Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 73
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 73
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 74
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::printArticle() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 74
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

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    <link rel="canonical" href="https://im4change.in/<pre class="cake-error"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680205de3d1f2-trace').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680205de3d1f2-trace').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none');"><b>Notice</b> (8)</a>: Undefined variable: urlPrefix [<b>APP/Template/Layout/printlayout.ctp</b>, line <b>8</b>]<div id="cakeErr680205de3d1f2-trace" class="cake-stack-trace" style="display: none;"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680205de3d1f2-code').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680205de3d1f2-code').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Code</a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="document.getElementById('cakeErr680205de3d1f2-context').style.display = (document.getElementById('cakeErr680205de3d1f2-context').style.display == 'none' ? '' : 'none')">Context</a><pre id="cakeErr680205de3d1f2-code" class="cake-code-dump" style="display: none;"><code><span style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB"></span><span style="color: #007700">&lt;</span><span style="color: #0000BB">head</span><span style="color: #007700">&gt;
</span></span></code>
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&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;
Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups &lt;br /&gt;in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group&lt;br /&gt;s 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;
Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups &lt;br /&gt;in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group&lt;br /&gt;s 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)..."/>
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                <strong>NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity</strong></h1>
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                <br /><div align="justify"><a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html" title="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html">Social justice</a> is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: <em>Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12</em>. &nbsp;<br /><br />The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). <br /><br />The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). <br /><br />This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&agrave;-vis the 'others' or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.<br /><br />The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.<br /><br />The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among 'others' or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. <br /><br />Another report entitled <em>Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</em>, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among 'others' or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. <br /><br />In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &lsquo;others&rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.<br /><br /><strong><em>References:<br /></em></strong><br />NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf" title="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">Employment and unemployment situation among social groups <br />in India 2011-12</a> (released in January 2015) &nbsp; <br /><br />NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group<br />s 2011-12</a> (published in February 2015)</div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify">Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please <a href="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf">click here</a> to access) <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf">India Exclusion Report 2013-14</a>&nbsp; <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html">Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists</a> -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&nbsp; </div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong> <br /></div>               </font>
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		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity&#039;,
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		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;
Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups &lt;br /&gt;in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group&lt;br /&gt;s 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity&#039;,
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&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;
Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. 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The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups &lt;br /&gt;in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group&lt;br /&gt;s 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)..."/>
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                <strong>NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity</strong></h1>
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                <br /><div align="justify"><a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html" title="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html">Social justice</a> is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: <em>Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12</em>. &nbsp;<br /><br />The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). <br /><br />The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). <br /><br />This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&agrave;-vis the 'others' or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.<br /><br />The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.<br /><br />The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among 'others' or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. <br /><br />Another report entitled <em>Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</em>, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among 'others' or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. <br /><br />In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &lsquo;others&rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.<br /><br /><strong><em>References:<br /></em></strong><br />NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf" title="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">Employment and unemployment situation among social groups <br />in India 2011-12</a> (released in January 2015) &nbsp; <br /><br />NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group<br />s 2011-12</a> (published in February 2015)</div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify">Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please <a href="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf">click here</a> to access) <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf">India Exclusion Report 2013-14</a>&nbsp; <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html">Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists</a> -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&nbsp; </div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong> <br /></div>               </font>
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		&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity&#039;,
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		&#039;description&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;
Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)...&#039;,
	&#039;disp&#039; =&gt; &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups &lt;br /&gt;in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group&lt;br /&gt;s 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;,
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	&#039;title&#039; =&gt; &#039;NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity&#039;,
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&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;
Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)...&#039;
$disp = &#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html&quot;&gt;Social justice&lt;/a&gt; is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: &lt;em&gt;Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among &#039;others&#039; or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&amp;agrave;-vis the &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&amp;agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another report entitled &lt;em&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12&lt;/em&gt;, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among &#039;others&#039; or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &amp;ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &amp;ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &amp;lsquo;others&amp;rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &amp;ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot; title=&quot;http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf&quot;&gt;Employment and unemployment situation among social groups &lt;br /&gt;in India 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (released in January 2015) &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf&quot;&gt;Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group&lt;br /&gt;s 2011-12&lt;/a&gt; (published in February 2015)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please &lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt; to access) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf&quot;&gt;India Exclusion Report 2013-14&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot; title=&quot;https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html&quot;&gt;Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists&lt;/a&gt; -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#039;
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)..."/>
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                <strong>NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity</strong></h1>
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                <br /><div align="justify"><a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html" title="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html">Social justice</a> is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: <em>Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12</em>. &nbsp;<br /><br />The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). <br /><br />The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). <br /><br />This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&agrave;-vis the 'others' or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.<br /><br />The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.<br /><br />The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among 'others' or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. <br /><br />Another report entitled <em>Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</em>, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among 'others' or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. <br /><br />In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &lsquo;others&rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.<br /><br /><strong><em>References:<br /></em></strong><br />NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf" title="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">Employment and unemployment situation among social groups <br />in India 2011-12</a> (released in January 2015) &nbsp; <br /><br />NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group<br />s 2011-12</a> (published in February 2015)</div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify">Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please <a href="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf">click here</a> to access) <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf">India Exclusion Report 2013-14</a>&nbsp; <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html">Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists</a> -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&nbsp; </div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong> <br /></div>               </font>
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<div align="justify">
<a href="../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html">
Social justice</a> is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: <em>Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12</em>. &nbsp;<br />
<br />
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). <br />
<br />
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). <br />
<br />
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&agrave;-vis the 'others' or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.<br />
<br />
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.<br />
<br />
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among 'others' or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. <br />
<br />
Another report entitled <em>Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</em>, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among 'others' or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. <br />
<br />
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &lsquo;others&rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.<br />
<br />
<strong><em>References:<br />
</em></strong><br />
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12</a> (released in January 2015) &nbsp; <br />
<br />
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</a> (published in February 2015)
</div>
<div align="justify">
&nbsp;
</div>
<div align="justify">
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please <a href="../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf">click here</a> to access) <br />
<br />
<a href="tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf">India Exclusion Report 2013-14</a>&nbsp; <br />
<br />
<a href="../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html">Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists</a> -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&nbsp; 
</div>
<div align="justify">
&nbsp;
</div>
<div align="justify">
<strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong> <br />
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<div align="justify">
<a href="../law-justice/social-justice-20500.html">
Social justice</a> is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: <em>Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12</em>. &nbsp;<br />
<br />
The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). <br />
<br />
The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). <br />
<br />
This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&agrave;-vis the 'others' or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.<br />
<br />
The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.<br />
<br />
The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among 'others' or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. <br />
<br />
Another report entitled <em>Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</em>, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among 'others' or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. <br />
<br />
In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &lsquo;others&rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.<br />
<br />
<strong><em>References:<br />
</em></strong><br />
NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12</a> (released in January 2015) &nbsp; <br />
<br />
NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</a> (published in February 2015)
</div>
<div align="justify">
&nbsp;
</div>
<div align="justify">
Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please <a href="../docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf">click here</a> to access) <br />
<br />
<a href="tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf">India Exclusion Report 2013-14</a>&nbsp; <br />
<br />
<a href="../latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html">Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists</a> -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&nbsp; 
</div>
<div align="justify">
&nbsp;
</div>
<div align="justify">
<strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong> <br />
</div>',
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Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)...'
$disp = '<br /><div align="justify"><a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html" title="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html">Social justice</a> is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: <em>Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12</em>. &nbsp;<br /><br />The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). <br /><br />The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). <br /><br />This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-&agrave;-vis the 'others' or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment.<br /><br />The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC.<br /><br />The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among 'others' or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-&agrave;-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. <br /><br />Another report entitled <em>Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12</em>, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among 'others' or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. <br /><br />In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 &ndash; from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement &ndash; from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of &lsquo;others&rsquo; or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly &ndash; from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher.<br /><br /><strong><em>References:<br /></em></strong><br />NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf" title="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">Employment and unemployment situation among social groups <br />in India 2011-12</a> (released in January 2015) &nbsp; <br /><br />NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Household%20Consumer%20Expenditures%20across%20Socio%20Economic%20Groups%202011-12.pdf">Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group<br />s 2011-12</a> (published in February 2015)</div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify">Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please <a href="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/docs/99299TribalCommitteeReportMay-June2014.pdf">click here</a> to access) <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf">India Exclusion Report 2013-14</a>&nbsp; <br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/economic-gap-between-upper-castes-and-dalits-persists-subodh-varma-4675843.html">Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists</a> -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015&nbsp; </div><div align="justify">&nbsp;</div><div align="justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong> <br /></div>'
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NSSO data confirms socio-economic disparity

Social justice is one of the basic pillars of democracy. But when it comes to livelihood security and socio-economic status of various communities in rural areas, persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) lag far behind the upper caste population. This has been revealed in a recent National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) report entitled: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12.   The report from NSSO, which is based on a survey conducted during July 2011 - June 2012 informs us that the proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3%), followed by OBC (9%), SC (8.5%) and ST (6.3%). The NSSO report shows that the proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6%) and ST (38.3%) than among the OBC (32.1%) and general class (21%). This means that the SC and ST households are comparatively more vulnerable vis-à-vis the 'others' or upper caste households in terms of stability of income and employment. The proportion of households possessing and cultivating land of size 4.01 hectares or more was the highest for upper caste, followed by OBC, ST and SC. The same NSSO report demonstrates that in rural areas, literacy rates among 'others' or upper caste (78.1%) is comparatively better vis-à-vis OBC (68.8%), SC (64.3%) and ST (62.7%) population. Another report entitled Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Groups 2011-12, which is based on the NSS 68th Round survey, indicates that in the rural areas the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) among 'others' or upper caste households has been approximately 53.2% greater than that of STs, 37.3% larger than that of SCs and 19.5% more than that of OBCs. In rural areas, the relative position of SC group with respect to the entire population in terms of MPCE improved noticeably between 2004-05 and 2011-12 – from 15% lower than the all-groups average to 12.4% lower. The ST group in rural areas showed a small improvement – from 23.7% lower than the all-groups average to 21.5% lower. The OBC group, too, showed a minor improvement in respect of MPCE between 2004-05 and 2011-12. The performance of ‘others’ or forward caste in rural areas declined slightly – from 22.6% higher than the all-groups average to 20.2% higher. References: NSS report no. 563(68/10/4): Employment and unemployment situation among social groups in India 2011-12 (released in January 2015)   NSS report no. 562(68/1.0/4): Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio-Economic Group s 2011-12 (published in February 2015)   Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India (chaired by Prof. Virginius Xaxa), May 2014, Ministry of Tribal Affairs (please click here to access) India Exclusion Report 2013-14  Economic gap between upper castes and dalits persists -Subodh Varma, The Times of India, 14 April, 2015    Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi