Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
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Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">सूखा राहत नहीं, कैश स्कीम शुरू करें केंद्र सरकार</h1>
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<font ><span>दो बार लगातार सूखा </span>पड़ने और उसमें हजारों लोगों की जान जाने के बाद मैंने साल 1965 में पत्रकारिता में प्रवेश किया। सूखे की स्थिति उस समय इतनी भयावह थी कि भारत को अमेरिका के सामने मदद के लिए हाथ फैलाना पड़ा। अंतरराष्ट्रीय खाद्य मदद में उस समय भारत की भागीदारी इतनी अधिक थी कि उस समय सबसे अधिक बिकने वाली एक किताब में दावा किया गया कि भारत को मदद लेना लाभकारी नहीं है और उसे भूखे मरने के लिए छोड़ दिया जाना चाहिए। <br />
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आज और तब की हालत में कितना अंतर है। इस साल भी देश पर सूखे का प्रभाव है, लेकिन खाद्यान्न को लेकर कोई हायतौबा नहीं मच रही है, न ही किसी के सामने हाथ फैलाने की दरकार है। भारत इससे पहले साल 2002 में भी सूखे का सामना कर चुका है, इसलिए देश के लोगों को उम्मीद है कि सरकार इस स्थिति से निपटने के लिए कारगर कदम उठाएगी। यह 60 के दशक में और आज आया बदलाव है। <br />
अधिकतर लोग सोचते हैं कि हरित क्रांति की वजह से भुखमरी जैसे हालात को रोकने में मदद मिली है। हरित क्रांति से उपज बढ़ाने में मदद मिली है और भारत आत्मनिर्भर बना है। यह भी सच है कि अब तक उपज इतनी नहीं बढ़ी है कि प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता बढ़ाई जा सके। दिलचस्प तथ्य यह है कि बाद के सालों में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की खपत शायद ही साल 1964 के स्तर तक पहुंची है। क्या वजह रही कि सूखे के बावजूद भुखमरी जैसी नौबत नहीं आई, इसका जवाब बेहतर उत्पादन नहीं, खाद्यान्न का बेहतर वितरण है। <br />
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ग्रामीण इलाके में रोजगार बढ़ाने से भी मदद मिली है। सबसे पहले महाराष्ट्र ने 1970 के दशक में सूखे का सामना करने के बाद रोजगार गारंटी नियम लागू किया। इसके बाद अफ्रीका के सहेल क्षेत्र में भी सूखा पड़ा। सहेल में खाद्यान्न की खेप तुरंत भेजी गई, बावजूद उसके वहां बड़े पैमाने पर भुखमरी की घटनाएं सामने आईं। अर्थशास्त्री अर्मत्य सेन और ज्यां देज इसका जवाब दे चुके हैं। महाराष्ट्र में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता सहेल की तुलना में सिर्फ आधी थी। महाराष्ट्र में रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से लोगों को काम मिला और भुखमरी की नौबत नहीं आई। महाराष्ट्र में भूख से पीड़ित लोगों की संख्या काफी रही, लेकिन मरने वालों की नहीं। <br />
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महाराष्ट्र में बाजार ने पहुंच बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा की। रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से जब एक बार लोगों की खरीदने की क्षमता में इजाफा हुआ तो बाजार ने खाद्यान्न को वहां तक पहुंचाने में मदद की, जहां पैसे की उपलब्धता थी। इससे जरूरतमंद लोगों तक खाद्यान्न की आसान पहुंच बनी। अन्य राज्य महाराष्ट्र की इस रोजगार गारंटी को लागू नहीं कर सके, लेकिन जब सूखे की स्थिति पैदा हुई उन्हें रोजगार गारंटी नियम को लागू करने से अधिक राहत मिलती। गुजरात ने साल 1987 में सूखे का सामना करने के लिए लाखों मानव दिवस का सृजन किया। इससे उसे सूखे का मुकाबला करने में मदद मिली। <br />
<br />
दुनिया भर में हुए शोध से सामने आया है कि अगर अन्य बातें समान रहें तो छोटे किसान इस मामले में बड़े किसानों से अधिक प्रभावी साबित होते हैं, इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि वे पारिवारिक मानव श्रम का अधिकतम इस्तेमाल करने में सफल होते हैं। बाजार दरअसल संपत्ति को उन हाथों में सौंपने का फैसला करता है जो अधिक कुशलता से उसका इस्तेमाल करते हैं। मंदी के समय में अकुशल उद्योग मार खा जाते हैं और कुशल कंपनियां उनका अधिग्रहण कर लेती हैं। सूखे के समय ग्रामीण इलाकों में ऐसा नहीं देखा जाता। कुशल छोटे किसान अकुशल भूस्वामियों की जमीन नहीं खरीद सकते। यहां हालत तकरीबन विपरीत होती है। दबाव से जूझ रहे छोटे किसान अपनी जमीन भूस्वामियों को बेच देते हैं। <br />
<br />
इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि ग्रामीण इलाकों में कर्ज और बीमा बाजार की पहुंच अब तक पर्याप्त नहीं है। बड़े किसानों की कर्ज तक पहुंच है और वे बिजली, पानी, खाद एवं कर्ज के मामले में मिल रही सब्सिडी का दिल खोलकर इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इन हालातों में छोटी जोत अच्छी उपज या बेहतर कमाई के रूप में सामने नहीं आती। </font>
</p>
<p>
<font ><a href="http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms" title="http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms">http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms</a> </font>
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value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-30.html">&nbsp;बेरोजगारी  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-18.html">&nbsp;घटती आमदनी  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-34.html">&nbsp;पलायन (माइग्रेशन)  </option><option 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<font ><span>दो बार लगातार सूखा </span>पड़ने और उसमें हजारों लोगों की जान जाने के बाद मैंने साल 1965 में पत्रकारिता में प्रवेश किया। सूखे की स्थिति उस समय इतनी भयावह थी कि भारत को अमेरिका के सामने मदद के लिए हाथ फैलाना पड़ा। अंतरराष्ट्रीय खाद्य मदद में उस समय भारत की भागीदारी इतनी अधिक थी कि उस समय सबसे अधिक बिकने वाली एक किताब में दावा किया गया कि भारत को मदद लेना लाभकारी नहीं है और उसे भूखे मरने के लिए छोड़ दिया जाना चाहिए। <br />
<br />
आज और तब की हालत में कितना अंतर है। इस साल भी देश पर सूखे का प्रभाव है, लेकिन खाद्यान्न को लेकर कोई हायतौबा नहीं मच रही है, न ही किसी के सामने हाथ फैलाने की दरकार है। भारत इससे पहले साल 2002 में भी सूखे का सामना कर चुका है, इसलिए देश के लोगों को उम्मीद है कि सरकार इस स्थिति से निपटने के लिए कारगर कदम उठाएगी। यह 60 के दशक में और आज आया बदलाव है। <br />
अधिकतर लोग सोचते हैं कि हरित क्रांति की वजह से भुखमरी जैसे हालात को रोकने में मदद मिली है। हरित क्रांति से उपज बढ़ाने में मदद मिली है और भारत आत्मनिर्भर बना है। यह भी सच है कि अब तक उपज इतनी नहीं बढ़ी है कि प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता बढ़ाई जा सके। दिलचस्प तथ्य यह है कि बाद के सालों में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की खपत शायद ही साल 1964 के स्तर तक पहुंची है। क्या वजह रही कि सूखे के बावजूद भुखमरी जैसी नौबत नहीं आई, इसका जवाब बेहतर उत्पादन नहीं, खाद्यान्न का बेहतर वितरण है। <br />
<br />
ग्रामीण इलाके में रोजगार बढ़ाने से भी मदद मिली है। सबसे पहले महाराष्ट्र ने 1970 के दशक में सूखे का सामना करने के बाद रोजगार गारंटी नियम लागू किया। इसके बाद अफ्रीका के सहेल क्षेत्र में भी सूखा पड़ा। सहेल में खाद्यान्न की खेप तुरंत भेजी गई, बावजूद उसके वहां बड़े पैमाने पर भुखमरी की घटनाएं सामने आईं। अर्थशास्त्री अर्मत्य सेन और ज्यां देज इसका जवाब दे चुके हैं। महाराष्ट्र में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता सहेल की तुलना में सिर्फ आधी थी। महाराष्ट्र में रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से लोगों को काम मिला और भुखमरी की नौबत नहीं आई। महाराष्ट्र में भूख से पीड़ित लोगों की संख्या काफी रही, लेकिन मरने वालों की नहीं। <br />
<br />
महाराष्ट्र में बाजार ने पहुंच बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा की। रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से जब एक बार लोगों की खरीदने की क्षमता में इजाफा हुआ तो बाजार ने खाद्यान्न को वहां तक पहुंचाने में मदद की, जहां पैसे की उपलब्धता थी। इससे जरूरतमंद लोगों तक खाद्यान्न की आसान पहुंच बनी। अन्य राज्य महाराष्ट्र की इस रोजगार गारंटी को लागू नहीं कर सके, लेकिन जब सूखे की स्थिति पैदा हुई उन्हें रोजगार गारंटी नियम को लागू करने से अधिक राहत मिलती। गुजरात ने साल 1987 में सूखे का सामना करने के लिए लाखों मानव दिवस का सृजन किया। इससे उसे सूखे का मुकाबला करने में मदद मिली। <br />
<br />
दुनिया भर में हुए शोध से सामने आया है कि अगर अन्य बातें समान रहें तो छोटे किसान इस मामले में बड़े किसानों से अधिक प्रभावी साबित होते हैं, इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि वे पारिवारिक मानव श्रम का अधिकतम इस्तेमाल करने में सफल होते हैं। बाजार दरअसल संपत्ति को उन हाथों में सौंपने का फैसला करता है जो अधिक कुशलता से उसका इस्तेमाल करते हैं। मंदी के समय में अकुशल उद्योग मार खा जाते हैं और कुशल कंपनियां उनका अधिग्रहण कर लेती हैं। सूखे के समय ग्रामीण इलाकों में ऐसा नहीं देखा जाता। कुशल छोटे किसान अकुशल भूस्वामियों की जमीन नहीं खरीद सकते। यहां हालत तकरीबन विपरीत होती है। दबाव से जूझ रहे छोटे किसान अपनी जमीन भूस्वामियों को बेच देते हैं। <br />
<br />
इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि ग्रामीण इलाकों में कर्ज और बीमा बाजार की पहुंच अब तक पर्याप्त नहीं है। बड़े किसानों की कर्ज तक पहुंच है और वे बिजली, पानी, खाद एवं कर्ज के मामले में मिल रही सब्सिडी का दिल खोलकर इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इन हालातों में छोटी जोत अच्छी उपज या बेहतर कमाई के रूप में सामने नहीं आती। </font>
</p>
<p>
<font ><a href="http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms" title="http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms">http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms</a> </font>
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<font ><span>दो बार लगातार सूखा </span>पड़ने और उसमें हजारों लोगों की जान जाने के बाद मैंने साल 1965 में पत्रकारिता में प्रवेश किया। सूखे की स्थिति उस समय इतनी भयावह थी कि भारत को अमेरिका के सामने मदद के लिए हाथ फैलाना पड़ा। अंतरराष्ट्रीय खाद्य मदद में उस समय भारत की भागीदारी इतनी अधिक थी कि उस समय सबसे अधिक बिकने वाली एक किताब में दावा किया गया कि भारत को मदद लेना लाभकारी नहीं है और उसे भूखे मरने के लिए छोड़ दिया जाना चाहिए। <br />
<br />
आज और तब की हालत में कितना अंतर है। इस साल भी देश पर सूखे का प्रभाव है, लेकिन खाद्यान्न को लेकर कोई हायतौबा नहीं मच रही है, न ही किसी के सामने हाथ फैलाने की दरकार है। भारत इससे पहले साल 2002 में भी सूखे का सामना कर चुका है, इसलिए देश के लोगों को उम्मीद है कि सरकार इस स्थिति से निपटने के लिए कारगर कदम उठाएगी। यह 60 के दशक में और आज आया बदलाव है। <br />
अधिकतर लोग सोचते हैं कि हरित क्रांति की वजह से भुखमरी जैसे हालात को रोकने में मदद मिली है। हरित क्रांति से उपज बढ़ाने में मदद मिली है और भारत आत्मनिर्भर बना है। यह भी सच है कि अब तक उपज इतनी नहीं बढ़ी है कि प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता बढ़ाई जा सके। दिलचस्प तथ्य यह है कि बाद के सालों में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की खपत शायद ही साल 1964 के स्तर तक पहुंची है। क्या वजह रही कि सूखे के बावजूद भुखमरी जैसी नौबत नहीं आई, इसका जवाब बेहतर उत्पादन नहीं, खाद्यान्न का बेहतर वितरण है। <br />
<br />
ग्रामीण इलाके में रोजगार बढ़ाने से भी मदद मिली है। सबसे पहले महाराष्ट्र ने 1970 के दशक में सूखे का सामना करने के बाद रोजगार गारंटी नियम लागू किया। इसके बाद अफ्रीका के सहेल क्षेत्र में भी सूखा पड़ा। सहेल में खाद्यान्न की खेप तुरंत भेजी गई, बावजूद उसके वहां बड़े पैमाने पर भुखमरी की घटनाएं सामने आईं। अर्थशास्त्री अर्मत्य सेन और ज्यां देज इसका जवाब दे चुके हैं। महाराष्ट्र में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता सहेल की तुलना में सिर्फ आधी थी। महाराष्ट्र में रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से लोगों को काम मिला और भुखमरी की नौबत नहीं आई। महाराष्ट्र में भूख से पीड़ित लोगों की संख्या काफी रही, लेकिन मरने वालों की नहीं। <br />
<br />
महाराष्ट्र में बाजार ने पहुंच बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा की। रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से जब एक बार लोगों की खरीदने की क्षमता में इजाफा हुआ तो बाजार ने खाद्यान्न को वहां तक पहुंचाने में मदद की, जहां पैसे की उपलब्धता थी। इससे जरूरतमंद लोगों तक खाद्यान्न की आसान पहुंच बनी। अन्य राज्य महाराष्ट्र की इस रोजगार गारंटी को लागू नहीं कर सके, लेकिन जब सूखे की स्थिति पैदा हुई उन्हें रोजगार गारंटी नियम को लागू करने से अधिक राहत मिलती। गुजरात ने साल 1987 में सूखे का सामना करने के लिए लाखों मानव दिवस का सृजन किया। इससे उसे सूखे का मुकाबला करने में मदद मिली। <br />
<br />
दुनिया भर में हुए शोध से सामने आया है कि अगर अन्य बातें समान रहें तो छोटे किसान इस मामले में बड़े किसानों से अधिक प्रभावी साबित होते हैं, इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि वे पारिवारिक मानव श्रम का अधिकतम इस्तेमाल करने में सफल होते हैं। बाजार दरअसल संपत्ति को उन हाथों में सौंपने का फैसला करता है जो अधिक कुशलता से उसका इस्तेमाल करते हैं। मंदी के समय में अकुशल उद्योग मार खा जाते हैं और कुशल कंपनियां उनका अधिग्रहण कर लेती हैं। सूखे के समय ग्रामीण इलाकों में ऐसा नहीं देखा जाता। कुशल छोटे किसान अकुशल भूस्वामियों की जमीन नहीं खरीद सकते। यहां हालत तकरीबन विपरीत होती है। दबाव से जूझ रहे छोटे किसान अपनी जमीन भूस्वामियों को बेच देते हैं। <br />
<br />
इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि ग्रामीण इलाकों में कर्ज और बीमा बाजार की पहुंच अब तक पर्याप्त नहीं है। बड़े किसानों की कर्ज तक पहुंच है और वे बिजली, पानी, खाद एवं कर्ज के मामले में मिल रही सब्सिडी का दिल खोलकर इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इन हालातों में छोटी जोत अच्छी उपज या बेहतर कमाई के रूप में सामने नहीं आती। </font>
</p>
<p>
<font ><a href="http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms" title="http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms">http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms</a> </font>
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सूखा राहत नहीं, कैश स्कीम शुरू करें केंद्र सरकार

Published on Sep 7, 2009   Modified on Sep 7, 2009

दो बार लगातार सूखा पड़ने और उसमें हजारों लोगों की जान जाने के बाद मैंने साल 1965 में पत्रकारिता में प्रवेश किया। सूखे की स्थिति उस समय इतनी भयावह थी कि भारत को अमेरिका के सामने मदद के लिए हाथ फैलाना पड़ा। अंतरराष्ट्रीय खाद्य मदद में उस समय भारत की भागीदारी इतनी अधिक थी कि उस समय सबसे अधिक बिकने वाली एक किताब में दावा किया गया कि भारत को मदद लेना लाभकारी नहीं है और उसे भूखे मरने के लिए छोड़ दिया जाना चाहिए। आज और तब की हालत में कितना अंतर है। इस साल भी देश पर सूखे का प्रभाव है, लेकिन खाद्यान्न को लेकर कोई हायतौबा नहीं मच रही है, न ही किसी के सामने हाथ फैलाने की दरकार है। भारत इससे पहले साल 2002 में भी सूखे का सामना कर चुका है, इसलिए देश के लोगों को उम्मीद है कि सरकार इस स्थिति से निपटने के लिए कारगर कदम उठाएगी। यह 60 के दशक में और आज आया बदलाव है। अधिकतर लोग सोचते हैं कि हरित क्रांति की वजह से भुखमरी जैसे हालात को रोकने में मदद मिली है। हरित क्रांति से उपज बढ़ाने में मदद मिली है और भारत आत्मनिर्भर बना है। यह भी सच है कि अब तक उपज इतनी नहीं बढ़ी है कि प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता बढ़ाई जा सके। दिलचस्प तथ्य यह है कि बाद के सालों में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की खपत शायद ही साल 1964 के स्तर तक पहुंची है। क्या वजह रही कि सूखे के बावजूद भुखमरी जैसी नौबत नहीं आई, इसका जवाब बेहतर उत्पादन नहीं, खाद्यान्न का बेहतर वितरण है। ग्रामीण इलाके में रोजगार बढ़ाने से भी मदद मिली है। सबसे पहले महाराष्ट्र ने 1970 के दशक में सूखे का सामना करने के बाद रोजगार गारंटी नियम लागू किया। इसके बाद अफ्रीका के सहेल क्षेत्र में भी सूखा पड़ा। सहेल में खाद्यान्न की खेप तुरंत भेजी गई, बावजूद उसके वहां बड़े पैमाने पर भुखमरी की घटनाएं सामने आईं। अर्थशास्त्री अर्मत्य सेन और ज्यां देज इसका जवाब दे चुके हैं। महाराष्ट्र में प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की उपलब्धता सहेल की तुलना में सिर्फ आधी थी। महाराष्ट्र में रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से लोगों को काम मिला और भुखमरी की नौबत नहीं आई। महाराष्ट्र में भूख से पीड़ित लोगों की संख्या काफी रही, लेकिन मरने वालों की नहीं। महाराष्ट्र में बाजार ने पहुंच बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा की। रोजगार गारंटी की वजह से जब एक बार लोगों की खरीदने की क्षमता में इजाफा हुआ तो बाजार ने खाद्यान्न को वहां तक पहुंचाने में मदद की, जहां पैसे की उपलब्धता थी। इससे जरूरतमंद लोगों तक खाद्यान्न की आसान पहुंच बनी। अन्य राज्य महाराष्ट्र की इस रोजगार गारंटी को लागू नहीं कर सके, लेकिन जब सूखे की स्थिति पैदा हुई उन्हें रोजगार गारंटी नियम को लागू करने से अधिक राहत मिलती। गुजरात ने साल 1987 में सूखे का सामना करने के लिए लाखों मानव दिवस का सृजन किया। इससे उसे सूखे का मुकाबला करने में मदद मिली। दुनिया भर में हुए शोध से सामने आया है कि अगर अन्य बातें समान रहें तो छोटे किसान इस मामले में बड़े किसानों से अधिक प्रभावी साबित होते हैं, इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि वे पारिवारिक मानव श्रम का अधिकतम इस्तेमाल करने में सफल होते हैं। बाजार दरअसल संपत्ति को उन हाथों में सौंपने का फैसला करता है जो अधिक कुशलता से उसका इस्तेमाल करते हैं। मंदी के समय में अकुशल उद्योग मार खा जाते हैं और कुशल कंपनियां उनका अधिग्रहण कर लेती हैं। सूखे के समय ग्रामीण इलाकों में ऐसा नहीं देखा जाता। कुशल छोटे किसान अकुशल भूस्वामियों की जमीन नहीं खरीद सकते। यहां हालत तकरीबन विपरीत होती है। दबाव से जूझ रहे छोटे किसान अपनी जमीन भूस्वामियों को बेच देते हैं। इसकी मुख्य वजह यह है कि ग्रामीण इलाकों में कर्ज और बीमा बाजार की पहुंच अब तक पर्याप्त नहीं है। बड़े किसानों की कर्ज तक पहुंच है और वे बिजली, पानी, खाद एवं कर्ज के मामले में मिल रही सब्सिडी का दिल खोलकर इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इन हालातों में छोटी जोत अच्छी उपज या बेहतर कमाई के रूप में सामने नहीं आती। http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4953683.cms

 

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