Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]



        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }

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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]

Code Context



        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }

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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]

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अगर आयकर चुकाना आर्थिक बेहतरी का संकेत हो तो फिर अच्छी खबर यह है कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले तकरीबन 4 प्रतिशत परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं.
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<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
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<p style="text-align: justify">
लेकिन इस खबर के आधार पर कोई भी राय बनाने से पहले तनिक रुककर नीचे लिखे तथ्यों पर एक नजर डालिए क्योंकि सिक्के का दूसरा पहलू भी है.
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<p style="text-align: justify">
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<p style="text-align: justify">
जैसा कि सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना(एसईसीसी 2011) के तथ्यों से जाहिर है देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले ज्यादातर परिवारों के सामने रोजी-रोजगार का संकट है.(देखें नीचे की लिंक)
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<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
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<p style="text-align: justify">
ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये महीने से ज्यादा हो और 1000 में से महिला की प्रधानी वाले केवल 25 ही ग्रामीण परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास ढाई एकड़ अथवा इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई सुविधा वाली जमीन है.
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ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की आमदनी का मुख्य सहारा खेती है जबकि ऐसे 52.6 फीसद परिवारों की दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.
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<p style="text-align: justify">
2011 की जनगणना से संबंधित हाल ही में जारी नये आंकड़े बताते हैं कि देश में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले परिवारों की संख्या तकरीबन 3 करोड़ 30 लाख है जो देश के कुल परिवारों का 13.2 फीसद है और ऐसे ज्यादातर परिवारों(53 फीसद) में 3 से 6 सदस्य हैं.
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इससे पहले सामाजिक-आर्थिक जाति जनगणना में देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या 12.88 फीसद बतायी गई थी.
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जनगणना आयुक्त का कार्यालय परिवार के भरण-पोषण की मुख्य जिम्मेदारी उठाने वाले और परिवार के हक में ज्यादातर फैसले लेने वाले व्यक्ति को परिवार का प्रधान मानकर जनगणना में इसकी गिनती करता है. ऐसे व्यक्ति का परिवार में सबसे ज्यादा उम्र का होना जरुरी नहीं.(देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक)
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<p style="text-align: justify">
चूंकि जनगणना के वक्त परिवार के सदस्यों से यह पूछकर पता करने का चलन है कि किसी परिवार का मुखिया कौन है सो विशेषज्ञों का कहना है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या जनगणना के आंकड़ों से ज्यादा भी हो सकती है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
उनका तर्क है कि पुरुषों के प्रभुत्व वाले भारतीय समाज में बहुत संभव है कि कोई महिला घर की सारी जिम्मेदारी उठाती हो लेकिन परिवार के सदस्य सार्वजनिक तौर पर उसे परिवार का मुखिया ना बतायें( देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक में मधुरा स्वामीनाथन का आलेख).
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<strong>
सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना-2011 पर आधारित महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की दशा बताते कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य--
</strong>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण भारत में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी मासिक आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये से ज्यादा हो. दूसरे शब्दों में ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 6.9 फीसद परिवारों में ही सबसे ज्यादा आय अर्जित करने वाला व्यक्ति 10 हजार से ज्यादा की मासिक रकम जुटा सकने की स्थिति में है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 4.1 फीसद परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 17.9 फीसद परिवार तीन या इससे ज्यादा कमरों तथा पक्की दीवार और छत के हैं. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 15.1 प्रतिशत परिवार कच्ची दीवार और कच्ची छत वाले घरों में रहते हैं.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में से केवल 25 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास 2.5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- इसी तरह ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में केवल 20 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके 5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की दो फसली सिंचाई सुविधा युक्त जमीन है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 1.3 फीसद परिवारों के पास 7.5 एकड़ सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की जीविका स्रोत खेती है जबकि 52.6 फीसद परिवारों का दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ऐसे 3.7 फीसद परिवार अंशकालिक अथवा पूर्णकालिक घरेलू कामगार के रुप में जीविका कमाते हैं जबकि  0.4 फीसद परिवार कूड़ा-कर्कट बीन-बेंचकर और 1.2 फीसद भीख अथवा दान में हासिल चंदे के सहारे. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ सामाजिक आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना के आंकड़ों से पता चलता है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले सरकारी नौकरीयुक्त परिवारों की संख्या 4.6 फीसद है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- 62.9 फीसद महिला-प्रधानी वाले ग्रामीण परिवारों को सामाजिक-आर्थिक जनगणना में वंचित श्रणी में माना गया है.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em><strong>
इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें--
</strong></em>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Households
by religion, sex of the head of household and household size (Census 2011),
please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.secc.gov.in/" title="http://www.secc.gov.in" title="http://www.secc.gov.in/" title="http://www.secc.gov.in">http://www.secc.gov.in</a><br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key findings of the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July
2015), please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="http://www.im4change.org/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="http://www.im4change.org/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>RGI releases Census 2011 data on Households by religion, Sex of head of
household and household size, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home
Affairs,&nbsp;<a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514.">http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514.</a><br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Power point presentation of Dr. C Chandramouli on Houses, Household Amenities
&amp; Assets among Female headed Households, Registrar General &amp; Census
Commissioner of India, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Gender Statistics in India: A Short Note with a focus on the Rural Economy
-Madhura Swaminathan, June, 2013, please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Gender%20Statistics%20in%20India.pdf" title="Madhura Swaminathan" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Gender%20Statistics%20in%20India.pdf" title="Madhura Swaminathan">click here</a>&nbsp;to access<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Christians have the most families with female head, The Asian Age, 21 May,
2016, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Female-headed
households highest among Christians, says census, IANS/ Business Standard, 20
May, 2016, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15.75pt">Census
reveals gloomy picture of life in female-headed households -Ashwaq Masoodi,
Livemint.com, 6 July, 2015, please&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html">click here</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15.75pt">&nbsp;to
access</span>&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
(पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल की गई तस्वीर साभार- शंभु घटक)&nbsp;
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/poverty-and-inequality.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/what-is-sdg-know-it-all.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/कुपोषण-41.html"
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/मिड-डे-मील-एमडीएमएस-योजना-53.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">मिड डे मील (एमडीएमएस) योजना                                                       </a>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/सार्वजनिक-वितरण-प्रणाली-42.html"
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/environment/खेती-पर-असर-54.html"
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
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                                                </p>
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अगर आयकर चुकाना आर्थिक बेहतरी का संकेत हो तो फिर अच्छी खबर यह है कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले तकरीबन 4 प्रतिशत परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं.
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<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
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<p style="text-align: justify">
लेकिन इस खबर के आधार पर कोई भी राय बनाने से पहले तनिक रुककर नीचे लिखे तथ्यों पर एक नजर डालिए क्योंकि सिक्के का दूसरा पहलू भी है.
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<p style="text-align: justify">
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<p style="text-align: justify">
जैसा कि सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना(एसईसीसी 2011) के तथ्यों से जाहिर है देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले ज्यादातर परिवारों के सामने रोजी-रोजगार का संकट है.(देखें नीचे की लिंक)
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<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
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<p style="text-align: justify">
ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये महीने से ज्यादा हो और 1000 में से महिला की प्रधानी वाले केवल 25 ही ग्रामीण परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास ढाई एकड़ अथवा इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई सुविधा वाली जमीन है.
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ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की आमदनी का मुख्य सहारा खेती है जबकि ऐसे 52.6 फीसद परिवारों की दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.
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<p style="text-align: justify">
2011 की जनगणना से संबंधित हाल ही में जारी नये आंकड़े बताते हैं कि देश में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले परिवारों की संख्या तकरीबन 3 करोड़ 30 लाख है जो देश के कुल परिवारों का 13.2 फीसद है और ऐसे ज्यादातर परिवारों(53 फीसद) में 3 से 6 सदस्य हैं.
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इससे पहले सामाजिक-आर्थिक जाति जनगणना में देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या 12.88 फीसद बतायी गई थी.
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जनगणना आयुक्त का कार्यालय परिवार के भरण-पोषण की मुख्य जिम्मेदारी उठाने वाले और परिवार के हक में ज्यादातर फैसले लेने वाले व्यक्ति को परिवार का प्रधान मानकर जनगणना में इसकी गिनती करता है. ऐसे व्यक्ति का परिवार में सबसे ज्यादा उम्र का होना जरुरी नहीं.(देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक)
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<p style="text-align: justify">
चूंकि जनगणना के वक्त परिवार के सदस्यों से यह पूछकर पता करने का चलन है कि किसी परिवार का मुखिया कौन है सो विशेषज्ञों का कहना है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या जनगणना के आंकड़ों से ज्यादा भी हो सकती है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
उनका तर्क है कि पुरुषों के प्रभुत्व वाले भारतीय समाज में बहुत संभव है कि कोई महिला घर की सारी जिम्मेदारी उठाती हो लेकिन परिवार के सदस्य सार्वजनिक तौर पर उसे परिवार का मुखिया ना बतायें( देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक में मधुरा स्वामीनाथन का आलेख).
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<strong>
सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना-2011 पर आधारित महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की दशा बताते कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य--
</strong>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण भारत में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी मासिक आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये से ज्यादा हो. दूसरे शब्दों में ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 6.9 फीसद परिवारों में ही सबसे ज्यादा आय अर्जित करने वाला व्यक्ति 10 हजार से ज्यादा की मासिक रकम जुटा सकने की स्थिति में है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 4.1 फीसद परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 17.9 फीसद परिवार तीन या इससे ज्यादा कमरों तथा पक्की दीवार और छत के हैं. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 15.1 प्रतिशत परिवार कच्ची दीवार और कच्ची छत वाले घरों में रहते हैं.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में से केवल 25 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास 2.5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- इसी तरह ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में केवल 20 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके 5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की दो फसली सिंचाई सुविधा युक्त जमीन है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 1.3 फीसद परिवारों के पास 7.5 एकड़ सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की जीविका स्रोत खेती है जबकि 52.6 फीसद परिवारों का दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ऐसे 3.7 फीसद परिवार अंशकालिक अथवा पूर्णकालिक घरेलू कामगार के रुप में जीविका कमाते हैं जबकि  0.4 फीसद परिवार कूड़ा-कर्कट बीन-बेंचकर और 1.2 फीसद भीख अथवा दान में हासिल चंदे के सहारे. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ सामाजिक आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना के आंकड़ों से पता चलता है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले सरकारी नौकरीयुक्त परिवारों की संख्या 4.6 फीसद है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- 62.9 फीसद महिला-प्रधानी वाले ग्रामीण परिवारों को सामाजिक-आर्थिक जनगणना में वंचित श्रणी में माना गया है.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em><strong>
इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें--
</strong></em>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Households
by religion, sex of the head of household and household size (Census 2011),
please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.secc.gov.in/" title="http://www.secc.gov.in" title="http://www.secc.gov.in/" title="http://www.secc.gov.in">http://www.secc.gov.in</a><br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key findings of the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July
2015), please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="http://www.im4change.org/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="http://www.im4change.org/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>RGI releases Census 2011 data on Households by religion, Sex of head of
household and household size, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home
Affairs,&nbsp;<a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514.">http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514.</a><br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Power point presentation of Dr. C Chandramouli on Houses, Household Amenities
&amp; Assets among Female headed Households, Registrar General &amp; Census
Commissioner of India, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Gender Statistics in India: A Short Note with a focus on the Rural Economy
-Madhura Swaminathan, June, 2013, please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Gender%20Statistics%20in%20India.pdf" title="Madhura Swaminathan" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Gender%20Statistics%20in%20India.pdf" title="Madhura Swaminathan">click here</a>&nbsp;to access<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Christians have the most families with female head, The Asian Age, 21 May,
2016, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Female-headed
households highest among Christians, says census, IANS/ Business Standard, 20
May, 2016, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15.75pt">Census
reveals gloomy picture of life in female-headed households -Ashwaq Masoodi,
Livemint.com, 6 July, 2015, please&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html">click here</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15.75pt">&nbsp;to
access</span>&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
(पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल की गई तस्वीर साभार- शंभु घटक)&nbsp;
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अगर आयकर चुकाना आर्थिक बेहतरी का संकेत हो तो फिर अच्छी खबर यह है कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले तकरीबन 4 प्रतिशत परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं.
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लेकिन इस खबर के आधार पर कोई भी राय बनाने से पहले तनिक रुककर नीचे लिखे तथ्यों पर एक नजर डालिए क्योंकि सिक्के का दूसरा पहलू भी है.
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जैसा कि सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना(एसईसीसी 2011) के तथ्यों से जाहिर है देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले ज्यादातर परिवारों के सामने रोजी-रोजगार का संकट है.(देखें नीचे की लिंक)
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ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये महीने से ज्यादा हो और 1000 में से महिला की प्रधानी वाले केवल 25 ही ग्रामीण परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास ढाई एकड़ अथवा इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई सुविधा वाली जमीन है.
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ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की आमदनी का मुख्य सहारा खेती है जबकि ऐसे 52.6 फीसद परिवारों की दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.
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2011 की जनगणना से संबंधित हाल ही में जारी नये आंकड़े बताते हैं कि देश में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले परिवारों की संख्या तकरीबन 3 करोड़ 30 लाख है जो देश के कुल परिवारों का 13.2 फीसद है और ऐसे ज्यादातर परिवारों(53 फीसद) में 3 से 6 सदस्य हैं.
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इससे पहले सामाजिक-आर्थिक जाति जनगणना में देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या 12.88 फीसद बतायी गई थी.
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जनगणना आयुक्त का कार्यालय परिवार के भरण-पोषण की मुख्य जिम्मेदारी उठाने वाले और परिवार के हक में ज्यादातर फैसले लेने वाले व्यक्ति को परिवार का प्रधान मानकर जनगणना में इसकी गिनती करता है. ऐसे व्यक्ति का परिवार में सबसे ज्यादा उम्र का होना जरुरी नहीं.(देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक)
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चूंकि जनगणना के वक्त परिवार के सदस्यों से यह पूछकर पता करने का चलन है कि किसी परिवार का मुखिया कौन है सो विशेषज्ञों का कहना है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या जनगणना के आंकड़ों से ज्यादा भी हो सकती है. 
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उनका तर्क है कि पुरुषों के प्रभुत्व वाले भारतीय समाज में बहुत संभव है कि कोई महिला घर की सारी जिम्मेदारी उठाती हो लेकिन परिवार के सदस्य सार्वजनिक तौर पर उसे परिवार का मुखिया ना बतायें( देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक में मधुरा स्वामीनाथन का आलेख).
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<strong>
सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना-2011 पर आधारित महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की दशा बताते कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य--
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण भारत में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी मासिक आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये से ज्यादा हो. दूसरे शब्दों में ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 6.9 फीसद परिवारों में ही सबसे ज्यादा आय अर्जित करने वाला व्यक्ति 10 हजार से ज्यादा की मासिक रकम जुटा सकने की स्थिति में है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 4.1 फीसद परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 17.9 फीसद परिवार तीन या इससे ज्यादा कमरों तथा पक्की दीवार और छत के हैं. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 15.1 प्रतिशत परिवार कच्ची दीवार और कच्ची छत वाले घरों में रहते हैं.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में से केवल 25 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास 2.5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- इसी तरह ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में केवल 20 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके 5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की दो फसली सिंचाई सुविधा युक्त जमीन है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 1.3 फीसद परिवारों के पास 7.5 एकड़ सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की जीविका स्रोत खेती है जबकि 52.6 फीसद परिवारों का दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
----- ऐसे 3.7 फीसद परिवार अंशकालिक अथवा पूर्णकालिक घरेलू कामगार के रुप में जीविका कमाते हैं जबकि  0.4 फीसद परिवार कूड़ा-कर्कट बीन-बेंचकर और 1.2 फीसद भीख अथवा दान में हासिल चंदे के सहारे. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
------ सामाजिक आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना के आंकड़ों से पता चलता है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले सरकारी नौकरीयुक्त परिवारों की संख्या 4.6 फीसद है. 
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
---- 62.9 फीसद महिला-प्रधानी वाले ग्रामीण परिवारों को सामाजिक-आर्थिक जनगणना में वंचित श्रणी में माना गया है.
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<em><strong>
इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें--
</strong></em>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Households
by religion, sex of the head of household and household size (Census 2011),
please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.secc.gov.in/" title="http://www.secc.gov.in" title="http://www.secc.gov.in/" title="http://www.secc.gov.in">http://www.secc.gov.in</a><br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Key findings of the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July
2015), please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="http://www.im4change.org/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015" title="http://www.im4change.org/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html?pgno=3#socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-released-in-july-2015">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>RGI releases Census 2011 data on Households by religion, Sex of head of
household and household size, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home
Affairs,&nbsp;<a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514." title="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514.">http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514.</a><br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Power point presentation of Dr. C Chandramouli on Houses, Household Amenities
&amp; Assets among Female headed Households, Registrar General &amp; Census
Commissioner of India, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt" title="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo_ppt/ppt_ddw_28dec12_nw.ppt">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Gender Statistics in India: A Short Note with a focus on the Rural Economy
-Madhura Swaminathan, June, 2013, please&nbsp;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Gender%20Statistics%20in%20India.pdf" title="Madhura Swaminathan" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Gender%20Statistics%20in%20India.pdf" title="Madhura Swaminathan">click here</a>&nbsp;to access<br />
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Christians have the most families with female head, The Asian Age, 21 May,
2016, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295" title="http://www.asianage.com/india/christians-have-most-families-female-head-295">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 15.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Female-headed
households highest among Christians, says census, IANS/ Business Standard, 20
May, 2016, please&nbsp;<a href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html" title="http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/female-headed-households-highest-among-christians-says-census-116052001570_1.html">click here</a>&nbsp;to
access&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</span>
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15.75pt">Census
reveals gloomy picture of life in female-headed households -Ashwaq Masoodi,
Livemint.com, 6 July, 2015, please&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RjAdjOgWkNMqHGI1DqX8tJ/Census-reveals-gloomy-picture-of-life-in-femaleheaded-house.html">click here</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 15.75pt">&nbsp;to
access</span>&nbsp;
</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">
(पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल की गई तस्वीर साभार- शंभु घटक)&nbsp;
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देश में महिलाओं को अपना अभिभावक मानने वाले परिवार कितने हैं ?

Published on Jun 16, 2016

Modified on Jun 16, 2016

अगर आयकर चुकाना आर्थिक बेहतरी का संकेत हो तो फिर अच्छी खबर यह है कि देश के ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले तकरीबन 4 प्रतिशत परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं.

लेकिन इस खबर के आधार पर कोई भी राय बनाने से पहले तनिक रुककर नीचे लिखे तथ्यों पर एक नजर डालिए क्योंकि सिक्के का दूसरा पहलू भी है.

जैसा कि सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना(एसईसीसी 2011) के तथ्यों से जाहिर है देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले ज्यादातर परिवारों के सामने रोजी-रोजगार का संकट है.(देखें नीचे की लिंक)

ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये महीने से ज्यादा हो और 1000 में से महिला की प्रधानी वाले केवल 25 ही ग्रामीण परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास ढाई एकड़ अथवा इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई सुविधा वाली जमीन है.

ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की आमदनी का मुख्य सहारा खेती है जबकि ऐसे 52.6 फीसद परिवारों की दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.

2011 की जनगणना से संबंधित हाल ही में जारी नये आंकड़े बताते हैं कि देश में महिलाओं की प्रधानी में चलने वाले परिवारों की संख्या तकरीबन 3 करोड़ 30 लाख है जो देश के कुल परिवारों का 13.2 फीसद है और ऐसे ज्यादातर परिवारों(53 फीसद) में 3 से 6 सदस्य हैं.

इससे पहले सामाजिक-आर्थिक जाति जनगणना में देश के ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या 12.88 फीसद बतायी गई थी.

जनगणना आयुक्त का कार्यालय परिवार के भरण-पोषण की मुख्य जिम्मेदारी उठाने वाले और परिवार के हक में ज्यादातर फैसले लेने वाले व्यक्ति को परिवार का प्रधान मानकर जनगणना में इसकी गिनती करता है. ऐसे व्यक्ति का परिवार में सबसे ज्यादा उम्र का होना जरुरी नहीं.(देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक)

चूंकि जनगणना के वक्त परिवार के सदस्यों से यह पूछकर पता करने का चलन है कि किसी परिवार का मुखिया कौन है सो विशेषज्ञों का कहना है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की संख्या जनगणना के आंकड़ों से ज्यादा भी हो सकती है.

उनका तर्क है कि पुरुषों के प्रभुत्व वाले भारतीय समाज में बहुत संभव है कि कोई महिला घर की सारी जिम्मेदारी उठाती हो लेकिन परिवार के सदस्य सार्वजनिक तौर पर उसे परिवार का मुखिया ना बतायें( देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक में मधुरा स्वामीनाथन का आलेख).

सामाजिक-आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना-2011 पर आधारित महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले परिवारों की दशा बताते कुछ महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य--

----- ग्रामीण भारत में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 93.1 फीसद परिवारों में कोई भी सदस्य ऐसा नहीं जिसकी मासिक आमदनी 10 हजार रुपये से ज्यादा हो. दूसरे शब्दों में ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 6.9 फीसद परिवारों में ही सबसे ज्यादा आय अर्जित करने वाला व्यक्ति 10 हजार से ज्यादा की मासिक रकम जुटा सकने की स्थिति में है.

----- महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 4.1 फीसद परिवार सालाना आयकर चुकाते हैं.

------ ग्रामीण इलाकों में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 17.9 फीसद परिवार तीन या इससे ज्यादा कमरों तथा पक्की दीवार और छत के हैं.

----- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 15.1 प्रतिशत परिवार कच्ची दीवार और कच्ची छत वाले घरों में रहते हैं.

---- ग्रामीण अंचल में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में से केवल 25 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके पास 2.5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है.

---- इसी तरह ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले प्रति 1000 परिवारों में केवल 20 परिवार ऐसे हैं जिनके 5 एकड़ या इससे ज्यादा रकबे की दो फसली सिंचाई सुविधा युक्त जमीन है.

----- ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले केवल 1.3 फीसद परिवारों के पास 7.5 एकड़ सिंचाई की सुविधा वाली जमीन है.

------ ग्रामीण इलाके में महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले 23.8 फीसद परिवारों की जीविका स्रोत खेती है जबकि 52.6 फीसद परिवारों का दिहाड़ी मजदूरी.

----- ऐसे 3.7 फीसद परिवार अंशकालिक अथवा पूर्णकालिक घरेलू कामगार के रुप में जीविका कमाते हैं जबकि 0.4 फीसद परिवार कूड़ा-कर्कट बीन-बेंचकर और 1.2 फीसद भीख अथवा दान में हासिल चंदे के सहारे.

------ सामाजिक आर्थिक एवं जाति जनगणना के आंकड़ों से पता चलता है कि महिलाओं की प्रधानी वाले सरकारी नौकरीयुक्त परिवारों की संख्या 4.6 फीसद है.

---- 62.9 फीसद महिला-प्रधानी वाले ग्रामीण परिवारों को सामाजिक-आर्थिक जनगणना में वंचित श्रणी में माना गया है.

इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक देखें--

Households by religion, sex of the head of household and household size (Census 2011), please click here to access

Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011, http://www.secc.gov.in

Key findings of the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (released in July 2015), please click here to access

RGI releases Census 2011 data on Households by religion, Sex of head of household and household size, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145514.

Power point presentation of Dr. C Chandramouli on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets among Female headed Households, Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India, please click here to access

Gender Statistics in India: A Short Note with a focus on the Rural Economy -Madhura Swaminathan, June, 2013, please click here to access

Christians have the most families with female head, The Asian Age, 21 May, 2016, please click here to access

Female-headed households highest among Christians, says census, IANS/ Business Standard, 20 May, 2016, please click here to access

Census reveals gloomy picture of life in female-headed households -Ashwaq Masoodi, Livemint.com, 6 July, 2015, please click here to access

(पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल की गई तस्वीर साभार- शंभु घटक)

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