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Farm Crisis | Rural distress </title>
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KEY TRENDS
• The report entitled Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..."/>
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<h3><b>Farm Crisis</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
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class="left postionrel">Farm Suicides </a>
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class="left postionrel">Rural distress </a>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html"
class="left postionrel">Migration </a>
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class="left postionrel">Key Facts </a>
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class="left postionrel">Poverty and inequality </a>
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<h1 class="cat-box-title">Rural distress</h1>
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<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
<ul class="whatsinside">
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#state-of-biofertilizers-and-organic-fertilizers-in-india-released-in-april-2022">State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India (released in April 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#tenant-farmers-study-report-for-andhra-pradesh-implementation-of-crop-cultivator-rights-act-inclusion-in-rythu-bharosa-other-schemes-part-1-released-on-march-8-2022">Tenant Farmers Study Report for Andhra Pradesh: Implementation of Crop Cultivator Rights Act, Inclusion in Rythu Bharosa & other Schemes Part-1 (released on March 8, 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#status-of-lsquopm-kisan-samman-nidhirsquo-exclusions-in-telangana-prepared-by-libtech-india-released-on-january-19-2022">Status of ‘PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi’ exclusions in Telangana, prepared by LibTech India (released on January 19, 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#end-line-survey-report-2021-proorganic-ii-developing-a-culture-of-sustainable-consumption-and-lifestyle-in-the-state-of-rajasthan-india-with-a-special-focus-on-organic-consumption-and-production-released-on-5th-july-2021">End Line Survey Report 2021: ProOrganic II -- Developing a Culture of Sustainable Consumption and Lifestyle in the state of Rajasthan, India with a Special Focus on Organic Consumption and Production (released on 5th July, 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=3#sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-long-food-movement-transforming-food-systems-by-2045-released-on-30th-march-2021">A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045 (released on 30th March, 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#price-rise-of-essential-commodities-causes-and-effects-standing-committee-on-food-consumer-affairs-and-public-distribution-2020-2021-eleventh-report">Price Rise of Essential Commodities--Causes and Effects, Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2020-2021), Eleventh Report</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-people39s-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-on-farm-laws-dated-4th-december-2020">Press release by People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) on farm laws dated 4th December, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmersrsquo-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-act-2020">The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion And Facilitation) Act, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-act-2020">The Farmers (Empowerment & Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020</a>
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<div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-mahila-kisan-adhikaar-manch-makaam-dated-30th-september-2020">Press statement by Mahila Kisan Adhikaar Manch (MAKAAM) dated 30th September, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-right-to-food-campaign-dated-26th-september-2020">Press statement by Right to Food Campaign dated 26th September, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-indian-coordination-committee-of-farmers-movements-dated-23rd-september-2020">Press release by Indian Coordination Committee of Farmers Movements dated 23rd September, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers39-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-bill-2020">The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-bill-2020">Farmers (Empowerment & Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#essential-commodities-amendment-bill-2020">Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-study-of-the-agricultural-markets-of-bihar-odisha-and-punjab-released-in-2019">A Study of the Agricultural Markets of Bihar, Odisha and Punjab (released in 2019)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#applying-nanotechnology-to-fertilizer-rationales-research-risks-and-regulatory-challenges-published-in-october-2017">Applying Nanotechnology to Fertilizer: Rationales, research, risks and regulatory challenges (published in October, 2017</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-an-assessment-from-the-centre-for-science-and-environment-released-on-21-july-2017">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=5#cag-report-on-performance-audit-of-agriculture-crop-insurance-schemes-report-no-7-of-2017">CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#key-indicators-of-land-and-livestock-holdings-in-india-nss-70th-round-published-in-december-2014">Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (published in December 2014)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#state-of-indian-farmers-a-report-2014">State of Indian Farmers: A Report (2014)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#agriculturendashpathways-to-prosperity-in-asia-and-the-pacific">Agriculture–Pathways to Prosperity in Asia and the Pacific</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#national-commission-for-enterprises-in-the-unorganised-sector-nceus-2007">National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector--NCEUS (2007)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#nagaraj-k-2008-farmersrsquo-suicides-in-india-magnitudes-trends-and-spatial-patterns">Nagaraj K (2008): Farmers’ Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#some-aspects-of-farming-2003-situation-assessment-survey-of-farmers">Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five year Plan</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=8#some-aspects-of-operational-land-holdings-in-india-2002-03">Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#world-development-report-agriculture-for-development-2008">World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agrarian-crisis-and-distress-in-rural-india">Agrarian Crisis and Distress in Rural India</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#migration-of-labour-in-india-distress-accumulation-and-policy-lessons">Migration of Labour in India: Distress, Accumulation and Policy Lessons</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agriculture-sector-study-critical-issues-and-strategic-options">Agriculture Sector Study: Critical Issues and Strategic Options</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#the-dragon-and-the-elephant-agricultural-and-rural-reforms-in-china-and-india">The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India</a>
</li>
</ul>
<div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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<p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">• The report entitled Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as Bundelkhand and Marathwada, factors like low indemnity levels, low threshold yields, low sum insured and default on loans make PMFBY a poor scheme to safeguard against extreme weather events. CSE's analysis shows that farmers in these areas might not get any claim even if more than half of their crops are damaged <strong>@@</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">• The CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), which was tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017, finds that despite the three decade long efforts of Government of India to provide crop insurance, coverage of farmers under such schemes continues to remain low. The coverage of non-loanee farmers continues to be particularly low, primarily because the schemes have been targeted at loanee farmers, for whom the schemes stipulate mandatory coverage <strong>@$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">• </span>Within the rural households, the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) constituted the highest proportion(75.42%) of total rural households, whereas the large land owners (possessing land more than 10.000 hectares) constituted the lowest proportion (0.24% ) of the total households. The landless category (possessing land less than or equal 0.002 hectare) constituted 7.41% of the total rural households <strong>$$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">• </span>In terms of percentage of total area owned, the largest category was the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) owing 29.75% of the total land area owned <strong>$$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />• The NSS 59th round on the Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, 2003 had revealed that at the all-India level, 60% of farmer households reported that they liked farming as a profession. The remaining 40% were of the opinion that, given a choice, they would take up some other career. The CSDS survey of farmers in 18 states has similar findings. The survey found that nearly three-fourths of farmers like their profession <strong>$</strong><br /><br />• Approximately 62 per cent of the interviewed farmers were not aware about MSP, whereas 38 per cent had heard about MSP. Only 27 per cent of the farmers have heard about the Land Acquisition law. Nearly, 83 per cent of the farmers have not heard about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) <strong>$</strong><br /><br />• An estimated 27% of farmers did not like farming because it was not profitable. In all, 40% felt that, given a choice, they would take up some other career <strong>#</strong><br /><br />• Over the four decades, the average size of a holding came down by nearly 60% - from 2.63 hectare in 1960-61 to 1.06 hectare in 2002-03 <strong>"</strong><br /><br />• In Punjab, extensive use of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides has increased concentration of nitrates and pesticide residues in water, food, and feed, often above tolerance limits <strong>*#</strong> <br /><br />• In the ten-year period between 1997 and 2006 as many as 1,66,304 farmers committed suicide in India<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Rural distress happened due to various factors such as: falling employment, declining productivity and profitability, rising indebtedness so as to finance agriculture etc<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Farmers' suicides due to rural distress could be observed in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Other factors that may contributed to rural distress are: shift in cropping pattern towards cash crops, lack of level playing field for farmers in the global market, increased dependence on high-cost inputs which increases the cost of cultivation and indebtedness, enhanced risks, falling profitability and declining public support<strong>*</strong> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>@@ </strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017), please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana-Report.pdf" title="CSE Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana-Report.pdf" title="CSE Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>@$</strong></span> CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017 (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report_No.7_of_2017_-_Performance_audit_Union_Government_Agriculture_Crop_Insurance_Schemes_Reports_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers_Welfare.pdf" title="CAG report on crop insurance schemes" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report_No.7_of_2017_-_Performance_audit_Union_Government_Agriculture_Crop_Insurance_Schemes_Reports_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers_Welfare.pdf" title="CAG report on crop insurance schemes">click here</a> to access)</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>$$</strong> Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Press%20Note%20Key%20Indicators%20of%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20in%20India%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf" title="Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India NSS 70th Round" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Press%20Note%20Key%20Indicators%20of%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20in%20India%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf" title="Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India NSS 70th Round">click here</a> to access</span>) </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>$</strong> State of Indian Farmers: A Report, done by Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Farmers%20Report%20Final.pdf" title="Farmers report final" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Farmers%20Report%20Final.pdf" title="Farmers report final">click here</a> to download)</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>#</strong> Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, National Sample Survey (NSS) 59th Round, (January–December 2003)</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>"</strong> Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03, Report No. 492(59/18.1/3), National Sample Survey 59th Round (January–December 2003), August, 2006</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>*#</strong> World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008, </span><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/" title="http://www.worldbank.org/">www.worldbank.org</a></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>*</strong> Nagaraj, K (2008): Farmers’ Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns, Macroscan</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>@ </strong>NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</span><br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify">OVERVIEW</p><p style="text-align:justify">We are told that India withstood global recession on the strength of its rural market. While it is true that rural India’s potential for consumption is huge, the country is not even close to realizing it. According to NSSO almost one third farmers don’t like farming and about 40 per cent say given a choice they would do something else. Nothing reflects the farmers’ falling standards of living better than their calorie intake which has fallen (for the entire rural population) from 2309 Kcal per day in 1983 to 2011 Kcal per day in 1998, a drop of over 15 per cent in as many years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Rural India’s perverse appetite for gold and motorbikes, mainly to be given away as dowry, is fed by borrowings and non-farm incomes. With average landholding falling from 2.6 hectares per farmer in 1960 to 1.4 hectares in 2000 due to fragmentation, farming continues to be an utterly unprofitable activity.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The wealthy and powerful zamindar of the Bollywood movies remains a creature of our imagination. The ‘poor’ rich farmer with over 10 hectares of land is below one per cent in poorer states like Bihar and Bengal and around 8 per cent in relatively prosperous Punjab and Haryana. The rest are all small, marginal and medium farmers battling for survival against tough odds.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Over 60 per cent of India’s cultivated area is rain-fed and is untouched by the fruits of the Green Revolution. The fabled Green Revolution did end India’s depended on foreign aid to feed its people. But its gains were confined to about a third of the country’s cultivated area covered under irrigation schemes. Even in these areas, the farm crisis has since deepened due to high input costs, lowering of the water table, degradation of soil fertility and unrewarding pricing mechanisms. As a result the growth in food grain production has tumbled from 3.5 per cent in the eighties to 1.8 per cent in the nineties. Farmers’ suicides, which were virtually unknown in the eighties, and which were once thought to be a regional syndrome of the poorer regions, are now spreading to relatively prosperous areas like Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka and Kerala.</p><p style="text-align:justify">For the poorest and rain dependent farmers the profitability has dropped further. Input costs have consistently risen and the crisis is further aggravated by the absence of fair credit agencies, scientific seed banks and vital services like education and health. India’s much maligned agricultural subsidy per farmer is not even one hundredth of corresponding subsidies given to the OECD farmers. (India’s per farmer subsidy is $ 66 as against $26000 in Japan, $ 21000 in the US and $ 11000 in the OECD countries)<br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> <br>
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Farm Crisis | Rural distress </title>
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KEY TRENDS
• The report entitled Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..."/>
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• The report entitled Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as..." />
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<h3><b>Farm Crisis</b></h3>
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<h1 class="cat-box-title">Rural distress</h1>
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<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
<ul class="whatsinside">
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#state-of-biofertilizers-and-organic-fertilizers-in-india-released-in-april-2022">State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India (released in April 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#tenant-farmers-study-report-for-andhra-pradesh-implementation-of-crop-cultivator-rights-act-inclusion-in-rythu-bharosa-other-schemes-part-1-released-on-march-8-2022">Tenant Farmers Study Report for Andhra Pradesh: Implementation of Crop Cultivator Rights Act, Inclusion in Rythu Bharosa & other Schemes Part-1 (released on March 8, 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#status-of-lsquopm-kisan-samman-nidhirsquo-exclusions-in-telangana-prepared-by-libtech-india-released-on-january-19-2022">Status of ‘PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi’ exclusions in Telangana, prepared by LibTech India (released on January 19, 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#end-line-survey-report-2021-proorganic-ii-developing-a-culture-of-sustainable-consumption-and-lifestyle-in-the-state-of-rajasthan-india-with-a-special-focus-on-organic-consumption-and-production-released-on-5th-july-2021">End Line Survey Report 2021: ProOrganic II -- Developing a Culture of Sustainable Consumption and Lifestyle in the state of Rajasthan, India with a Special Focus on Organic Consumption and Production (released on 5th July, 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=3#sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-long-food-movement-transforming-food-systems-by-2045-released-on-30th-march-2021">A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045 (released on 30th March, 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#price-rise-of-essential-commodities-causes-and-effects-standing-committee-on-food-consumer-affairs-and-public-distribution-2020-2021-eleventh-report">Price Rise of Essential Commodities--Causes and Effects, Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2020-2021), Eleventh Report</a>
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<p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">• The report entitled Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as Bundelkhand and Marathwada, factors like low indemnity levels, low threshold yields, low sum insured and default on loans make PMFBY a poor scheme to safeguard against extreme weather events. CSE's analysis shows that farmers in these areas might not get any claim even if more than half of their crops are damaged <strong>@@</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">• The CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), which was tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017, finds that despite the three decade long efforts of Government of India to provide crop insurance, coverage of farmers under such schemes continues to remain low. The coverage of non-loanee farmers continues to be particularly low, primarily because the schemes have been targeted at loanee farmers, for whom the schemes stipulate mandatory coverage <strong>@$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">• </span>Within the rural households, the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) constituted the highest proportion(75.42%) of total rural households, whereas the large land owners (possessing land more than 10.000 hectares) constituted the lowest proportion (0.24% ) of the total households. The landless category (possessing land less than or equal 0.002 hectare) constituted 7.41% of the total rural households <strong>$$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">• </span>In terms of percentage of total area owned, the largest category was the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) owing 29.75% of the total land area owned <strong>$$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />• The NSS 59th round on the Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, 2003 had revealed that at the all-India level, 60% of farmer households reported that they liked farming as a profession. The remaining 40% were of the opinion that, given a choice, they would take up some other career. The CSDS survey of farmers in 18 states has similar findings. The survey found that nearly three-fourths of farmers like their profession <strong>$</strong><br /><br />• Approximately 62 per cent of the interviewed farmers were not aware about MSP, whereas 38 per cent had heard about MSP. Only 27 per cent of the farmers have heard about the Land Acquisition law. Nearly, 83 per cent of the farmers have not heard about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) <strong>$</strong><br /><br />• An estimated 27% of farmers did not like farming because it was not profitable. In all, 40% felt that, given a choice, they would take up some other career <strong>#</strong><br /><br />• Over the four decades, the average size of a holding came down by nearly 60% - from 2.63 hectare in 1960-61 to 1.06 hectare in 2002-03 <strong>"</strong><br /><br />• In Punjab, extensive use of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides has increased concentration of nitrates and pesticide residues in water, food, and feed, often above tolerance limits <strong>*#</strong> <br /><br />• In the ten-year period between 1997 and 2006 as many as 1,66,304 farmers committed suicide in India<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Rural distress happened due to various factors such as: falling employment, declining productivity and profitability, rising indebtedness so as to finance agriculture etc<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Farmers' suicides due to rural distress could be observed in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Other factors that may contributed to rural distress are: shift in cropping pattern towards cash crops, lack of level playing field for farmers in the global market, increased dependence on high-cost inputs which increases the cost of cultivation and indebtedness, enhanced risks, falling profitability and declining public support<strong>*</strong> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>@@ </strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017), please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana-Report.pdf" title="CSE Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana-Report.pdf" title="CSE Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>@$</strong></span> CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017 (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report_No.7_of_2017_-_Performance_audit_Union_Government_Agriculture_Crop_Insurance_Schemes_Reports_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers_Welfare.pdf" title="CAG report on crop insurance schemes" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report_No.7_of_2017_-_Performance_audit_Union_Government_Agriculture_Crop_Insurance_Schemes_Reports_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers_Welfare.pdf" title="CAG report on crop insurance schemes">click here</a> to access)</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>$$</strong> Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Press%20Note%20Key%20Indicators%20of%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20in%20India%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf" title="Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India NSS 70th Round" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Press%20Note%20Key%20Indicators%20of%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20in%20India%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf" title="Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India NSS 70th Round">click here</a> to access</span>) </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>$</strong> State of Indian Farmers: A Report, done by Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Farmers%20Report%20Final.pdf" title="Farmers report final" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Farmers%20Report%20Final.pdf" title="Farmers report final">click here</a> to download)</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>#</strong> Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, National Sample Survey (NSS) 59th Round, (January–December 2003)</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>"</strong> Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03, Report No. 492(59/18.1/3), National Sample Survey 59th Round (January–December 2003), August, 2006</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>*#</strong> World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008, </span><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/" title="http://www.worldbank.org/">www.worldbank.org</a></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>*</strong> Nagaraj, K (2008): Farmers’ Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns, Macroscan</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>@ </strong>NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</span><br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify">OVERVIEW</p><p style="text-align:justify">We are told that India withstood global recession on the strength of its rural market. While it is true that rural India’s potential for consumption is huge, the country is not even close to realizing it. According to NSSO almost one third farmers don’t like farming and about 40 per cent say given a choice they would do something else. Nothing reflects the farmers’ falling standards of living better than their calorie intake which has fallen (for the entire rural population) from 2309 Kcal per day in 1983 to 2011 Kcal per day in 1998, a drop of over 15 per cent in as many years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Rural India’s perverse appetite for gold and motorbikes, mainly to be given away as dowry, is fed by borrowings and non-farm incomes. With average landholding falling from 2.6 hectares per farmer in 1960 to 1.4 hectares in 2000 due to fragmentation, farming continues to be an utterly unprofitable activity.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The wealthy and powerful zamindar of the Bollywood movies remains a creature of our imagination. The ‘poor’ rich farmer with over 10 hectares of land is below one per cent in poorer states like Bihar and Bengal and around 8 per cent in relatively prosperous Punjab and Haryana. The rest are all small, marginal and medium farmers battling for survival against tough odds.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Over 60 per cent of India’s cultivated area is rain-fed and is untouched by the fruits of the Green Revolution. The fabled Green Revolution did end India’s depended on foreign aid to feed its people. But its gains were confined to about a third of the country’s cultivated area covered under irrigation schemes. Even in these areas, the farm crisis has since deepened due to high input costs, lowering of the water table, degradation of soil fertility and unrewarding pricing mechanisms. As a result the growth in food grain production has tumbled from 3.5 per cent in the eighties to 1.8 per cent in the nineties. Farmers’ suicides, which were virtually unknown in the eighties, and which were once thought to be a regional syndrome of the poorer regions, are now spreading to relatively prosperous areas like Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka and Kerala.</p><p style="text-align:justify">For the poorest and rain dependent farmers the profitability has dropped further. Input costs have consistently risen and the crisis is further aggravated by the absence of fair credit agencies, scientific seed banks and vital services like education and health. India’s much maligned agricultural subsidy per farmer is not even one hundredth of corresponding subsidies given to the OECD farmers. (India’s per farmer subsidy is $ 66 as against $26000 in Japan, $ 21000 in the US and $ 11000 in the OECD countries)<br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> <br>
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<h1 class="cat-box-title">Rural distress</h1>
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<h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
<ul class="whatsinside">
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#state-of-biofertilizers-and-organic-fertilizers-in-india-released-in-april-2022">State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India (released in April 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#tenant-farmers-study-report-for-andhra-pradesh-implementation-of-crop-cultivator-rights-act-inclusion-in-rythu-bharosa-other-schemes-part-1-released-on-march-8-2022">Tenant Farmers Study Report for Andhra Pradesh: Implementation of Crop Cultivator Rights Act, Inclusion in Rythu Bharosa & other Schemes Part-1 (released on March 8, 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#status-of-lsquopm-kisan-samman-nidhirsquo-exclusions-in-telangana-prepared-by-libtech-india-released-on-january-19-2022">Status of ‘PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi’ exclusions in Telangana, prepared by LibTech India (released on January 19, 2022)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=2#end-line-survey-report-2021-proorganic-ii-developing-a-culture-of-sustainable-consumption-and-lifestyle-in-the-state-of-rajasthan-india-with-a-special-focus-on-organic-consumption-and-production-released-on-5th-july-2021">End Line Survey Report 2021: ProOrganic II -- Developing a Culture of Sustainable Consumption and Lifestyle in the state of Rajasthan, India with a Special Focus on Organic Consumption and Production (released on 5th July, 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=3#sustainable-agriculture-in-india-2021-what-we-know-and-how-to-scale-up-released-in-april-2021">Sustainable Agriculture in India 2021: What We Know and How to Scale Up (released in April 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-long-food-movement-transforming-food-systems-by-2045-released-on-30th-march-2021">A Long Food Movement: Transforming Food Systems by 2045 (released on 30th March, 2021)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#price-rise-of-essential-commodities-causes-and-effects-standing-committee-on-food-consumer-affairs-and-public-distribution-2020-2021-eleventh-report">Price Rise of Essential Commodities--Causes and Effects, Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2020-2021), Eleventh Report</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-people39s-union-for-civil-liberties-pucl-on-farm-laws-dated-4th-december-2020">Press release by People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) on farm laws dated 4th December, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmersrsquo-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-act-2020">The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion And Facilitation) Act, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-act-2020">The Farmers (Empowerment & Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020</a>
</li>
</ul>
<div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
<ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-mahila-kisan-adhikaar-manch-makaam-dated-30th-september-2020">Press statement by Mahila Kisan Adhikaar Manch (MAKAAM) dated 30th September, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-statement-by-right-to-food-campaign-dated-26th-september-2020">Press statement by Right to Food Campaign dated 26th September, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#press-release-by-indian-coordination-committee-of-farmers-movements-dated-23rd-september-2020">Press release by Indian Coordination Committee of Farmers Movements dated 23rd September, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#the-farmers39-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-bill-2020">The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#farmers-empowerment-protection-agreement-of-price-assurance-and-farm-services-bill-2020">Farmers (Empowerment & Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#essential-commodities-amendment-bill-2020">Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#a-study-of-the-agricultural-markets-of-bihar-odisha-and-punjab-released-in-2019">A Study of the Agricultural Markets of Bihar, Odisha and Punjab (released in 2019)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#applying-nanotechnology-to-fertilizer-rationales-research-risks-and-regulatory-challenges-published-in-october-2017">Applying Nanotechnology to Fertilizer: Rationales, research, risks and regulatory challenges (published in October, 2017</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=4#pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-an-assessment-from-the-centre-for-science-and-environment-released-on-21-july-2017">Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=5#cag-report-on-performance-audit-of-agriculture-crop-insurance-schemes-report-no-7-of-2017">CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#key-indicators-of-land-and-livestock-holdings-in-india-nss-70th-round-published-in-december-2014">Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (published in December 2014)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=6#state-of-indian-farmers-a-report-2014">State of Indian Farmers: A Report (2014)</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#agriculturendashpathways-to-prosperity-in-asia-and-the-pacific">Agriculture–Pathways to Prosperity in Asia and the Pacific</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#nagaraj-k-2008-farmersrsquo-suicides-in-india-magnitudes-trends-and-spatial-patterns">Nagaraj K (2008): Farmers’ Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#some-aspects-of-farming-2003-situation-assessment-survey-of-farmers">Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=7#11th-five-year-plan">11th Five year Plan</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=8#some-aspects-of-operational-land-holdings-in-india-2002-03">Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#world-development-report-agriculture-for-development-2008">World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#agrarian-crisis-and-distress-in-rural-india">Agrarian Crisis and Distress in Rural India</a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html?pgno=9#the-dragon-and-the-elephant-agricultural-and-rural-reforms-in-china-and-india">The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India</a>
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<p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">• The report entitled Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as Bundelkhand and Marathwada, factors like low indemnity levels, low threshold yields, low sum insured and default on loans make PMFBY a poor scheme to safeguard against extreme weather events. CSE's analysis shows that farmers in these areas might not get any claim even if more than half of their crops are damaged <strong>@@</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify">• The CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), which was tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017, finds that despite the three decade long efforts of Government of India to provide crop insurance, coverage of farmers under such schemes continues to remain low. The coverage of non-loanee farmers continues to be particularly low, primarily because the schemes have been targeted at loanee farmers, for whom the schemes stipulate mandatory coverage <strong>@$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">• </span>Within the rural households, the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) constituted the highest proportion(75.42%) of total rural households, whereas the large land owners (possessing land more than 10.000 hectares) constituted the lowest proportion (0.24% ) of the total households. The landless category (possessing land less than or equal 0.002 hectare) constituted 7.41% of the total rural households <strong>$$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><br /><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">• </span>In terms of percentage of total area owned, the largest category was the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) owing 29.75% of the total land area owned <strong>$$</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify"><br />• The NSS 59th round on the Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, 2003 had revealed that at the all-India level, 60% of farmer households reported that they liked farming as a profession. The remaining 40% were of the opinion that, given a choice, they would take up some other career. The CSDS survey of farmers in 18 states has similar findings. The survey found that nearly three-fourths of farmers like their profession <strong>$</strong><br /><br />• Approximately 62 per cent of the interviewed farmers were not aware about MSP, whereas 38 per cent had heard about MSP. Only 27 per cent of the farmers have heard about the Land Acquisition law. Nearly, 83 per cent of the farmers have not heard about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) <strong>$</strong><br /><br />• An estimated 27% of farmers did not like farming because it was not profitable. In all, 40% felt that, given a choice, they would take up some other career <strong>#</strong><br /><br />• Over the four decades, the average size of a holding came down by nearly 60% - from 2.63 hectare in 1960-61 to 1.06 hectare in 2002-03 <strong>"</strong><br /><br />• In Punjab, extensive use of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides has increased concentration of nitrates and pesticide residues in water, food, and feed, often above tolerance limits <strong>*#</strong> <br /><br />• In the ten-year period between 1997 and 2006 as many as 1,66,304 farmers committed suicide in India<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Rural distress happened due to various factors such as: falling employment, declining productivity and profitability, rising indebtedness so as to finance agriculture etc<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Farmers' suicides due to rural distress could be observed in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh<strong>*</strong><br /><br />• Other factors that may contributed to rural distress are: shift in cropping pattern towards cash crops, lack of level playing field for farmers in the global market, increased dependence on high-cost inputs which increases the cost of cultivation and indebtedness, enhanced risks, falling profitability and declining public support<strong>*</strong> </p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>@@ </strong>Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017), please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana-Report.pdf" title="CSE Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana-Report.pdf" title="CSE Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>@$</strong></span> CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017 (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report_No.7_of_2017_-_Performance_audit_Union_Government_Agriculture_Crop_Insurance_Schemes_Reports_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers_Welfare.pdf" title="CAG report on crop insurance schemes" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Report_No.7_of_2017_-_Performance_audit_Union_Government_Agriculture_Crop_Insurance_Schemes_Reports_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers_Welfare.pdf" title="CAG report on crop insurance schemes">click here</a> to access)</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>$$</strong> Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Press%20Note%20Key%20Indicators%20of%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20in%20India%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf" title="Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India NSS 70th Round" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Press%20Note%20Key%20Indicators%20of%20Land%20and%20Livestock%20Holdings%20in%20India%20NSS%2070th%20Round.pdf" title="Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India NSS 70th Round">click here</a> to access</span>) </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> </span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>$</strong> State of Indian Farmers: A Report, done by Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Farmers%20Report%20Final.pdf" title="Farmers report final" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Farmers%20Report%20Final.pdf" title="Farmers report final">click here</a> to download)</p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>#</strong> Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, National Sample Survey (NSS) 59th Round, (January–December 2003)</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>"</strong> Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03, Report No. 492(59/18.1/3), National Sample Survey 59th Round (January–December 2003), August, 2006</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>*#</strong> World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008, </span><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/" title="http://www.worldbank.org/">www.worldbank.org</a></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>*</strong> Nagaraj, K (2008): Farmers’ Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns, Macroscan</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:small"><strong>@ </strong>NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</span><br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify">OVERVIEW</p><p style="text-align:justify">We are told that India withstood global recession on the strength of its rural market. While it is true that rural India’s potential for consumption is huge, the country is not even close to realizing it. According to NSSO almost one third farmers don’t like farming and about 40 per cent say given a choice they would do something else. Nothing reflects the farmers’ falling standards of living better than their calorie intake which has fallen (for the entire rural population) from 2309 Kcal per day in 1983 to 2011 Kcal per day in 1998, a drop of over 15 per cent in as many years.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Rural India’s perverse appetite for gold and motorbikes, mainly to be given away as dowry, is fed by borrowings and non-farm incomes. With average landholding falling from 2.6 hectares per farmer in 1960 to 1.4 hectares in 2000 due to fragmentation, farming continues to be an utterly unprofitable activity.</p><p style="text-align:justify">The wealthy and powerful zamindar of the Bollywood movies remains a creature of our imagination. The ‘poor’ rich farmer with over 10 hectares of land is below one per cent in poorer states like Bihar and Bengal and around 8 per cent in relatively prosperous Punjab and Haryana. The rest are all small, marginal and medium farmers battling for survival against tough odds.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Over 60 per cent of India’s cultivated area is rain-fed and is untouched by the fruits of the Green Revolution. The fabled Green Revolution did end India’s depended on foreign aid to feed its people. But its gains were confined to about a third of the country’s cultivated area covered under irrigation schemes. Even in these areas, the farm crisis has since deepened due to high input costs, lowering of the water table, degradation of soil fertility and unrewarding pricing mechanisms. As a result the growth in food grain production has tumbled from 3.5 per cent in the eighties to 1.8 per cent in the nineties. Farmers’ suicides, which were virtually unknown in the eighties, and which were once thought to be a regional syndrome of the poorer regions, are now spreading to relatively prosperous areas like Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka and Kerala.</p><p style="text-align:justify">For the poorest and rain dependent farmers the profitability has dropped further. Input costs have consistently risen and the crisis is further aggravated by the absence of fair credit agencies, scientific seed banks and vital services like education and health. India’s much maligned agricultural subsidy per farmer is not even one hundredth of corresponding subsidies given to the OECD farmers. (India’s per farmer subsidy is $ 66 as against $26000 in Japan, $ 21000 in the US and $ 11000 in the OECD countries)<br /> </p><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"> <br>
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• The report entitled Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017) finds that PMBY is not beneficial for farmers in vulnerable regions. For farmers in vulnerable regions such as Bundelkhand and Marathwada, factors like low indemnity levels, low threshold yields, low sum insured and default on loans make PMFBY a poor scheme to safeguard against extreme weather events. CSE's analysis shows that farmers in these areas might not get any claim even if more than half of their crops are damaged @@
• The CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), which was tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017, finds that despite the three decade long efforts of Government of India to provide crop insurance, coverage of farmers under such schemes continues to remain low. The coverage of non-loanee farmers continues to be particularly low, primarily because the schemes have been targeted at loanee farmers, for whom the schemes stipulate mandatory coverage @$
• Within the rural households, the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) constituted the highest proportion(75.42%) of total rural households, whereas the large land owners (possessing land more than 10.000 hectares) constituted the lowest proportion (0.24% ) of the total households. The landless category (possessing land less than or equal 0.002 hectare) constituted 7.41% of the total rural households $$
• In terms of percentage of total area owned, the largest category was the marginal land owners (i.e. possessing more than 0.002 but less than or equal to 1.0 hectare of land) owing 29.75% of the total land area owned $$
• The NSS 59th round on the Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, 2003 had revealed that at the all-India level, 60% of farmer households reported that they liked farming as a profession. The remaining 40% were of the opinion that, given a choice, they would take up some other career. The CSDS survey of farmers in 18 states has similar findings. The survey found that nearly three-fourths of farmers like their profession $
• Approximately 62 per cent of the interviewed farmers were not aware about MSP, whereas 38 per cent had heard about MSP. Only 27 per cent of the farmers have heard about the Land Acquisition law. Nearly, 83 per cent of the farmers have not heard about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) $
• An estimated 27% of farmers did not like farming because it was not profitable. In all, 40% felt that, given a choice, they would take up some other career #
• Over the four decades, the average size of a holding came down by nearly 60% - from 2.63 hectare in 1960-61 to 1.06 hectare in 2002-03 "
• In Punjab, extensive use of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides has increased concentration of nitrates and pesticide residues in water, food, and feed, often above tolerance limits *#
• In the ten-year period between 1997 and 2006 as many as 1,66,304 farmers committed suicide in India*
• Rural distress happened due to various factors such as: falling employment, declining productivity and profitability, rising indebtedness so as to finance agriculture etc*
• Farmers' suicides due to rural distress could be observed in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh*
• Other factors that may contributed to rural distress are: shift in cropping pattern towards cash crops, lack of level playing field for farmers in the global market, increased dependence on high-cost inputs which increases the cost of cultivation and indebtedness, enhanced risks, falling profitability and declining public support*
@@ Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: An Assessment from the Centre for Science and Environment (released on 21 July, 2017), please click here to access
@$ CAG report on Performance Audit of Agriculture Crop Insurance Schemes (Report no. 7 of 2017), tabled in the Parliament on 21 July, 2017 (please click here to access)
$$ Key Indicators of Land and Livestock Holdings in India, NSS 70th Round (Please click here to access)
$ State of Indian Farmers: A Report, done by Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), Delhi (please click here to download)
# Some Aspects of Farming, 2003, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, National Sample Survey (NSS) 59th Round, (January–December 2003)
" Some Aspects of Operational Land Holdings in India, 2002-03, Report No. 492(59/18.1/3), National Sample Survey 59th Round (January–December 2003), August, 2006
*# World Development Report: Agriculture for Development 2008, www.worldbank.org
* Nagaraj, K (2008): Farmers’ Suicides in India, Magnitudes, Trends and Spatial Patterns, Macroscan
@ NCEUS (2007), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector
OVERVIEW
We are told that India withstood global recession on the strength of its rural market. While it is true that rural India’s potential for consumption is huge, the country is not even close to realizing it. According to NSSO almost one third farmers don’t like farming and about 40 per cent say given a choice they would do something else. Nothing reflects the farmers’ falling standards of living better than their calorie intake which has fallen (for the entire rural population) from 2309 Kcal per day in 1983 to 2011 Kcal per day in 1998, a drop of over 15 per cent in as many years.
Rural India’s perverse appetite for gold and motorbikes, mainly to be given away as dowry, is fed by borrowings and non-farm incomes. With average landholding falling from 2.6 hectares per farmer in 1960 to 1.4 hectares in 2000 due to fragmentation, farming continues to be an utterly unprofitable activity.
The wealthy and powerful zamindar of the Bollywood movies remains a creature of our imagination. The ‘poor’ rich farmer with over 10 hectares of land is below one per cent in poorer states like Bihar and Bengal and around 8 per cent in relatively prosperous Punjab and Haryana. The rest are all small, marginal and medium farmers battling for survival against tough odds.
Over 60 per cent of India’s cultivated area is rain-fed and is untouched by the fruits of the Green Revolution. The fabled Green Revolution did end India’s depended on foreign aid to feed its people. But its gains were confined to about a third of the country’s cultivated area covered under irrigation schemes. Even in these areas, the farm crisis has since deepened due to high input costs, lowering of the water table, degradation of soil fertility and unrewarding pricing mechanisms. As a result the growth in food grain production has tumbled from 3.5 per cent in the eighties to 1.8 per cent in the nineties. Farmers’ suicides, which were virtually unknown in the eighties, and which were once thought to be a regional syndrome of the poorer regions, are now spreading to relatively prosperous areas like Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka and Kerala.
For the poorest and rain dependent farmers the profitability has dropped further. Input costs have consistently risen and the crisis is further aggravated by the absence of fair credit agencies, scientific seed banks and vital services like education and health. India’s much maligned agricultural subsidy per farmer is not even one hundredth of corresponding subsidies given to the OECD farmers. (India’s per farmer subsidy is $ 66 as against $26000 in Japan, $ 21000 in the US and $ 11000 in the OECD countries)
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