>.html"/&gt;
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		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad&#039;,
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-The Hindu
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&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
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Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
&lt;/p&gt;
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They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
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The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
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&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
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Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
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&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
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&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.
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The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
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&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.
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The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
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The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
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Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
&lt;/p&gt;
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In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat&lt;br /&gt;er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.&lt;br /&gt;ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad&#039;,
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-The Hindu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat&lt;br /&gt;er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.&lt;br /&gt;ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#039;
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just..."/>
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                <strong>Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>Chennai: </em>A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.</p><p align="justify">It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.</p><p align="justify">Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.</p><p align="justify">Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.</p><p align="justify">They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.</p><p align="justify">The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.</p><p align="justify">The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.</p><p align="justify">Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.</p><p align="justify">To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.</p><p align="justify">Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.</p><p align="justify">&quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.</p><p align="justify">The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &lsquo;reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &lsquo;interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&quot; Prof. Pradeep said.</p><p align="justify">The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.</p><p align="justify">In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. </p><p align="justify"><em>The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat<br />er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.<br />ece?homepage=true</a> </em></p>               </font>
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-The Hindu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;-The Hindu&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot; title=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat&lt;br /&gt;er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.&lt;br /&gt;ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
-The Hindu
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Chennai: &lt;/em&gt;A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep&#039;s team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &amp;quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&amp;quot; he said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &amp;lsquo;reduced contact&#039; with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &amp;lsquo;interaction&#039; with water to continuously release silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&amp;quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&quot;&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&#039;,
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...&#039;
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just..."/>
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                <strong>Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad</strong></h1>
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                <div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>Chennai: </em>A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.</p><p align="justify">It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.</p><p align="justify">Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.</p><p align="justify">Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.</p><p align="justify">They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.</p><p align="justify">The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.</p><p align="justify">The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.</p><p align="justify">Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.</p><p align="justify">To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.</p><p align="justify">Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.</p><p align="justify">&quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.</p><p align="justify">The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &lsquo;reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &lsquo;interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&quot; Prof. Pradeep said.</p><p align="justify">The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.</p><p align="justify">In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. </p><p align="justify"><em>The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat<br />er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.<br />ece?homepage=true</a> </em></p>               </font>
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-The Hindu
</div>
<p align="justify">
<br />
<em>Chennai: </em>A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
</p>
<p align="justify">
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
</p>
<p align="justify">
They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
</p>
<p align="justify">
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
</p>
<p align="justify">
&quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&quot; he said.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
</p>
<p align="justify">
&quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&quot; he said.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &lsquo;reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &lsquo;interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
</p>
<p align="justify">
&quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
</p>
<p align="justify">
In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
</p>
<p align="justify">
<em>The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true</a> </em>
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...',
	'disp' => '<div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>Chennai: </em>A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.</p><p align="justify">It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.</p><p align="justify">Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.</p><p align="justify">Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.</p><p align="justify">They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.</p><p align="justify">The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.</p><p align="justify">The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.</p><p align="justify">Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.</p><p align="justify">To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.</p><p align="justify">Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.</p><p align="justify">&quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.</p><p align="justify">The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &lsquo;reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &lsquo;interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&quot; Prof. Pradeep said.</p><p align="justify">The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.</p><p align="justify">In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. </p><p align="justify"><em>The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat<br />er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.<br />ece?homepage=true</a> </em></p>',
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	'title' => 'Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad',
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-The Hindu
</div>
<p align="justify">
<br />
<em>Chennai: </em>A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.
</p>
<p align="justify">
It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.
</p>
<p align="justify">
They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.
</p>
<p align="justify">
To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.
</p>
<p align="justify">
&quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&quot; he said.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.
</p>
<p align="justify">
&quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&quot; he said.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &lsquo;reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &lsquo;interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions.
</p>
<p align="justify">
Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.
</p>
<p align="justify">
&quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&quot; Prof. Pradeep said.
</p>
<p align="justify">
The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.
</p>
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Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.
</p>
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In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. 
</p>
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<em>The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true</a> </em>
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$metaTitle = 'Water and Sanitation | Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad'
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-The Hindu



Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.


It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just...'
$disp = '<div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>Chennai: </em>A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water.</p><p align="justify">It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five.</p><p align="justify">Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat.</p><p align="justify">Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water.</p><p align="justify">They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly.</p><p align="justify">The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms.</p><p align="justify">The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb.</p><p align="justify">Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA.</p><p align="justify">To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited.</p><p align="justify">&quot;Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement,&quot; Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu.</p><p align="justify">Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. &quot;Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains.</p><p align="justify">&quot;A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them,&quot; he said.</p><p align="justify">The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms.</p><p align="justify">The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have &lsquo;reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient &lsquo;interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours.</p><p align="justify">&quot;The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years),&quot; Prof. Pradeep said.</p><p align="justify">The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions.</p><p align="justify">Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic.</p><p align="justify">In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. </p><p align="justify"><em>The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true" title="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-water-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.ece?homepage=true">http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat<br />er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096.<br />ece?homepage=true</a> </em></p>'
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Affordable water purification using silver nanoparticles-R Prasad

-The Hindu Chennai: A team led by an IIT-Madras professor has devised a cheap and effective method to produce clean drinking water. It will soon be possible to produce 10 litres of water - free of bacteria and virus - at just Rs. 10-12 per month, for the daily consumption of a family of five. Prof. T. Pradeep of the department of chemistry at IIT-M and his team have made use of silver nanoparticles to achieve this feat. Apart from being affordable, silver nanoparticles coated on a composite do not require electricity or hydrostatic pressure to produce potable water. They can operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 5-35 degrees Celsius, according to a paper published on May 7 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The production of the nanoparticle matrix is also environment-friendly. The technology is based on sustained release of about 50 parts per billion (ppb) of silver ions in a large volume of water to kill microorganisms. The amount of silver ions released is well below the maximum permissible limit of 100 ppb. Silver ions are known for their ability to destroy the integrity of cell membranes and damage DNA. To achieve sustained release of silver ions, Prof. Pradeep's team first prepared a composite of aluminium oxy-hydroxide on which silver nanoparticles were deposited. "Each box is 50 nanometre (nm) long and 20-30 nm wide. The boxes are connected together by bio-polymer reinforcement," Prof. Pradeep told The Hindu. Each box has two sides open which allows water to flow through them. "Not every box, however, is coated with the nanoparticles," he said. The composite with silver nanoparticles is in the form of sand grains. "A composite granule will have millions of nanoboxes and many of the boxes will have silver nanoparticles embedded on them," he said. The reason behind the sustained release is that silver nanoparticles are much more active than bulk silver, and hence they are much more unstable. The instability arises from being bound to fewer atoms. The nanoparticles are trapped within the composite such that they have ‘reduced contact' with agents that tend to form scaling but still have sufficient ‘interaction' with water to continuously release silver ions. Despite this, scaling forms on the nanoparticles after a period of time and the performance declines. But reactivation (release of silver ions) can be achieved by heating the composite at 70-100 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours. "The consumer can use the filter for a year before reactivating it. It can be run for six cycles (six years)," Prof. Pradeep said. The use of carbon filter at a second stage helps in removing particulate matter, organic and bacterial biomass and traces of silver ions. Trials showed that composites made of specific materials were capable of removing contaminants like iron, lead and arsenic. In the case of arsenic, 20 gm of composite kept in 400 litres of water reduced the chemical content from one part per million (ppm) to less than 10 ppb in the output water. The Hindu, 7 May, 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/affordable-wat er-purification-using-silver-nanoparticles/article4690096. ece?homepage=true