Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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<html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
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<html class="ie ie7" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
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        Empowerment | GENDER    </title>
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&nbsp;

&bull; Maternal&nbsp;Mortality&nbsp;Ratio&nbsp;for&nbsp;India was 370&nbsp;in 2000,&nbsp;286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 *14&nbsp;

&nbsp;

&bull; As per the NSS 71st round,..."/>
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&nbsp;

&bull; Maternal&nbsp;Mortality&nbsp;Ratio&nbsp;for&nbsp;India was 370&nbsp;in 2000,&nbsp;286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 *14&nbsp;

&nbsp;

&bull; As per the NSS 71st round,..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2020-released-in-september-2022">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2020 (released in September 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3#world-population-prospects-2022-released-on-july-11-2022">World Population Prospects 2022 (released on July 11, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#landmark-cases-of-caste-based-sexual-violence-from-1985-2020-released-on-14th-september-2021">Landmark Cases of Caste-based Sexual Violence from 1985-2020 (released on 14th September, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#legal-barriers-to-accessing-safe-abortion-services-in-india-a-fact-finding-study-published-in-2021">Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact Finding Study (published in 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#unfpa-state-of-world-population-report-2021-titled-my-body-is-my-own-released-in-april-2021">UNFPA State of World Population Report 2021 titled My Body is My Own (released in April, 2021)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5#sexual-violence-in-south-asia-legal-and-other-barriers-to-justice-for-survivors-published-in-april-2021">Sexual Violence in South Asia: Legal and Other Barriers to Justice for Survivors (published in April, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6#justice-denied-sexual-violence-and-intersectional-discrimination-barriers-to-accessing-justice-for-dalit-women-and-girls-in-haryana-released-in-november-2020">Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit Women and Girls in Haryana (released in November 2020)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7#against-my-will-defying-the-practices-that-harm-women-and-girls-and-undermine-equality-released-in-june-2020">Against My Will - Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality (released in June 2020)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9#women-and-men-in-india-2015">Women and Men in India 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10#women-in-business-and-management-gaining-momentum-published-in-january-2015">Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11#women-and-men-in-india-2014">Women and Men in India 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12#the-law-and-son-preference-in-india-a-reality-check">The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#gender-pay-gap-in-the-formal-sector-2006-2013">Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006-2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#women-and-men-in-india-2013">Women and Men in India 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14#global-and-regional-estimates-of-violence-against-women">Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=15#tied-in-a-knot-cross-region-marriages-in-haryana-and-rajasthan">Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2012">The State of World Population 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=17#progress-for-children-a-report-card-on-adolescents-unicef-2012">Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF-2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=18#ldquothe-economic-rights-entitlements-of-separated-and-divorced-women-indiardquo">&ldquo;The Economic Rights &amp; Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India,&rdquo;</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=19#women-and-men-in-india-2011">Women and Men in India 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=20#world-development-report-2012-gender-equality-and-development">World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21#progress-of-the-world39s-women-in-pursuit-of-justice-2011-12">Progress of the World&#39;s Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21#women-and-labour-markets-in-asia-rebalancing-for-gender-equality-2011">Women and Labour Markets in Asia: Rebalancing for Gender Equality (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#the-world39s-women-and-girls-2011">The World&#39;s Women and Girls: 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#the-state-of-food-and-agriculture-2010-2011-women-in-agriculture">The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011 Women in Agriculture</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#gender-dimensions-of-agricultural-and-rural-employment">Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23#report-on-conditions-of-work-and-promotion-of-livelihoods-in-the-unorganised-sector">Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23#the-eu-india-fta-in-agriculture-and-likely-impact-on-indian-women">The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#investing-in-women-as-drivers-of-agricultural-growth">Investing in Women as Drivers of Agricultural Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#factsheet-women-farmers-and-food-security">Factsheet: Women Farmers and Food Security</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#characteristics-of-sex-ratio-imbalance-in-india-and-future-scenarios">Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                            <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS</span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal&nbsp;Mortality&nbsp;Ratio&nbsp;for&nbsp;India was 370&nbsp;in 2000,&nbsp;286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 <strong>*14</strong>&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As per the NSS 71st round, among rural females aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in domestic activities, not interested in education, financial constraints and marriage. Among rural males aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in economic activities, not interested in education and financial constraints <strong>*13</strong><br /><br />&bull; Infant Mortality Rate in India for females has declined from 64 in 2003 to 42 in 2013, while for males it has declined from 57 to 39 during the same span, as per the Sample Registration System <strong>*13</strong><br /><br />&bull; Based on a survey by Catalyst Inc. Knowledge Center during March 2014, the ILO report informs that India is among 13 countries, which has less than 5 percent of company board seats occupied by women <strong>*12</strong><br /><br />&bull; Based on a study from Spencer Stuart titled &#39;India Board Index 2012, Current board trends and practices in the BSE-100&#39;, the present ILO report - &#39;Women in Business and Management&#39; informs that nearly 4.0 percent of CEOs in Indian public listed companies during 2012 were women <strong>*12</strong><br /><br />&bull; In 2014, women occupied only 7 out of 45 Ministerial positions in the Central Council of Ministers, which is a little more than 15%, against around 10% women participation in 2004. 62 females have been elected in 2014 Elections constituting more than 11% share in the Lower House. In the states, women share is only 8% in assemblies and only 4% in State Councils. In the Panchayat setup, overall 46.7% women are present; with maximum 58.6% in Jharkhand and minimum 32.3% in Goa as on 1st March, 2013 <strong>*11</strong><br />&nbsp;<br />&bull; Indian laws that ban child marriage, pre-natal sex selection tests and dowries are poorly implemented. There are laws existing in India that exclude daughters and widows from inheriting land. There are some Indian laws that promote a preference for sons over daughters <strong>*10</strong><br /><br />&bull; The sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) at the national level is 943 in 2011. Rural sex ratio is 949 and the urban is 929. Among the States, Kerala at 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Puducherry at 1037. Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618 in the country <strong>*9</strong><br /><br />&bull; Larger and more representative cohort studies from Africa and India show an association between experience of intimate partner violence and biologically confirmed incident HIV/ other STIs ((sexually transmitted infection) <strong>*8</strong><br /><br />&bull; Brides who are tied in a knot in cross-region marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan are subject to heightened surveillance, which varies from total confinement to restriction of their movement within the village. The degree to which this is enforced depends on the a) mode through which the bride has been sourced, i.e., whether she is trafficked, coerced or married with her parent&rsquo;s approval; b) duration of the marriage; c) amount invested by the family in the marriage; and d) whether she has children or not from this marriage <strong>*7</strong><br /><br />&bull; Maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of deaths to women per 100,000 live births which result from conditions related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, and related complications) in India stood at 200 in 2010 as compared to 37 in China <strong>*6</strong><br /><br />&bull; 57 percent of adolescent Indian boys (15-19 years) justified wife-beating by husband as compared to 53 percent female adolescents during 2002-2010 <strong>*5</strong><br /><br />&bull; A survey of 405 Indian women who were either separated or divorced or deserted which was done by a team of researchers, women&rsquo;s rights activists and lawyers, for the Economic Research Foundation of India between October 2008 and September 2009 shows that despite maintenance provisions most women are financially dependent on their natal families and 63% live with natal families, usually parents. The miserable financial status of separated and divorced women is evident from the fact that even after separation 41.5% had no income and 27.4% earned less than Rs. 2000 per month <strong>*4</strong><br /><br />&bull; Among the crimes committed against women in 2008, torture shares the highest percentage (42%), followed by molestation (21%). 11.0% cases are that of rape, 11.7% of kidnapping and abduction, and 1.0% of Immoral Trafficking. It is also significant to note that 6.0% cases are of sexual harassment and 4.1% of Dowry deaths <strong>*3</strong><br /><br />&bull; A fifth of married women in India are not involved in spending decisions, even about their own incomes. Reforms to inheritance laws in India resulted in delays in marriage for girls, more education (increasing the number of years of schooling by an average of 11&ndash;25 percent), and lower dowry payments <strong>*2</strong><br /><br />&bull; In 11 of 13 countries with data&mdash;including India, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sweden, and the United States&mdash;women make up less than 20 percent of the police force <strong>*2</strong><br /><br />&bull; Under-five mortality rate for girls in India in 2008 was 73 per 1,000 live births, compared to 65 for boys. In China, the rate for girls was 24, compared to 18 for boys <strong>*1</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>14.</strong> Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by World Health Orgnization (WHO), United Nations Children&#39;s Fund (UNICEF), World Bank Group, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the United Nations Population Division, (released in September 2019), please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Maternal%20mortality%20Levels%20and%20trends%202000%20to%202017%20Executive%20Summary.pdf" title="Maternal mortality Levels and trends 2000 to 2017 Executive Summary" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Maternal%20mortality%20Levels%20and%20trends%202000%20to%202017%20Executive%20Summary.pdf" title="Maternal mortality Levels and trends 2000 to 2017 Executive Summary">click here</a> and <a href="https://www.unfpa.org/featured-publication/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2017" title="https://www.unfpa.org/featured-publication/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2017">click here</a> to access</p><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>13</strong>. Women and Men in India 2015, which has been produced by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201_1.pdf" title="Chapter 1" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201_1.pdf" title="Chapter 1">chapter 1</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202_1.pdf" title="Chapter 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202_1.pdf" title="Chapter 2">chapter 2</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203_1.pdf" title="Chapter 3" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203_1.pdf" title="Chapter 3">chapter 3</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204_1.pdf" title="Chapter 4" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204_1.pdf" title="Chapter 4">chapter 4</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205_1.pdf" title="Chapter 5" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205_1.pdf" title="Chapter 5">chapter 5</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206_1.pdf" title="Chapter 6" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206_1.pdf" title="Chapter 6">chapter 6</a> and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207_1.pdf" title="Chapter 7" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207_1.pdf" title="Chapter 7">chapter 7</a>)&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>12</strong>. Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015), ILO (Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/ILO%20report%20on%20Women%20as%20managers%20and%20entrepreneurs.pdf" title="ILO report" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/ILO%20report%20on%20Women%20as%20managers%20and%20entrepreneurs.pdf" title="ILO report">click here</a> to access)</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>11</strong>. Women and Men in India 2014, 16th Issue prepared by the Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Please click here to download <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Foreword%20and%20Preface.pdf" title="Foreword and Preface" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Foreword%20and%20Preface.pdf" title="Foreword and Preface">Foreword &amp; Preface</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Index.pdf" title="Index" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Index.pdf" title="Index">Index</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Highlights.pdf" title="Highlights" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Highlights.pdf" title="Highlights">Highlights</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Constitutional%20&amp;%20Legal%20Rights.pdf" title="Constitutional and Legal Experts" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Constitutional%20&amp;%20Legal%20Rights.pdf" title="Constitutional and Legal Experts">Constitutional and Legal Rights</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201.pdf" title="Chapter 1" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201.pdf" title="Chapter 1">Chapter 1</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202.pdf" title="Chapter 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202.pdf" title="Chapter 2">Chapter 2</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203.pdf" title="Chapter 3" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203.pdf" title="Chapter 3">Chapter 3</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204.pdf" title="Chapter 4" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204.pdf" title="Chapter 4">Chapter 4</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205.pdf" title="Chapter 5" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205.pdf" title="Chapter 5">Chapter 5</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206.pdf" title="Chapter 6" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206.pdf" title="Chapter 6">Chapter 6</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207.pdf" title="Chapter 7" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207.pdf" title="Chapter 7">Chapter 7</a> ; and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Explanatory%20Notes.pdf" title="Explanatory Notes" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Explanatory%20Notes.pdf" title="Explanatory Notes">Explanatory Notes</a> )</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>10</strong>. &quot;The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check&quot; by Advocate Kirti Singh, United Nations, November, 2013 (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Laws_and_Son_Preference_in_India.pdf" title="Laws and Son Preference in India" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Laws_and_Son_Preference_in_India.pdf" title="Laws and Son Preference in India">click here</a> to download)<br /><br /><strong>9</strong>. Women and Men in India 2013, 15th Issue, Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click to download <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women%20and%20men%20in%20india%202013%2015th%20issue.pdf" title="Women and Men in India" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women%20and%20men%20in%20india%202013%2015th%20issue.pdf" title="Women and Men in India">part 1</a> and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women_men_Part2_2013_Tables.xls" title="Women and Men in India part 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women_men_Part2_2013_Tables.xls" title="Women and Men in India part 2">part 2</a> of the report)<br /><br /><strong>8</strong>. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence (2013), prepared by WHO, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine and South African Medical Research Council, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Global%20and%20Regional%20Estimates%20of%20Violence%20against%20Women.pdf" title="Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Global%20and%20Regional%20Estimates%20of%20Violence%20against%20Women.pdf" title="Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify"><br /><strong>7</strong>. Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan-Implications for Gender Rights and Gender Relations written by Reena Kukreja and Paritosh Kumar (2013) and produced by The Royal Norwegian Embassy, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tied%20in%20a%20Knot%20Cross-region%20marriages%20in%20Haryana%20and%20Rajasthan%20Report_2.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tied%20in%20a%20Knot%20Cross-region%20marriages%20in%20Haryana%20and%20Rajasthan%20Report_2.pdf">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>6</strong>. The State of World Population 2012: &nbsp;By Choice, Not by Chance-Family Planning, Human Rights and Development, UNFPA, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/State%20of%20World%20Population%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/State%20of%20World%20Population%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong>5. </strong>Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF), Number 10, April, 2012, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Progress%20for%20Children%20A%20Report%20Card%20on%20Adolescents%20UNICEF%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Progress%20for%20Children%20A%20Report%20Card%20on%20Adolescents%20UNICEF%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp; </span></span></p></div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>4</strong>. The Economic Rights &amp; Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India (2012), please <a href="https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/51044/IDL-51044.pdf" title="https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/51044/IDL-51044.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>3</strong>. Women and Men in India 2011, 13th issue, MoSPI,</span></div><div style="text-align:justify"><a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf" title="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf">http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf</a><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&nbsp;</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>2</strong>. World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development, brought out by the World Bank, please <a href="siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf" title="siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>1. </strong>Progress of the World&#39;s Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12, UN-Women, please <a href="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Progress%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Women%202011-2012.pdf" title="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Progress%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Women%202011-2012.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
                                            <ul class="whatsinside">
                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2020-released-in-september-2022">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2020 (released in September 2022)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3#world-population-prospects-2022-released-on-july-11-2022">World Population Prospects 2022 (released on July 11, 2022)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#landmark-cases-of-caste-based-sexual-violence-from-1985-2020-released-on-14th-september-2021">Landmark Cases of Caste-based Sexual Violence from 1985-2020 (released on 14th September, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#legal-barriers-to-accessing-safe-abortion-services-in-india-a-fact-finding-study-published-in-2021">Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact Finding Study (published in 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#unfpa-state-of-world-population-report-2021-titled-my-body-is-my-own-released-in-april-2021">UNFPA State of World Population Report 2021 titled My Body is My Own (released in April, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5#sexual-violence-in-south-asia-legal-and-other-barriers-to-justice-for-survivors-published-in-april-2021">Sexual Violence in South Asia: Legal and Other Barriers to Justice for Survivors (published in April, 2021)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6#justice-denied-sexual-violence-and-intersectional-discrimination-barriers-to-accessing-justice-for-dalit-women-and-girls-in-haryana-released-in-november-2020">Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit Women and Girls in Haryana (released in November 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7#against-my-will-defying-the-practices-that-harm-women-and-girls-and-undermine-equality-released-in-june-2020">Against My Will - Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9#women-and-men-in-india-2015">Women and Men in India 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
                                                                                            <ul class="whatsinside" id="morewhatsinside" style="display:none">
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10#women-in-business-and-management-gaining-momentum-published-in-january-2015">Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11#women-and-men-in-india-2014">Women and Men in India 2014</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12#the-law-and-son-preference-in-india-a-reality-check">The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#gender-pay-gap-in-the-formal-sector-2006-2013">Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006-2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#women-and-men-in-india-2013">Women and Men in India 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14#global-and-regional-estimates-of-violence-against-women">Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=15#tied-in-a-knot-cross-region-marriages-in-haryana-and-rajasthan">Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2012">The State of World Population 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=17#progress-for-children-a-report-card-on-adolescents-unicef-2012">Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF-2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=18#ldquothe-economic-rights-entitlements-of-separated-and-divorced-women-indiardquo">&ldquo;The Economic Rights &amp; Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India,&rdquo;</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=19#women-and-men-in-india-2011">Women and Men in India 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=20#world-development-report-2012-gender-equality-and-development">World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21#progress-of-the-world39s-women-in-pursuit-of-justice-2011-12">Progress of the World&#39;s Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21#women-and-labour-markets-in-asia-rebalancing-for-gender-equality-2011">Women and Labour Markets in Asia: Rebalancing for Gender Equality (2011)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#the-world39s-women-and-girls-2011">The World&#39;s Women and Girls: 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#the-state-of-food-and-agriculture-2010-2011-women-in-agriculture">The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011 Women in Agriculture</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#gender-dimensions-of-agricultural-and-rural-employment">Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23#report-on-conditions-of-work-and-promotion-of-livelihoods-in-the-unorganised-sector">Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23#the-eu-india-fta-in-agriculture-and-likely-impact-on-indian-women">The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#investing-in-women-as-drivers-of-agricultural-growth">Investing in Women as Drivers of Agricultural Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#factsheet-women-farmers-and-food-security">Factsheet: Women Farmers and Food Security</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#characteristics-of-sex-ratio-imbalance-in-india-and-future-scenarios">Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
                                                                                    </div>
                                    </div>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                                                    <div>
                            <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS</span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal&nbsp;Mortality&nbsp;Ratio&nbsp;for&nbsp;India was 370&nbsp;in 2000,&nbsp;286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 <strong>*14</strong>&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As per the NSS 71st round, among rural females aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in domestic activities, not interested in education, financial constraints and marriage. Among rural males aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in economic activities, not interested in education and financial constraints <strong>*13</strong><br /><br />&bull; Infant Mortality Rate in India for females has declined from 64 in 2003 to 42 in 2013, while for males it has declined from 57 to 39 during the same span, as per the Sample Registration System <strong>*13</strong><br /><br />&bull; Based on a survey by Catalyst Inc. Knowledge Center during March 2014, the ILO report informs that India is among 13 countries, which has less than 5 percent of company board seats occupied by women <strong>*12</strong><br /><br />&bull; Based on a study from Spencer Stuart titled &#39;India Board Index 2012, Current board trends and practices in the BSE-100&#39;, the present ILO report - &#39;Women in Business and Management&#39; informs that nearly 4.0 percent of CEOs in Indian public listed companies during 2012 were women <strong>*12</strong><br /><br />&bull; In 2014, women occupied only 7 out of 45 Ministerial positions in the Central Council of Ministers, which is a little more than 15%, against around 10% women participation in 2004. 62 females have been elected in 2014 Elections constituting more than 11% share in the Lower House. In the states, women share is only 8% in assemblies and only 4% in State Councils. In the Panchayat setup, overall 46.7% women are present; with maximum 58.6% in Jharkhand and minimum 32.3% in Goa as on 1st March, 2013 <strong>*11</strong><br />&nbsp;<br />&bull; Indian laws that ban child marriage, pre-natal sex selection tests and dowries are poorly implemented. There are laws existing in India that exclude daughters and widows from inheriting land. There are some Indian laws that promote a preference for sons over daughters <strong>*10</strong><br /><br />&bull; The sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) at the national level is 943 in 2011. Rural sex ratio is 949 and the urban is 929. Among the States, Kerala at 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Puducherry at 1037. Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618 in the country <strong>*9</strong><br /><br />&bull; Larger and more representative cohort studies from Africa and India show an association between experience of intimate partner violence and biologically confirmed incident HIV/ other STIs ((sexually transmitted infection) <strong>*8</strong><br /><br />&bull; Brides who are tied in a knot in cross-region marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan are subject to heightened surveillance, which varies from total confinement to restriction of their movement within the village. The degree to which this is enforced depends on the a) mode through which the bride has been sourced, i.e., whether she is trafficked, coerced or married with her parent&rsquo;s approval; b) duration of the marriage; c) amount invested by the family in the marriage; and d) whether she has children or not from this marriage <strong>*7</strong><br /><br />&bull; Maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of deaths to women per 100,000 live births which result from conditions related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, and related complications) in India stood at 200 in 2010 as compared to 37 in China <strong>*6</strong><br /><br />&bull; 57 percent of adolescent Indian boys (15-19 years) justified wife-beating by husband as compared to 53 percent female adolescents during 2002-2010 <strong>*5</strong><br /><br />&bull; A survey of 405 Indian women who were either separated or divorced or deserted which was done by a team of researchers, women&rsquo;s rights activists and lawyers, for the Economic Research Foundation of India between October 2008 and September 2009 shows that despite maintenance provisions most women are financially dependent on their natal families and 63% live with natal families, usually parents. The miserable financial status of separated and divorced women is evident from the fact that even after separation 41.5% had no income and 27.4% earned less than Rs. 2000 per month <strong>*4</strong><br /><br />&bull; Among the crimes committed against women in 2008, torture shares the highest percentage (42%), followed by molestation (21%). 11.0% cases are that of rape, 11.7% of kidnapping and abduction, and 1.0% of Immoral Trafficking. It is also significant to note that 6.0% cases are of sexual harassment and 4.1% of Dowry deaths <strong>*3</strong><br /><br />&bull; A fifth of married women in India are not involved in spending decisions, even about their own incomes. Reforms to inheritance laws in India resulted in delays in marriage for girls, more education (increasing the number of years of schooling by an average of 11&ndash;25 percent), and lower dowry payments <strong>*2</strong><br /><br />&bull; In 11 of 13 countries with data&mdash;including India, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sweden, and the United States&mdash;women make up less than 20 percent of the police force <strong>*2</strong><br /><br />&bull; Under-five mortality rate for girls in India in 2008 was 73 per 1,000 live births, compared to 65 for boys. In China, the rate for girls was 24, compared to 18 for boys <strong>*1</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>14.</strong> Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by World Health Orgnization (WHO), United Nations Children&#39;s Fund (UNICEF), World Bank Group, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the United Nations Population Division, (released in September 2019), please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Maternal%20mortality%20Levels%20and%20trends%202000%20to%202017%20Executive%20Summary.pdf" title="Maternal mortality Levels and trends 2000 to 2017 Executive Summary" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Maternal%20mortality%20Levels%20and%20trends%202000%20to%202017%20Executive%20Summary.pdf" title="Maternal mortality Levels and trends 2000 to 2017 Executive Summary">click here</a> and <a href="https://www.unfpa.org/featured-publication/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2017" title="https://www.unfpa.org/featured-publication/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2017">click here</a> to access</p><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>13</strong>. Women and Men in India 2015, which has been produced by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201_1.pdf" title="Chapter 1" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201_1.pdf" title="Chapter 1">chapter 1</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202_1.pdf" title="Chapter 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202_1.pdf" title="Chapter 2">chapter 2</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203_1.pdf" title="Chapter 3" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203_1.pdf" title="Chapter 3">chapter 3</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204_1.pdf" title="Chapter 4" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204_1.pdf" title="Chapter 4">chapter 4</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205_1.pdf" title="Chapter 5" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205_1.pdf" title="Chapter 5">chapter 5</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206_1.pdf" title="Chapter 6" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206_1.pdf" title="Chapter 6">chapter 6</a> and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207_1.pdf" title="Chapter 7" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207_1.pdf" title="Chapter 7">chapter 7</a>)&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>12</strong>. Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015), ILO (Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/ILO%20report%20on%20Women%20as%20managers%20and%20entrepreneurs.pdf" title="ILO report" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/ILO%20report%20on%20Women%20as%20managers%20and%20entrepreneurs.pdf" title="ILO report">click here</a> to access)</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>11</strong>. Women and Men in India 2014, 16th Issue prepared by the Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Please click here to download <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Foreword%20and%20Preface.pdf" title="Foreword and Preface" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Foreword%20and%20Preface.pdf" title="Foreword and Preface">Foreword &amp; Preface</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Index.pdf" title="Index" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Index.pdf" title="Index">Index</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Highlights.pdf" title="Highlights" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Highlights.pdf" title="Highlights">Highlights</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Constitutional%20&amp;%20Legal%20Rights.pdf" title="Constitutional and Legal Experts" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Constitutional%20&amp;%20Legal%20Rights.pdf" title="Constitutional and Legal Experts">Constitutional and Legal Rights</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201.pdf" title="Chapter 1" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201.pdf" title="Chapter 1">Chapter 1</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202.pdf" title="Chapter 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202.pdf" title="Chapter 2">Chapter 2</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203.pdf" title="Chapter 3" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203.pdf" title="Chapter 3">Chapter 3</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204.pdf" title="Chapter 4" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204.pdf" title="Chapter 4">Chapter 4</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205.pdf" title="Chapter 5" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205.pdf" title="Chapter 5">Chapter 5</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206.pdf" title="Chapter 6" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206.pdf" title="Chapter 6">Chapter 6</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207.pdf" title="Chapter 7" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207.pdf" title="Chapter 7">Chapter 7</a> ; and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Explanatory%20Notes.pdf" title="Explanatory Notes" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Explanatory%20Notes.pdf" title="Explanatory Notes">Explanatory Notes</a> )</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>10</strong>. &quot;The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check&quot; by Advocate Kirti Singh, United Nations, November, 2013 (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Laws_and_Son_Preference_in_India.pdf" title="Laws and Son Preference in India" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Laws_and_Son_Preference_in_India.pdf" title="Laws and Son Preference in India">click here</a> to download)<br /><br /><strong>9</strong>. Women and Men in India 2013, 15th Issue, Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click to download <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women%20and%20men%20in%20india%202013%2015th%20issue.pdf" title="Women and Men in India" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women%20and%20men%20in%20india%202013%2015th%20issue.pdf" title="Women and Men in India">part 1</a> and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women_men_Part2_2013_Tables.xls" title="Women and Men in India part 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women_men_Part2_2013_Tables.xls" title="Women and Men in India part 2">part 2</a> of the report)<br /><br /><strong>8</strong>. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence (2013), prepared by WHO, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine and South African Medical Research Council, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Global%20and%20Regional%20Estimates%20of%20Violence%20against%20Women.pdf" title="Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Global%20and%20Regional%20Estimates%20of%20Violence%20against%20Women.pdf" title="Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify"><br /><strong>7</strong>. Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan-Implications for Gender Rights and Gender Relations written by Reena Kukreja and Paritosh Kumar (2013) and produced by The Royal Norwegian Embassy, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tied%20in%20a%20Knot%20Cross-region%20marriages%20in%20Haryana%20and%20Rajasthan%20Report_2.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tied%20in%20a%20Knot%20Cross-region%20marriages%20in%20Haryana%20and%20Rajasthan%20Report_2.pdf">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>6</strong>. The State of World Population 2012: &nbsp;By Choice, Not by Chance-Family Planning, Human Rights and Development, UNFPA, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/State%20of%20World%20Population%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/State%20of%20World%20Population%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong>5. </strong>Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF), Number 10, April, 2012, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Progress%20for%20Children%20A%20Report%20Card%20on%20Adolescents%20UNICEF%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Progress%20for%20Children%20A%20Report%20Card%20on%20Adolescents%20UNICEF%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp; </span></span></p></div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>4</strong>. The Economic Rights &amp; Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India (2012), please <a href="https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/51044/IDL-51044.pdf" title="https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/51044/IDL-51044.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>3</strong>. Women and Men in India 2011, 13th issue, MoSPI,</span></div><div style="text-align:justify"><a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf" title="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf">http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf</a><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&nbsp;</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>2</strong>. World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development, brought out by the World Bank, please <a href="siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf" title="siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>1. </strong>Progress of the World&#39;s Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12, UN-Women, please <a href="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Progress%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Women%202011-2012.pdf" title="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Progress%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Women%202011-2012.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; Maternal&nbsp;Mortality&nbsp;Ratio&nbsp;for&nbsp;India was 370&nbsp;in 2000,&nbsp;286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 *14&nbsp;

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&bull; Maternal&nbsp;Mortality&nbsp;Ratio&nbsp;for&nbsp;India was 370&nbsp;in 2000,&nbsp;286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 *14&nbsp;

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&bull; As per the NSS 71st round,..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=2#sample-registration-system-statistical-report-2020-released-in-september-2022">Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2020 (released in September 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=3#world-population-prospects-2022-released-on-july-11-2022">World Population Prospects 2022 (released on July 11, 2022)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#landmark-cases-of-caste-based-sexual-violence-from-1985-2020-released-on-14th-september-2021">Landmark Cases of Caste-based Sexual Violence from 1985-2020 (released on 14th September, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#legal-barriers-to-accessing-safe-abortion-services-in-india-a-fact-finding-study-published-in-2021">Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact Finding Study (published in 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=4#unfpa-state-of-world-population-report-2021-titled-my-body-is-my-own-released-in-april-2021">UNFPA State of World Population Report 2021 titled My Body is My Own (released in April, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=5#sexual-violence-in-south-asia-legal-and-other-barriers-to-justice-for-survivors-published-in-april-2021">Sexual Violence in South Asia: Legal and Other Barriers to Justice for Survivors (published in April, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=6#justice-denied-sexual-violence-and-intersectional-discrimination-barriers-to-accessing-justice-for-dalit-women-and-girls-in-haryana-released-in-november-2020">Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit Women and Girls in Haryana (released in November 2020)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=7#against-my-will-defying-the-practices-that-harm-women-and-girls-and-undermine-equality-released-in-june-2020">Against My Will - Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality (released in June 2020)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=8#trends-in-maternal-mortality-2000-to-2017-estimates-by-who-unicef-world-bank-group-unfpa-and-the-united-nations-population-division-released-in-september-2019">Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019)</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=9#women-and-men-in-india-2015">Women and Men in India 2015</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                                                            <div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="morewhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').show();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').hide();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').show();">More</a></div>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=10#women-in-business-and-management-gaining-momentum-published-in-january-2015">Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=11#women-and-men-in-india-2014">Women and Men in India 2014</a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=12#the-law-and-son-preference-in-india-a-reality-check">The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#gender-pay-gap-in-the-formal-sector-2006-2013">Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006-2013</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=13#women-and-men-in-india-2013">Women and Men in India 2013</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=14#global-and-regional-estimates-of-violence-against-women">Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=15#tied-in-a-knot-cross-region-marriages-in-haryana-and-rajasthan">Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=16#the-state-of-world-population-2012">The State of World Population 2012</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=17#progress-for-children-a-report-card-on-adolescents-unicef-2012">Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF-2012)</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=18#ldquothe-economic-rights-entitlements-of-separated-and-divorced-women-indiardquo">&ldquo;The Economic Rights &amp; Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India,&rdquo;</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=19#women-and-men-in-india-2011">Women and Men in India 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=20#world-development-report-2012-gender-equality-and-development">World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21#progress-of-the-world39s-women-in-pursuit-of-justice-2011-12">Progress of the World&#39;s Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=21#women-and-labour-markets-in-asia-rebalancing-for-gender-equality-2011">Women and Labour Markets in Asia: Rebalancing for Gender Equality (2011)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#the-world39s-women-and-girls-2011">The World&#39;s Women and Girls: 2011</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#the-state-of-food-and-agriculture-2010-2011-women-in-agriculture">The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011 Women in Agriculture</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=22#gender-dimensions-of-agricultural-and-rural-employment">Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23#report-on-conditions-of-work-and-promotion-of-livelihoods-in-the-unorganised-sector">Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=23#the-eu-india-fta-in-agriculture-and-likely-impact-on-indian-women">The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#investing-in-women-as-drivers-of-agricultural-growth">Investing in Women as Drivers of Agricultural Growth</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#factsheet-women-farmers-and-food-security">Factsheet: Women Farmers and Food Security</a>
                                                    </li>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html?pgno=24#characteristics-of-sex-ratio-imbalance-in-india-and-future-scenarios">Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios </a>
                                                    </li>
                                                                                                </ul>
                                            <div><a style="display:none" href="javascript:void(0)" id="lesswhatsinsidelink" onClick="javascript:$('#morewhatsinside').hide();$('#morewhatsinsidelink').show();$('#lesswhatsinsidelink').hide();">Less</a></div>
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                            <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">KEY TRENDS</span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; Maternal&nbsp;Mortality&nbsp;Ratio&nbsp;for&nbsp;India was 370&nbsp;in 2000,&nbsp;286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 <strong>*14</strong>&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">&bull; As per the NSS 71st round, among rural females aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in domestic activities, not interested in education, financial constraints and marriage. Among rural males aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in economic activities, not interested in education and financial constraints <strong>*13</strong><br /><br />&bull; Infant Mortality Rate in India for females has declined from 64 in 2003 to 42 in 2013, while for males it has declined from 57 to 39 during the same span, as per the Sample Registration System <strong>*13</strong><br /><br />&bull; Based on a survey by Catalyst Inc. Knowledge Center during March 2014, the ILO report informs that India is among 13 countries, which has less than 5 percent of company board seats occupied by women <strong>*12</strong><br /><br />&bull; Based on a study from Spencer Stuart titled &#39;India Board Index 2012, Current board trends and practices in the BSE-100&#39;, the present ILO report - &#39;Women in Business and Management&#39; informs that nearly 4.0 percent of CEOs in Indian public listed companies during 2012 were women <strong>*12</strong><br /><br />&bull; In 2014, women occupied only 7 out of 45 Ministerial positions in the Central Council of Ministers, which is a little more than 15%, against around 10% women participation in 2004. 62 females have been elected in 2014 Elections constituting more than 11% share in the Lower House. In the states, women share is only 8% in assemblies and only 4% in State Councils. In the Panchayat setup, overall 46.7% women are present; with maximum 58.6% in Jharkhand and minimum 32.3% in Goa as on 1st March, 2013 <strong>*11</strong><br />&nbsp;<br />&bull; Indian laws that ban child marriage, pre-natal sex selection tests and dowries are poorly implemented. There are laws existing in India that exclude daughters and widows from inheriting land. There are some Indian laws that promote a preference for sons over daughters <strong>*10</strong><br /><br />&bull; The sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) at the national level is 943 in 2011. Rural sex ratio is 949 and the urban is 929. Among the States, Kerala at 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Puducherry at 1037. Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618 in the country <strong>*9</strong><br /><br />&bull; Larger and more representative cohort studies from Africa and India show an association between experience of intimate partner violence and biologically confirmed incident HIV/ other STIs ((sexually transmitted infection) <strong>*8</strong><br /><br />&bull; Brides who are tied in a knot in cross-region marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan are subject to heightened surveillance, which varies from total confinement to restriction of their movement within the village. The degree to which this is enforced depends on the a) mode through which the bride has been sourced, i.e., whether she is trafficked, coerced or married with her parent&rsquo;s approval; b) duration of the marriage; c) amount invested by the family in the marriage; and d) whether she has children or not from this marriage <strong>*7</strong><br /><br />&bull; Maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of deaths to women per 100,000 live births which result from conditions related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, and related complications) in India stood at 200 in 2010 as compared to 37 in China <strong>*6</strong><br /><br />&bull; 57 percent of adolescent Indian boys (15-19 years) justified wife-beating by husband as compared to 53 percent female adolescents during 2002-2010 <strong>*5</strong><br /><br />&bull; A survey of 405 Indian women who were either separated or divorced or deserted which was done by a team of researchers, women&rsquo;s rights activists and lawyers, for the Economic Research Foundation of India between October 2008 and September 2009 shows that despite maintenance provisions most women are financially dependent on their natal families and 63% live with natal families, usually parents. The miserable financial status of separated and divorced women is evident from the fact that even after separation 41.5% had no income and 27.4% earned less than Rs. 2000 per month <strong>*4</strong><br /><br />&bull; Among the crimes committed against women in 2008, torture shares the highest percentage (42%), followed by molestation (21%). 11.0% cases are that of rape, 11.7% of kidnapping and abduction, and 1.0% of Immoral Trafficking. It is also significant to note that 6.0% cases are of sexual harassment and 4.1% of Dowry deaths <strong>*3</strong><br /><br />&bull; A fifth of married women in India are not involved in spending decisions, even about their own incomes. Reforms to inheritance laws in India resulted in delays in marriage for girls, more education (increasing the number of years of schooling by an average of 11&ndash;25 percent), and lower dowry payments <strong>*2</strong><br /><br />&bull; In 11 of 13 countries with data&mdash;including India, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sweden, and the United States&mdash;women make up less than 20 percent of the police force <strong>*2</strong><br /><br />&bull; Under-five mortality rate for girls in India in 2008 was 73 per 1,000 live births, compared to 65 for boys. In China, the rate for girls was 24, compared to 18 for boys <strong>*1</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>14.</strong> Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by World Health Orgnization (WHO), United Nations Children&#39;s Fund (UNICEF), World Bank Group, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the United Nations Population Division, (released in September 2019), please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Maternal%20mortality%20Levels%20and%20trends%202000%20to%202017%20Executive%20Summary.pdf" title="Maternal mortality Levels and trends 2000 to 2017 Executive Summary" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Maternal%20mortality%20Levels%20and%20trends%202000%20to%202017%20Executive%20Summary.pdf" title="Maternal mortality Levels and trends 2000 to 2017 Executive Summary">click here</a> and <a href="https://www.unfpa.org/featured-publication/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2017" title="https://www.unfpa.org/featured-publication/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2017">click here</a> to access</p><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>13</strong>. Women and Men in India 2015, which has been produced by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201_1.pdf" title="Chapter 1" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201_1.pdf" title="Chapter 1">chapter 1</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202_1.pdf" title="Chapter 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202_1.pdf" title="Chapter 2">chapter 2</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203_1.pdf" title="Chapter 3" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203_1.pdf" title="Chapter 3">chapter 3</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204_1.pdf" title="Chapter 4" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204_1.pdf" title="Chapter 4">chapter 4</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205_1.pdf" title="Chapter 5" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205_1.pdf" title="Chapter 5">chapter 5</a>, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206_1.pdf" title="Chapter 6" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206_1.pdf" title="Chapter 6">chapter 6</a> and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207_1.pdf" title="Chapter 7" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207_1.pdf" title="Chapter 7">chapter 7</a>)&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>12</strong>. Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015), ILO (Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/ILO%20report%20on%20Women%20as%20managers%20and%20entrepreneurs.pdf" title="ILO report" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/ILO%20report%20on%20Women%20as%20managers%20and%20entrepreneurs.pdf" title="ILO report">click here</a> to access)</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>11</strong>. Women and Men in India 2014, 16th Issue prepared by the Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Please click here to download <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Foreword%20and%20Preface.pdf" title="Foreword and Preface" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Foreword%20and%20Preface.pdf" title="Foreword and Preface">Foreword &amp; Preface</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Index.pdf" title="Index" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Index.pdf" title="Index">Index</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Highlights.pdf" title="Highlights" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Highlights.pdf" title="Highlights">Highlights</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Constitutional%20&amp;%20Legal%20Rights.pdf" title="Constitutional and Legal Experts" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Constitutional%20&amp;%20Legal%20Rights.pdf" title="Constitutional and Legal Experts">Constitutional and Legal Rights</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201.pdf" title="Chapter 1" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%201.pdf" title="Chapter 1">Chapter 1</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202.pdf" title="Chapter 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%202.pdf" title="Chapter 2">Chapter 2</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203.pdf" title="Chapter 3" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%203.pdf" title="Chapter 3">Chapter 3</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204.pdf" title="Chapter 4" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%204.pdf" title="Chapter 4">Chapter 4</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205.pdf" title="Chapter 5" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%205.pdf" title="Chapter 5">Chapter 5</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206.pdf" title="Chapter 6" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%206.pdf" title="Chapter 6">Chapter 6</a> ; <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207.pdf" title="Chapter 7" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chapter%207.pdf" title="Chapter 7">Chapter 7</a> ; and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Explanatory%20Notes.pdf" title="Explanatory Notes" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Explanatory%20Notes.pdf" title="Explanatory Notes">Explanatory Notes</a> )</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>10</strong>. &quot;The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check&quot; by Advocate Kirti Singh, United Nations, November, 2013 (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Laws_and_Son_Preference_in_India.pdf" title="Laws and Son Preference in India" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Laws_and_Son_Preference_in_India.pdf" title="Laws and Son Preference in India">click here</a> to download)<br /><br /><strong>9</strong>. Women and Men in India 2013, 15th Issue, Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click to download <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women%20and%20men%20in%20india%202013%2015th%20issue.pdf" title="Women and Men in India" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women%20and%20men%20in%20india%202013%2015th%20issue.pdf" title="Women and Men in India">part 1</a> and <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women_men_Part2_2013_Tables.xls" title="Women and Men in India part 2" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/women_men_Part2_2013_Tables.xls" title="Women and Men in India part 2">part 2</a> of the report)<br /><br /><strong>8</strong>. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence (2013), prepared by WHO, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine and South African Medical Research Council, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Global%20and%20Regional%20Estimates%20of%20Violence%20against%20Women.pdf" title="Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Global%20and%20Regional%20Estimates%20of%20Violence%20against%20Women.pdf" title="Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify"><br /><strong>7</strong>. Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan-Implications for Gender Rights and Gender Relations written by Reena Kukreja and Paritosh Kumar (2013) and produced by The Royal Norwegian Embassy, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tied%20in%20a%20Knot%20Cross-region%20marriages%20in%20Haryana%20and%20Rajasthan%20Report_2.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Tied%20in%20a%20Knot%20Cross-region%20marriages%20in%20Haryana%20and%20Rajasthan%20Report_2.pdf">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>6</strong>. The State of World Population 2012: &nbsp;By Choice, Not by Chance-Family Planning, Human Rights and Development, UNFPA, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/State%20of%20World%20Population%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/State%20of%20World%20Population%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><strong>5. </strong>Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF), Number 10, April, 2012, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Progress%20for%20Children%20A%20Report%20Card%20on%20Adolescents%20UNICEF%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Progress%20for%20Children%20A%20Report%20Card%20on%20Adolescents%20UNICEF%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp; </span></span></p></div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>4</strong>. The Economic Rights &amp; Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India (2012), please <a href="https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/51044/IDL-51044.pdf" title="https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/51044/IDL-51044.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>3</strong>. Women and Men in India 2011, 13th issue, MoSPI,</span></div><div style="text-align:justify"><a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf" title="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf">http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf</a><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium">&nbsp;</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>2</strong>. World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development, brought out by the World Bank, please <a href="siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf" title="siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:medium"><strong>1. </strong>Progress of the World&#39;s Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12, UN-Women, please <a href="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Progress%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Women%202011-2012.pdf" title="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Progress%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Women%202011-2012.pdf">click here</a> to access</span></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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What's Inside Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2020 (released in September 2022) World Population Prospects 2022 (released on July 11, 2022) Landmark Cases of Caste-based Sexual Violence from 1985-2020 (released on 14th September, 2021) Legal Barriers to Accessing Safe Abortion Services in India: A Fact Finding Study (published in 2021) UNFPA State of World Population Report 2021 titled My Body is My Own (released in April, 2021) Sexual Violence in South Asia: Legal and Other Barriers to Justice for Survivors (published in April, 2021) Justice Denied: Sexual Violence and Intersectional Discrimination - Barriers to Accessing Justice for Dalit Women and Girls in Haryana (released in November 2020) Against My Will - Defying the practices that harm women and girls and undermine equality (released in June 2020) Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank Group, UNFPA and the United Nations Population Division (released in September 2019) Women and Men in India 2015 More Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015) Women and Men in India 2014 The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006-2013 Women and Men in India 2013 Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan The State of World Population 2012 Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF-2012) “The Economic Rights & Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India,” Women and Men in India 2011 World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development Progress of the World's Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12 Women and Labour Markets in Asia: Rebalancing for Gender Equality (2011) The World's Women and Girls: 2011 The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011 Women in Agriculture Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector The EU India FTA in Agriculture and Likely Impact on Indian Women Investing in Women as Drivers of Agricultural Growth Factsheet: Women Farmers and Food Security Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios Less KEY TRENDS   • Maternal Mortality Ratio for India was 370 in 2000, 286 in 2005, 210 in 2010, 158 in 2015 and 145 in 2017. Therefore, the MMRatio for the country decreased by almost 61 percent between 2000 and 2017 *14    • As per the NSS 71st round, among rural females aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in domestic activities, not interested in education, financial constraints and marriage. Among rural males aged 5-29 years, the main reasons for dropping out/ discontinuance were: engagement in economic activities, not interested in education and financial constraints *13 • Infant Mortality Rate in India for females has declined from 64 in 2003 to 42 in 2013, while for males it has declined from 57 to 39 during the same span, as per the Sample Registration System *13 • Based on a survey by Catalyst Inc. Knowledge Center during March 2014, the ILO report informs that India is among 13 countries, which has less than 5 percent of company board seats occupied by women *12 • Based on a study from Spencer Stuart titled 'India Board Index 2012, Current board trends and practices in the BSE-100', the present ILO report - 'Women in Business and Management' informs that nearly 4.0 percent of CEOs in Indian public listed companies during 2012 were women *12 • In 2014, women occupied only 7 out of 45 Ministerial positions in the Central Council of Ministers, which is a little more than 15%, against around 10% women participation in 2004. 62 females have been elected in 2014 Elections constituting more than 11% share in the Lower House. In the states, women share is only 8% in assemblies and only 4% in State Councils. In the Panchayat setup, overall 46.7% women are present; with maximum 58.6% in Jharkhand and minimum 32.3% in Goa as on 1st March, 2013 *11   • Indian laws that ban child marriage, pre-natal sex selection tests and dowries are poorly implemented. There are laws existing in India that exclude daughters and widows from inheriting land. There are some Indian laws that promote a preference for sons over daughters *10 • The sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) at the national level is 943 in 2011. Rural sex ratio is 949 and the urban is 929. Among the States, Kerala at 1084 has the highest sex ratio followed by Puducherry at 1037. Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618 in the country *9 • Larger and more representative cohort studies from Africa and India show an association between experience of intimate partner violence and biologically confirmed incident HIV/ other STIs ((sexually transmitted infection) *8 • Brides who are tied in a knot in cross-region marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan are subject to heightened surveillance, which varies from total confinement to restriction of their movement within the village. The degree to which this is enforced depends on the a) mode through which the bride has been sourced, i.e., whether she is trafficked, coerced or married with her parent’s approval; b) duration of the marriage; c) amount invested by the family in the marriage; and d) whether she has children or not from this marriage *7 • Maternal mortality ratio (i.e. the number of deaths to women per 100,000 live births which result from conditions related to pregnancy, delivery, the postpartum period, and related complications) in India stood at 200 in 2010 as compared to 37 in China *6 • 57 percent of adolescent Indian boys (15-19 years) justified wife-beating by husband as compared to 53 percent female adolescents during 2002-2010 *5 • A survey of 405 Indian women who were either separated or divorced or deserted which was done by a team of researchers, women’s rights activists and lawyers, for the Economic Research Foundation of India between October 2008 and September 2009 shows that despite maintenance provisions most women are financially dependent on their natal families and 63% live with natal families, usually parents. The miserable financial status of separated and divorced women is evident from the fact that even after separation 41.5% had no income and 27.4% earned less than Rs. 2000 per month *4 • Among the crimes committed against women in 2008, torture shares the highest percentage (42%), followed by molestation (21%). 11.0% cases are that of rape, 11.7% of kidnapping and abduction, and 1.0% of Immoral Trafficking. It is also significant to note that 6.0% cases are of sexual harassment and 4.1% of Dowry deaths *3 • A fifth of married women in India are not involved in spending decisions, even about their own incomes. Reforms to inheritance laws in India resulted in delays in marriage for girls, more education (increasing the number of years of schooling by an average of 11–25 percent), and lower dowry payments *2 • In 11 of 13 countries with data—including India, Romania, Sierra Leone, Sweden, and the United States—women make up less than 20 percent of the police force *2 • Under-five mortality rate for girls in India in 2008 was 73 per 1,000 live births, compared to 65 for boys. In China, the rate for girls was 24, compared to 18 for boys *1   14. Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by World Health Orgnization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Bank Group, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the United Nations Population Division, (released in September 2019), please click here and click here to access   13. Women and Men in India 2015, which has been produced by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6 and chapter 7)    12. Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum (published in January 2015), ILO (Please click here to access)   11. Women and Men in India 2014, 16th Issue prepared by the Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (Please click here to download Foreword & Preface ; Index ; Highlights ; Constitutional and Legal Rights ; Chapter 1 ; Chapter 2 ; Chapter 3 ; Chapter 4 ; Chapter 5 ; Chapter 6 ; Chapter 7 ; and Explanatory Notes )   10. "The Law and Son Preference in India: A Reality Check" by Advocate Kirti Singh, United Nations, November, 2013 (please click here to download) 9. Women and Men in India 2013, 15th Issue, Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please click to download part 1 and part 2 of the report) 8. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence (2013), prepared by WHO, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and South African Medical Research Council, please click here to access 7. Tied in a Knot: Cross-region Marriages in Haryana and Rajasthan-Implications for Gender Rights and Gender Relations written by Reena Kukreja and Paritosh Kumar (2013) and produced by The Royal Norwegian Embassy, please click here to access   6. The State of World Population 2012:  By Choice, Not by Chance-Family Planning, Human Rights and Development, UNFPA, please click here to access   5. Progress for Children: A Report Card on Adolescents (UNICEF), Number 10, April, 2012, please click here to access  4. The Economic Rights & Entitlements of Separated and Divorced Women India (2012), please click here to access    3. Women and Men in India 2011, 13th issue, MoSPI, http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/women_men_2011_31oct11.pdf    2. World Development Report 2012-Gender Equality and Development, brought out by the World Bank, please click here to access   1. Progress of the World's Women: In Pursuit of Justice 2011-12, UN-Women, please click here to access   « previous123456789101112131415161718192021222324next »

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