Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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<html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
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        Empowerment | Displacement    </title>
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&bull; Section 105 of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, which provides for excluding 13 Central legislation, including Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885, Atomic Energy Act, 1962, Railway Act..."/>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-amendment-second-ordinance-2015">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance 2015</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-second-amendment-bill-2015">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill 2015</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-amendment-ordinance-2014">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance 2014</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#amendments-made-in-thenbsp-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-2013">Amendments made in the&nbsp; Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-2013">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-bill-2013">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#draft-national-land-reforms-policy-dated-18-july-2013">Draft National Land Reforms Policy (dated 18 July, 2013)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#standing-committee-report-2012">Standing Committee Report 2012</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#recommendations-of-the-parliamentary-standing-committee-on-larr-2011-bill">Recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on LARR 2011 Bill</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=3#suggestions-for-land-acquisition-amendment-bill-2009-resettlement-and-rehabilitation-bill-2009">Suggestions for Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2009 &amp; Resettlement and Rehabilitation Bill, 2009</a>
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                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=3#standing-committee-report-on-the-land-acquisition-amendment-bill-2007">Standing Committee Report on the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2007</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=4#a-citizens-report-card-on-special-economic-zones">A CITIZENS REPORT CARD ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=5#a-critique-of-the-national-policy-for-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-2007">A critique of the National Policy for Rehabilitation and Resettlement (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=5#dams-displacement-policy-and-law-in-india">Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#opposition-to-big-dams-lessons-for-policy">Opposition to Big Dams: Lessons for Policy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#environment-of-land-diversion-displacement-and-rehabilitation-a-study-of-indian-sezs">Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#large-dam-projects-and-displacement-in-india">Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#right-to-displace-but-no-duty-to-rehabilitate-a-critique-of-the-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-bill-2007">Right to displace, but no duty to rehabilitate (A critique of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=7#the-destruction-of-39development39">The destruction of &#39;development&#39;</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=7#world-bank-resettlement-and-rehabilitation-rr-policy">World Bank: Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&amp;R) Policy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=8#imagining-a-post-development-era-critical-thought-development-and-social-movements-by-arturo-escobar">Imagining a Post-Development Era? Critical thought, Development and Social Movements by Arturo Escobar</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=8#main-provisions-under-mines-and-minerals-development-and-regulation-act-mmdr-act">main provisions under Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR Act)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=8#sezs-and-land-acquisition-factsheet-for-an-unconstitutional-economic-policy">SEZs and land acquisition FACTSHEET FOR AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
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                            <p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><div>&bull; Section 105 of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, which provides for excluding 13 Central legislation, including Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885, Atomic Energy Act, 1962, Railway Act 1989, National Highways Act 1956 and Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978, from its purview, has been amended for payment of compensation with rigours $<br /><br />&bull; The amendments have now relaxed the requirements of consent and Social Impact Assessment survey for projects in following areas: 1. Defence and defence production; 2. Rural infrastructure (including rural electrification); 3. Affordable housing; 4. Industrial corridors; 5. Social infrastructure projects including PPPs in which ownership rests with the government $</div><p>&nbsp;</p><div><p>&nbsp;</p></div><div>&bull; The Standing Committee report on Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 (submitted on 17 May, 2012) recommended that land may not be acquired for use by private companies and PPPs. The Committee recommended including &ldquo;infrastructure projects&rdquo; within the definition of public purpose. Since sale and purchase of land is a state subject, the threshold for R&amp;R provisions shall be fixed by the states and not the central government. Restriction on land acquisition should also apply to any land under agricultural cultivation. No central act should be exempted from the provisions of the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 and necessary amendments should be brought in those Acts to bring them at par with this Bill. The Committee recommended that if acquired land is left unutilized for 5 years, the land should be returned to the land owners &alpha;<br /><br />&bull; India is the third largest dam builder country in the world. It now has over 3600 large dams and over 700 more under construction*<br /><br />&bull; Displacement due to dams in India has been variously estimated. Fernandes, Das &amp; Rao (1989) claimed that Indians displaced by dam projects numbered 21 million*<br /><br />&bull; Available estimates of people displaced by large and medium dams in India show that the 140 dams for which such figures are available, have displaced over 4.4 million people*<br /><br />&bull; Many researchers estimated that the number of people displaced due to big projects comes between 10 and 25 million. In an influential 1989 study, Fernandes, Das and Rao provide an estimate of some 21 million displaced persons. Scholar-administrator Dr. N. C. Saxena, places his estimate of persons displaced by big projects since 1947 at nearly double this figure &mdash; 50 million**<br /><br />&bull; India has adopted the policy of promoting the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for faster industrial development. It needs about 50,000 hectares of agricultural land for SEZs and 1.49 lakh hectares for all projects which include also industrial, mining, irrigation and infrastructural projects***<br /><br />&bull; The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India is the primary legislation that provides for acquisition of land***<br /><br />&bull; Since independence at least 50 million people in India have been displaced by dams, mines, thermal power plants, corridor projects, field firing ranges, express highways, airports, national parks, sanctuaries, industrial townships, even poultry farms@<br /><br /><strong><em>Sources:</em></strong></div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>$&nbsp;Amendments to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Press Information Bureau, dated: 29 December 2014 (Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Land_act_amendments.pdf" title="Land Act amendments" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Land_act_amendments.pdf" title="Land Act amendments">click here</a> to access)</div><div>&nbsp;<br />&alpha; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Summary%20of%20the%20Standing%20Committee%20recommendations.pdf" title="Summary of the Standing Committee recommendations" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Summary%20of%20the%20Standing%20Committee%20recommendations.pdf" title="Summary of the Standing Committee recommendations">Standing Committee Report Summary</a>, PRS Legislative Research<br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">* Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf" title="http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf">http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">**&nbsp; Planning Commission titled Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf">http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/a<br />rt_dam.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">*** Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf" title="http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf">http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">@ The destruction of &#39;development&#39; by Jaideep Hardikar, Infochange</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161" title="http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161">http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&a<br />mp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf" title="http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf">http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-amendment-second-ordinance-2015">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-second-amendment-bill-2015">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-amendment-ordinance-2014">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#amendments-made-in-thenbsp-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-2013">Amendments made in the&nbsp; Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-2013">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-bill-2013">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#draft-national-land-reforms-policy-dated-18-july-2013">Draft National Land Reforms Policy (dated 18 July, 2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#standing-committee-report-2012">Standing Committee Report 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#recommendations-of-the-parliamentary-standing-committee-on-larr-2011-bill">Recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on LARR 2011 Bill</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=3#suggestions-for-land-acquisition-amendment-bill-2009-resettlement-and-rehabilitation-bill-2009">Suggestions for Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2009 &amp; Resettlement and Rehabilitation Bill, 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=3#standing-committee-report-on-the-land-acquisition-amendment-bill-2007">Standing Committee Report on the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2007</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=4#a-citizens-report-card-on-special-economic-zones">A CITIZENS REPORT CARD ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=5#a-critique-of-the-national-policy-for-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-2007">A critique of the National Policy for Rehabilitation and Resettlement (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=5#dams-displacement-policy-and-law-in-india">Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#opposition-to-big-dams-lessons-for-policy">Opposition to Big Dams: Lessons for Policy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#environment-of-land-diversion-displacement-and-rehabilitation-a-study-of-indian-sezs">Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#large-dam-projects-and-displacement-in-india">Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#right-to-displace-but-no-duty-to-rehabilitate-a-critique-of-the-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-bill-2007">Right to displace, but no duty to rehabilitate (A critique of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=7#the-destruction-of-39development39">The destruction of &#39;development&#39;</a>
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                            <p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><div>&bull; Section 105 of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, which provides for excluding 13 Central legislation, including Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885, Atomic Energy Act, 1962, Railway Act 1989, National Highways Act 1956 and Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978, from its purview, has been amended for payment of compensation with rigours $<br /><br />&bull; The amendments have now relaxed the requirements of consent and Social Impact Assessment survey for projects in following areas: 1. Defence and defence production; 2. Rural infrastructure (including rural electrification); 3. Affordable housing; 4. Industrial corridors; 5. Social infrastructure projects including PPPs in which ownership rests with the government $</div><p>&nbsp;</p><div><p>&nbsp;</p></div><div>&bull; The Standing Committee report on Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 (submitted on 17 May, 2012) recommended that land may not be acquired for use by private companies and PPPs. The Committee recommended including &ldquo;infrastructure projects&rdquo; within the definition of public purpose. Since sale and purchase of land is a state subject, the threshold for R&amp;R provisions shall be fixed by the states and not the central government. Restriction on land acquisition should also apply to any land under agricultural cultivation. No central act should be exempted from the provisions of the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 and necessary amendments should be brought in those Acts to bring them at par with this Bill. The Committee recommended that if acquired land is left unutilized for 5 years, the land should be returned to the land owners &alpha;<br /><br />&bull; India is the third largest dam builder country in the world. It now has over 3600 large dams and over 700 more under construction*<br /><br />&bull; Displacement due to dams in India has been variously estimated. Fernandes, Das &amp; Rao (1989) claimed that Indians displaced by dam projects numbered 21 million*<br /><br />&bull; Available estimates of people displaced by large and medium dams in India show that the 140 dams for which such figures are available, have displaced over 4.4 million people*<br /><br />&bull; Many researchers estimated that the number of people displaced due to big projects comes between 10 and 25 million. In an influential 1989 study, Fernandes, Das and Rao provide an estimate of some 21 million displaced persons. Scholar-administrator Dr. N. C. Saxena, places his estimate of persons displaced by big projects since 1947 at nearly double this figure &mdash; 50 million**<br /><br />&bull; India has adopted the policy of promoting the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for faster industrial development. It needs about 50,000 hectares of agricultural land for SEZs and 1.49 lakh hectares for all projects which include also industrial, mining, irrigation and infrastructural projects***<br /><br />&bull; The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India is the primary legislation that provides for acquisition of land***<br /><br />&bull; Since independence at least 50 million people in India have been displaced by dams, mines, thermal power plants, corridor projects, field firing ranges, express highways, airports, national parks, sanctuaries, industrial townships, even poultry farms@<br /><br /><strong><em>Sources:</em></strong></div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>$&nbsp;Amendments to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Press Information Bureau, dated: 29 December 2014 (Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Land_act_amendments.pdf" title="Land Act amendments" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Land_act_amendments.pdf" title="Land Act amendments">click here</a> to access)</div><div>&nbsp;<br />&alpha; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Summary%20of%20the%20Standing%20Committee%20recommendations.pdf" title="Summary of the Standing Committee recommendations" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Summary%20of%20the%20Standing%20Committee%20recommendations.pdf" title="Summary of the Standing Committee recommendations">Standing Committee Report Summary</a>, PRS Legislative Research<br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">* Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf" title="http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf">http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">**&nbsp; Planning Commission titled Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf">http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/a<br />rt_dam.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">*** Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf" title="http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf">http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">@ The destruction of &#39;development&#39; by Jaideep Hardikar, Infochange</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161" title="http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161">http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&a<br />mp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf" title="http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf">http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-amendment-second-ordinance-2015">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-second-amendment-bill-2015">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-amendment-ordinance-2014">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#amendments-made-in-thenbsp-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-2013">Amendments made in the&nbsp; Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-2013">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-bill-2013">The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#draft-national-land-reforms-policy-dated-18-july-2013">Draft National Land Reforms Policy (dated 18 July, 2013)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#standing-committee-report-2012">Standing Committee Report 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=2#recommendations-of-the-parliamentary-standing-committee-on-larr-2011-bill">Recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on LARR 2011 Bill</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=3#suggestions-for-land-acquisition-amendment-bill-2009-resettlement-and-rehabilitation-bill-2009">Suggestions for Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2009 &amp; Resettlement and Rehabilitation Bill, 2009</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=3#standing-committee-report-on-the-land-acquisition-amendment-bill-2007">Standing Committee Report on the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2007</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=4#a-citizens-report-card-on-special-economic-zones">A CITIZENS REPORT CARD ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=5#a-critique-of-the-national-policy-for-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-2007">A critique of the National Policy for Rehabilitation and Resettlement (2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=5#dams-displacement-policy-and-law-in-india">Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#opposition-to-big-dams-lessons-for-policy">Opposition to Big Dams: Lessons for Policy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#environment-of-land-diversion-displacement-and-rehabilitation-a-study-of-indian-sezs">Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#large-dam-projects-and-displacement-in-india">Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=6#right-to-displace-but-no-duty-to-rehabilitate-a-critique-of-the-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-bill-2007">Right to displace, but no duty to rehabilitate (A critique of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2007)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=7#the-destruction-of-39development39">The destruction of &#39;development&#39;</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=7#world-bank-resettlement-and-rehabilitation-rr-policy">World Bank: Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&amp;R) Policy</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=8#imagining-a-post-development-era-critical-thought-development-and-social-movements-by-arturo-escobar">Imagining a Post-Development Era? Critical thought, Development and Social Movements by Arturo Escobar</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=8#main-provisions-under-mines-and-minerals-development-and-regulation-act-mmdr-act">main provisions under Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR Act)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html?pgno=8#sezs-and-land-acquisition-factsheet-for-an-unconstitutional-economic-policy">SEZs and land acquisition FACTSHEET FOR AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            <p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><div>&bull; Section 105 of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, which provides for excluding 13 Central legislation, including Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885, Atomic Energy Act, 1962, Railway Act 1989, National Highways Act 1956 and Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978, from its purview, has been amended for payment of compensation with rigours $<br /><br />&bull; The amendments have now relaxed the requirements of consent and Social Impact Assessment survey for projects in following areas: 1. Defence and defence production; 2. Rural infrastructure (including rural electrification); 3. Affordable housing; 4. Industrial corridors; 5. Social infrastructure projects including PPPs in which ownership rests with the government $</div><p>&nbsp;</p><div><p>&nbsp;</p></div><div>&bull; The Standing Committee report on Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 (submitted on 17 May, 2012) recommended that land may not be acquired for use by private companies and PPPs. The Committee recommended including &ldquo;infrastructure projects&rdquo; within the definition of public purpose. Since sale and purchase of land is a state subject, the threshold for R&amp;R provisions shall be fixed by the states and not the central government. Restriction on land acquisition should also apply to any land under agricultural cultivation. No central act should be exempted from the provisions of the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 and necessary amendments should be brought in those Acts to bring them at par with this Bill. The Committee recommended that if acquired land is left unutilized for 5 years, the land should be returned to the land owners &alpha;<br /><br />&bull; India is the third largest dam builder country in the world. It now has over 3600 large dams and over 700 more under construction*<br /><br />&bull; Displacement due to dams in India has been variously estimated. Fernandes, Das &amp; Rao (1989) claimed that Indians displaced by dam projects numbered 21 million*<br /><br />&bull; Available estimates of people displaced by large and medium dams in India show that the 140 dams for which such figures are available, have displaced over 4.4 million people*<br /><br />&bull; Many researchers estimated that the number of people displaced due to big projects comes between 10 and 25 million. In an influential 1989 study, Fernandes, Das and Rao provide an estimate of some 21 million displaced persons. Scholar-administrator Dr. N. C. Saxena, places his estimate of persons displaced by big projects since 1947 at nearly double this figure &mdash; 50 million**<br /><br />&bull; India has adopted the policy of promoting the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for faster industrial development. It needs about 50,000 hectares of agricultural land for SEZs and 1.49 lakh hectares for all projects which include also industrial, mining, irrigation and infrastructural projects***<br /><br />&bull; The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India is the primary legislation that provides for acquisition of land***<br /><br />&bull; Since independence at least 50 million people in India have been displaced by dams, mines, thermal power plants, corridor projects, field firing ranges, express highways, airports, national parks, sanctuaries, industrial townships, even poultry farms@<br /><br /><strong><em>Sources:</em></strong></div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>$&nbsp;Amendments to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Press Information Bureau, dated: 29 December 2014 (Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Land_act_amendments.pdf" title="Land Act amendments" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Land_act_amendments.pdf" title="Land Act amendments">click here</a> to access)</div><div>&nbsp;<br />&alpha; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Summary%20of%20the%20Standing%20Committee%20recommendations.pdf" title="Summary of the Standing Committee recommendations" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Summary%20of%20the%20Standing%20Committee%20recommendations.pdf" title="Summary of the Standing Committee recommendations">Standing Committee Report Summary</a>, PRS Legislative Research<br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">* Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf" title="http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf">http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">**&nbsp; Planning Commission titled Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf" title="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf">http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/a<br />rt_dam.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">*** Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs,</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf" title="http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf">http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small">@ The destruction of &#39;development&#39; by Jaideep Hardikar, Infochange</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161" title="http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161">http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&a<br />mp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=6161</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:small"><a href="http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf" title="http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf">http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf</a> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">                                                                    <br>
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Displacement

What's Inside The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance 2015 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill 2015 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance 2014 Amendments made in the  Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013 Draft National Land Reforms Policy (dated 18 July, 2013) Standing Committee Report 2012 Recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on LARR 2011 Bill Suggestions for Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2009 & Resettlement and Rehabilitation Bill, 2009 More Standing Committee Report on the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2007 A CITIZENS REPORT CARD ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES A critique of the National Policy for Rehabilitation and Resettlement (2007) Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India Opposition to Big Dams: Lessons for Policy Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India Right to displace, but no duty to rehabilitate (A critique of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2007) The destruction of 'development' World Bank: Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Policy Imagining a Post-Development Era? Critical thought, Development and Social Movements by Arturo Escobar main provisions under Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR Act) SEZs and land acquisition FACTSHEET FOR AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY Less KEY TRENDS   • Section 105 of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, which provides for excluding 13 Central legislation, including Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885, Atomic Energy Act, 1962, Railway Act 1989, National Highways Act 1956 and Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978, from its purview, has been amended for payment of compensation with rigours $ • The amendments have now relaxed the requirements of consent and Social Impact Assessment survey for projects in following areas: 1. Defence and defence production; 2. Rural infrastructure (including rural electrification); 3. Affordable housing; 4. Industrial corridors; 5. Social infrastructure projects including PPPs in which ownership rests with the government $     • The Standing Committee report on Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 (submitted on 17 May, 2012) recommended that land may not be acquired for use by private companies and PPPs. The Committee recommended including “infrastructure projects” within the definition of public purpose. Since sale and purchase of land is a state subject, the threshold for R&R provisions shall be fixed by the states and not the central government. Restriction on land acquisition should also apply to any land under agricultural cultivation. No central act should be exempted from the provisions of the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011 and necessary amendments should be brought in those Acts to bring them at par with this Bill. The Committee recommended that if acquired land is left unutilized for 5 years, the land should be returned to the land owners α • India is the third largest dam builder country in the world. It now has over 3600 large dams and over 700 more under construction* • Displacement due to dams in India has been variously estimated. Fernandes, Das & Rao (1989) claimed that Indians displaced by dam projects numbered 21 million* • Available estimates of people displaced by large and medium dams in India show that the 140 dams for which such figures are available, have displaced over 4.4 million people* • Many researchers estimated that the number of people displaced due to big projects comes between 10 and 25 million. In an influential 1989 study, Fernandes, Das and Rao provide an estimate of some 21 million displaced persons. Scholar-administrator Dr. N. C. Saxena, places his estimate of persons displaced by big projects since 1947 at nearly double this figure — 50 million** • India has adopted the policy of promoting the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for faster industrial development. It needs about 50,000 hectares of agricultural land for SEZs and 1.49 lakh hectares for all projects which include also industrial, mining, irrigation and infrastructural projects*** • The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 of India is the primary legislation that provides for acquisition of land*** • Since independence at least 50 million people in India have been displaced by dams, mines, thermal power plants, corridor projects, field firing ranges, express highways, airports, national parks, sanctuaries, industrial townships, even poultry farms@ Sources:     $ Amendments to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Press Information Bureau, dated: 29 December 2014 (Please click here to access)   α Standing Committee Report Summary, PRS Legislative Research * Large Dam Projects and Displacement in India, http://www.sandrp.in/dams/Displac_largedams.pdf **  Planning Commission titled Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/a rt_dam.pdf *** Environment of Land Diversion, Displacement and Rehabilitation: A Study of Indian SEZs, http://www.mse.ac.in/Frontier/w23%20Verma.pdf @ The destruction of 'development' by Jaideep Hardikar, Infochange http://infochangeindia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&a mp;do_pdf=1&id=6161 http://www.sacw.net/Nation/sezland_eng.pdf « previous12345678next »

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