Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
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‘पहले शौचालय तब देवालय'- परस्पर प्रतिस्पर्धी खेमों के दो राजनेता, प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी और पूर्व ग्रामीण विकास मंत्री जयराम रमेश कम से कम एक बात पर सहमत हैं। और इसी सोच के अनुकूल दोनों ने अपने तईं युद्धस्तर पर शौचालय के निर्माण के लिए निवेश की योजना बनायी। लेकिन, प्रोफेसर डीन स्पीयर्स के नेतृत्व में नामचीन अर्थशास्त्रियों के एक समूह द्वारा प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का निष्कर्ष है कि नये शौचालयों का निर्माण भले जरुरी हो परन्तु जहां तक शौचालयों के इस्तेमाल का सवाल है, इस मामले में संस्कृतिगत सोच कहीं ज्यादा असर रखती है। 
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अध्ययन में बताया गया है कि खुले में शौच का मामला जितना शौचालयों के निर्माण से जुड़ा है उतना ही मन के माने यानी आदत से भी।
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मिसाल के लिए इन तथ्यों पर गौर करें : साल 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार शौचालय विहीन 89 प्रतिशत भारतीय परिवार ग्रामीण इलाकों में रहते हैं और अगर ऐसे प्रत्येक परिवार के लिए शौचालय बनवा भी दिया जाय, जैसा कि हाल के दिनों में बिहार, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान और उत्तरप्रदेश में देखने में आया है, तो भी इन परिवारों के ज्यादातर लोग खुले में शौच करना पसंद करेंगे।वजह है, शौचालय निर्माण की सरकारी योजना में लोगों की शौच विषयक आदत और सोच को बदलने के बारे में बरती गई अनदेखी।
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यह तथ्य एक शोध-अध्ययन में सामने आया है। शोध-अध्ययन का शीर्षक है 'रिविल्ड प्रीफेरेंस ऑर ओपन डिफेक्शन: एवीडेंस फ्रॉम अ न्यू सर्वे इन रुरल इंडिया। यह अध्ययन बिहार, हरियाणा, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान तथा उत्तरप्रदेश के कुल 22,787 परिवारों के सर्वेक्षण पर आधारित है।
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इस शोध-अध्ययन का एक निष्कर्ष यह है कि शौचालय की सुविधा से संपन्न 40% से ज्यादा परिवार ऐसे हैं जहां घर का एक ना एक सदस्य खुले में शौच करता है। खुले में शौच करने वाले तकरीबन 47 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि वे अपनी सुविधा और आराम के ख्याल से ऐसा करते हैं। बहरहाल, खुले में शौच को आराम और सुविधा की बात मानने वाले लोगों में शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से होने वाले फायदे की जानकारी बहुत कम है। अध्ययन के अनुसार खुले में शौच करने के अभ्यस्त तकरीबन 51 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि बच्चे के स्वास्थ्य के लिहाज से खुले में शौच करना उतना ही फायदेमंद है जितना कि इस काम के लिए शौचालय का इस्तेमाल करना।
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अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से संबंधित आदत और सोच को बदलना खुले में शौच की प्रवृति को रोकने के लिहाज से अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकता है। यदि भारत साल 2019 तक खुले में शौच की परिघटना को समाप्त करना चाहे तो ग्रामीण इलाकों में शौचालय के निर्माण के साथ-साथ उसके उपयोग को बढ़ावा देना बहुत जरुरी होगा।
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इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए देखें निम्नलिखित लिंक 
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Revealed preference for open defecation: Evidence from a new
survey in rural north India -Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi
Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav, and Sangita Vyas, Research Institute
for Compassionate Economics, Squat Working Paper No. 1, 26 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Dean%20Spears%20on%20Toilets.pdf" title="Toilet preference" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Dean%20Spears%20on%20Toilets.pdf" title="Toilet preference">click here</a><span> to download) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Are Children in West Bengal Shorter
Than Children in Bangladesh? -Arabinda Ghosh, Aashish Gupta and Dean Spears,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol-XLIX, No. 8, February 22, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="http://www.im4change.orghttps://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce//uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="http://www.im4change.orghttps://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce//uploaded/EPW.pdf">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Missing toilets: Is India's
sanitation drive ‘In Deep Shit'? (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>For taller, smarter kids get toilets
& sanitation (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>‘SuperAmma' drive alters handwashing
behaviour in rural Andhra (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html">Focus on usage, not construction</a><span> -Yamini Aiyar and Avani Kapur, Live Mint, 4 July,
2014  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>People in about 40 % rural
households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey, Down to
Earth, 26 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The battle for toilets and minds
-Rukmini S, The Hindu, 9 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Bindeshwar Pathak, founder of Sulabh
Sanitation Movement, speaks to Fozia Yasin, The Times of India, 27 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="https://im4change.in/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>No toilets for girls in one-fifth of
India's schools, enrolment on decline-Midhat Moini, Down to Earth, 24 June,
2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Why do millions of Indians defecate
in the open? -Shannti Dinnoo, BBC, 17 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Toilets at home will not stop rapes,
but can reduce risks-Namita Bhandare, Live Mint, 17 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Narendra Modi plans multi-million
dollar sanitation project to clean up 1,000 Indian towns -Vasudha Venugopal,
The Economic Times, 24 May, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html">Toilets or not, paturiyas always</a><span> -Neha Dixit, Deccan Chronicle, 11 June, 2014 </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Going to toilet in Katra Sadatganj
-Pritha Chatterjee, The Indian Express, 8 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Will access to toilets guarantee
women's security in rural India? -Jitendra, Down to Earth, 7 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Lack of toilets proves a serious
threat to women's safety-Bindu Shajan Perappadan, The Hindu, 1 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Why India has woken up to the
importance of toilets -Sumit Mishra, Live Mint, 9 May, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>चित्र साभार: UNDP India</span></strong><span> </span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
 
<br />
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‘पहले शौचालय तब देवालय'- परस्पर प्रतिस्पर्धी खेमों के दो राजनेता, प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी और पूर्व ग्रामीण विकास मंत्री जयराम रमेश कम से कम एक बात पर सहमत हैं। और इसी सोच के अनुकूल दोनों ने अपने तईं युद्धस्तर पर शौचालय के निर्माण के लिए निवेश की योजना बनायी। लेकिन, प्रोफेसर डीन स्पीयर्स के नेतृत्व में नामचीन अर्थशास्त्रियों के एक समूह द्वारा प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का निष्कर्ष है कि नये शौचालयों का निर्माण भले जरुरी हो परन्तु जहां तक शौचालयों के इस्तेमाल का सवाल है, इस मामले में संस्कृतिगत सोच कहीं ज्यादा असर रखती है। 
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अध्ययन में बताया गया है कि खुले में शौच का मामला जितना शौचालयों के निर्माण से जुड़ा है उतना ही मन के माने यानी आदत से भी।
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मिसाल के लिए इन तथ्यों पर गौर करें : साल 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार शौचालय विहीन 89 प्रतिशत भारतीय परिवार ग्रामीण इलाकों में रहते हैं और अगर ऐसे प्रत्येक परिवार के लिए शौचालय बनवा भी दिया जाय, जैसा कि हाल के दिनों में बिहार, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान और उत्तरप्रदेश में देखने में आया है, तो भी इन परिवारों के ज्यादातर लोग खुले में शौच करना पसंद करेंगे।वजह है, शौचालय निर्माण की सरकारी योजना में लोगों की शौच विषयक आदत और सोच को बदलने के बारे में बरती गई अनदेखी।
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यह तथ्य एक शोध-अध्ययन में सामने आया है। शोध-अध्ययन का शीर्षक है 'रिविल्ड प्रीफेरेंस ऑर ओपन डिफेक्शन: एवीडेंस फ्रॉम अ न्यू सर्वे इन रुरल इंडिया। यह अध्ययन बिहार, हरियाणा, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान तथा उत्तरप्रदेश के कुल 22,787 परिवारों के सर्वेक्षण पर आधारित है।
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इस शोध-अध्ययन का एक निष्कर्ष यह है कि शौचालय की सुविधा से संपन्न 40% से ज्यादा परिवार ऐसे हैं जहां घर का एक ना एक सदस्य खुले में शौच करता है। खुले में शौच करने वाले तकरीबन 47 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि वे अपनी सुविधा और आराम के ख्याल से ऐसा करते हैं। बहरहाल, खुले में शौच को आराम और सुविधा की बात मानने वाले लोगों में शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से होने वाले फायदे की जानकारी बहुत कम है। अध्ययन के अनुसार खुले में शौच करने के अभ्यस्त तकरीबन 51 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि बच्चे के स्वास्थ्य के लिहाज से खुले में शौच करना उतना ही फायदेमंद है जितना कि इस काम के लिए शौचालय का इस्तेमाल करना।
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अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से संबंधित आदत और सोच को बदलना खुले में शौच की प्रवृति को रोकने के लिहाज से अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकता है। यदि भारत साल 2019 तक खुले में शौच की परिघटना को समाप्त करना चाहे तो ग्रामीण इलाकों में शौचालय के निर्माण के साथ-साथ उसके उपयोग को बढ़ावा देना बहुत जरुरी होगा।
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इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए देखें निम्नलिखित लिंक 
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</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Revealed preference for open defecation: Evidence from a new
survey in rural north India -Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi
Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav, and Sangita Vyas, Research Institute
for Compassionate Economics, Squat Working Paper No. 1, 26 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Dean%20Spears%20on%20Toilets.pdf" title="Toilet preference" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Dean%20Spears%20on%20Toilets.pdf" title="Toilet preference">click here</a><span> to download) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Are Children in West Bengal Shorter
Than Children in Bangladesh? -Arabinda Ghosh, Aashish Gupta and Dean Spears,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol-XLIX, No. 8, February 22, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="http://www.im4change.orghttps://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce//uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="http://www.im4change.orghttps://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce//uploaded/EPW.pdf">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Missing toilets: Is India's
sanitation drive ‘In Deep Shit'? (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>For taller, smarter kids get toilets
& sanitation (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>‘SuperAmma' drive alters handwashing
behaviour in rural Andhra (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html">Focus on usage, not construction</a><span> -Yamini Aiyar and Avani Kapur, Live Mint, 4 July,
2014  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>People in about 40 % rural
households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey, Down to
Earth, 26 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The battle for toilets and minds
-Rukmini S, The Hindu, 9 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Bindeshwar Pathak, founder of Sulabh
Sanitation Movement, speaks to Fozia Yasin, The Times of India, 27 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="https://im4change.in/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>No toilets for girls in one-fifth of
India's schools, enrolment on decline-Midhat Moini, Down to Earth, 24 June,
2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Why do millions of Indians defecate
in the open? -Shannti Dinnoo, BBC, 17 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Toilets at home will not stop rapes,
but can reduce risks-Namita Bhandare, Live Mint, 17 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Narendra Modi plans multi-million
dollar sanitation project to clean up 1,000 Indian towns -Vasudha Venugopal,
The Economic Times, 24 May, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html">Toilets or not, paturiyas always</a><span> -Neha Dixit, Deccan Chronicle, 11 June, 2014 </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Going to toilet in Katra Sadatganj
-Pritha Chatterjee, The Indian Express, 8 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Will access to toilets guarantee
women's security in rural India? -Jitendra, Down to Earth, 7 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Lack of toilets proves a serious
threat to women's safety-Bindu Shajan Perappadan, The Hindu, 1 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Why India has woken up to the
importance of toilets -Sumit Mishra, Live Mint, 9 May, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>चित्र साभार: UNDP India</span></strong><span> </span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
 
<br />
<p>
 
</p>                                                           
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/नरेगा-39.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/जेंडर-2852.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/empowerment/वनाधिकार-61.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/poverty-and-inequality.html"
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                                                </p>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/शिक्षा-50.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/सवाल-सेहत-का-51.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/what-is-sdg-know-it-all.html"
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/कुपोषण-41.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/भुखमरी-एक-आकलन-40.html"
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/मिड-डे-मील-एमडीएमएस-योजना-53.html"
                                                       class="left postionrel">मिड डे मील (एमडीएमएस) योजना                                                       </a>
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/hunger/सार्वजनिक-वितरण-प्रणाली-42.html"
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/कर्ज-आत्महत्या/नीतिगत-पहल-64.html"
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                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/कर्ज-आत्महत्या/कर्ज-का-फंदा-15.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/environment/पानी-और-साफ-सफाई-55.html"
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                                                </p>
                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/environment/खेती-पर-असर-54.html"
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                                                                                                    <p style="padding-left:10px;">
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                                                </p>
                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
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                                                </p>
                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/मानवाधिकार-56.html"
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                                                </p>
                                                                                                        <p style="padding-left:10px;">
                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/भ्रष्टाचार-35.html"
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                                                </p>
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/आपदा-और-राहत-49.html"
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                                                    <a  target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/law-and-justice/असुरक्षित-परिवेश-46.html"
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‘पहले शौचालय तब देवालय'- परस्पर प्रतिस्पर्धी खेमों के दो राजनेता, प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी और पूर्व ग्रामीण विकास मंत्री जयराम रमेश कम से कम एक बात पर सहमत हैं। और इसी सोच के अनुकूल दोनों ने अपने तईं युद्धस्तर पर शौचालय के निर्माण के लिए निवेश की योजना बनायी। लेकिन, प्रोफेसर डीन स्पीयर्स के नेतृत्व में नामचीन अर्थशास्त्रियों के एक समूह द्वारा प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का निष्कर्ष है कि नये शौचालयों का निर्माण भले जरुरी हो परन्तु जहां तक शौचालयों के इस्तेमाल का सवाल है, इस मामले में संस्कृतिगत सोच कहीं ज्यादा असर रखती है। 
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अध्ययन में बताया गया है कि खुले में शौच का मामला जितना शौचालयों के निर्माण से जुड़ा है उतना ही मन के माने यानी आदत से भी।
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मिसाल के लिए इन तथ्यों पर गौर करें : साल 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार शौचालय विहीन 89 प्रतिशत भारतीय परिवार ग्रामीण इलाकों में रहते हैं और अगर ऐसे प्रत्येक परिवार के लिए शौचालय बनवा भी दिया जाय, जैसा कि हाल के दिनों में बिहार, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान और उत्तरप्रदेश में देखने में आया है, तो भी इन परिवारों के ज्यादातर लोग खुले में शौच करना पसंद करेंगे।वजह है, शौचालय निर्माण की सरकारी योजना में लोगों की शौच विषयक आदत और सोच को बदलने के बारे में बरती गई अनदेखी।
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यह तथ्य एक शोध-अध्ययन में सामने आया है। शोध-अध्ययन का शीर्षक है 'रिविल्ड प्रीफेरेंस ऑर ओपन डिफेक्शन: एवीडेंस फ्रॉम अ न्यू सर्वे इन रुरल इंडिया। यह अध्ययन बिहार, हरियाणा, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान तथा उत्तरप्रदेश के कुल 22,787 परिवारों के सर्वेक्षण पर आधारित है।
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इस शोध-अध्ययन का एक निष्कर्ष यह है कि शौचालय की सुविधा से संपन्न 40% से ज्यादा परिवार ऐसे हैं जहां घर का एक ना एक सदस्य खुले में शौच करता है। खुले में शौच करने वाले तकरीबन 47 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि वे अपनी सुविधा और आराम के ख्याल से ऐसा करते हैं। बहरहाल, खुले में शौच को आराम और सुविधा की बात मानने वाले लोगों में शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से होने वाले फायदे की जानकारी बहुत कम है। अध्ययन के अनुसार खुले में शौच करने के अभ्यस्त तकरीबन 51 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि बच्चे के स्वास्थ्य के लिहाज से खुले में शौच करना उतना ही फायदेमंद है जितना कि इस काम के लिए शौचालय का इस्तेमाल करना।
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अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से संबंधित आदत और सोच को बदलना खुले में शौच की प्रवृति को रोकने के लिहाज से अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकता है। यदि भारत साल 2019 तक खुले में शौच की परिघटना को समाप्त करना चाहे तो ग्रामीण इलाकों में शौचालय के निर्माण के साथ-साथ उसके उपयोग को बढ़ावा देना बहुत जरुरी होगा।
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इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए देखें निम्नलिखित लिंक 
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<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Revealed preference for open defecation: Evidence from a new
survey in rural north India -Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi
Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav, and Sangita Vyas, Research Institute
for Compassionate Economics, Squat Working Paper No. 1, 26 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Dean%20Spears%20on%20Toilets.pdf" title="Toilet preference" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Dean%20Spears%20on%20Toilets.pdf" title="Toilet preference">click here</a><span> to download) </span>
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<span>Are Children in West Bengal Shorter
Than Children in Bangladesh? -Arabinda Ghosh, Aashish Gupta and Dean Spears,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol-XLIX, No. 8, February 22, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="http://www.im4change.orghttps://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce//uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/EPW.pdf" title="http://www.im4change.orghttps://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce//uploaded/EPW.pdf">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
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<span>Missing toilets: Is India's
sanitation drive ‘In Deep Shit'? (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/missing-toilets-is-indias-sanitation-drive-in-deep-shit-23758.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
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</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>For taller, smarter kids get toilets
& sanitation (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/for-taller-smarter-kids-get-toilets-sanitation-22040.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>‘SuperAmma' drive alters handwashing
behaviour in rural Andhra (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="https://im4change.in/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/news-alerts/superamma-drive-alters-handwashing-behaviour-in-rural-andhra-24472.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/focus-on-usage-not-construction-yamini-aiyar-and-avani-kapur-4673340.html">Focus on usage, not construction</a><span> -Yamini Aiyar and Avani Kapur, Live Mint, 4 July,
2014  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>People in about 40 % rural
households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey, Down to
Earth, 26 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/people-in-about-40-rural-households-in-five-states-prefer-to-defecate-in-open-kundan-pandey-4673248.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>The battle for toilets and minds
-Rukmini S, The Hindu, 9 June, 2014 (please </span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/the-battle-for-toilets-and-minds-rukmini-s-4673077.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Bindeshwar Pathak, founder of Sulabh
Sanitation Movement, speaks to Fozia Yasin, The Times of India, 27 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="https://im4change.in/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/interviews/bindeshwar-pathak-founder-of-sulabh-sanitation-movement-speaks-to-fozia-yasin-4673265.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>No toilets for girls in one-fifth of
India's schools, enrolment on decline-Midhat Moini, Down to Earth, 24 June,
2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/no-toilets-for-girls-in-one-fifth-of-indias-schools-enrolment-on-decline-midhat-moini-4673239.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Why do millions of Indians defecate
in the open? -Shannti Dinnoo, BBC, 17 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-do-millions-of-indians-defecate-in-the-open-shannti-dinnoo-4673169.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Toilets at home will not stop rapes,
but can reduce risks-Namita Bhandare, Live Mint, 17 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-at-home-will-not-stop-rapes-but-can-reduce-risks-namita-bhandare-4673166.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Narendra Modi plans multi-million
dollar sanitation project to clean up 1,000 Indian towns -Vasudha Venugopal,
The Economic Times, 24 May, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/narendra-modi-plans-multi-million-dollar-sanitation-project-to-clean-up-1000-indian-towns-vasudha-venugopal-25091.html">click here</a><span>
to access) </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/toilets-or-not-paturiyas-always-neha-dixit-4673108.html">Toilets or not, paturiyas always</a><span> -Neha Dixit, Deccan Chronicle, 11 June, 2014 </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Going to toilet in Katra Sadatganj
-Pritha Chatterjee, The Indian Express, 8 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/going-to-toilet-in-katra-sadatganj-pritha-chatterjee-4673072.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Will access to toilets guarantee
women's security in rural India? -Jitendra, Down to Earth, 7 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/will-access-to-toilets-guarantee-women039s-security-in-rural-india-jitendra-4673067.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Lack of toilets proves a serious
threat to women's safety-Bindu Shajan Perappadan, The Hindu, 1 June, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/lack-of-toilets-proves-a-serious-threat-to-womens-safety-bindu-shajan-perappadan-4673001.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<span>Why India has woken up to the
importance of toilets -Sumit Mishra, Live Mint, 9 May, 2014 (</span><a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html" title="http://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/why-india-has-woken-up-to-the-importance-of-toilets-sumit-mishra-24961.html">click here</a><span>
to access)  </span>
</p>
<p style="line-height: normal" class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span>चित्र साभार: UNDP India</span></strong><span> </span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
 
</p>
 
<br />
<p>
 
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खुले में शौच: जरुरी है कि आदत भी बदले

Published on Aug 11, 2014   Modified on Aug 11, 2014

‘पहले शौचालय तब देवालय'- परस्पर प्रतिस्पर्धी खेमों के दो राजनेता, प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी और पूर्व ग्रामीण विकास मंत्री जयराम रमेश कम से कम एक बात पर सहमत हैं। और इसी सोच के अनुकूल दोनों ने अपने तईं युद्धस्तर पर शौचालय के निर्माण के लिए निवेश की योजना बनायी। लेकिन, प्रोफेसर डीन स्पीयर्स के नेतृत्व में नामचीन अर्थशास्त्रियों के एक समूह द्वारा प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का निष्कर्ष है कि नये शौचालयों का निर्माण भले जरुरी हो परन्तु जहां तक शौचालयों के इस्तेमाल का सवाल है, इस मामले में संस्कृतिगत सोच कहीं ज्यादा असर रखती है।   अध्ययन में बताया गया है कि खुले में शौच का मामला जितना शौचालयों के निर्माण से जुड़ा है उतना ही मन के माने यानी आदत से भी।   मिसाल के लिए इन तथ्यों पर गौर करें : साल 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार शौचालय विहीन 89 प्रतिशत भारतीय परिवार ग्रामीण इलाकों में रहते हैं और अगर ऐसे प्रत्येक परिवार के लिए शौचालय बनवा भी दिया जाय, जैसा कि हाल के दिनों में बिहार, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान और उत्तरप्रदेश में देखने में आया है, तो भी इन परिवारों के ज्यादातर लोग खुले में शौच करना पसंद करेंगे।वजह है, शौचालय निर्माण की सरकारी योजना में लोगों की शौच विषयक आदत और सोच को बदलने के बारे में बरती गई अनदेखी।   यह तथ्य एक शोध-अध्ययन में सामने आया है। शोध-अध्ययन का शीर्षक है 'रिविल्ड प्रीफेरेंस ऑर ओपन डिफेक्शन: एवीडेंस फ्रॉम अ न्यू सर्वे इन रुरल इंडिया। यह अध्ययन बिहार, हरियाणा, मध्यप्रदेश, राजस्थान तथा उत्तरप्रदेश के कुल 22,787 परिवारों के सर्वेक्षण पर आधारित है।   इस शोध-अध्ययन का एक निष्कर्ष यह है कि शौचालय की सुविधा से संपन्न 40% से ज्यादा परिवार ऐसे हैं जहां घर का एक ना एक सदस्य खुले में शौच करता है। खुले में शौच करने वाले तकरीबन 47 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि वे अपनी सुविधा और आराम के ख्याल से ऐसा करते हैं। बहरहाल, खुले में शौच को आराम और सुविधा की बात मानने वाले लोगों में शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से होने वाले फायदे की जानकारी बहुत कम है। अध्ययन के अनुसार खुले में शौच करने के अभ्यस्त तकरीबन 51 प्रतिशत लोगों का कहना है कि बच्चे के स्वास्थ्य के लिहाज से खुले में शौच करना उतना ही फायदेमंद है जितना कि इस काम के लिए शौचालय का इस्तेमाल करना।   अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि शौचालय के इस्तेमाल से संबंधित आदत और सोच को बदलना खुले में शौच की प्रवृति को रोकने के लिहाज से अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण साबित हो सकता है। यदि भारत साल 2019 तक खुले में शौच की परिघटना को समाप्त करना चाहे तो ग्रामीण इलाकों में शौचालय के निर्माण के साथ-साथ उसके उपयोग को बढ़ावा देना बहुत जरुरी होगा।   इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए देखें निम्नलिखित लिंक Revealed preference for open defecation: Evidence from a new survey in rural north India -Diane Coffey, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Nidhi Khurana, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav, and Sangita Vyas, Research Institute for Compassionate Economics, Squat Working Paper No. 1, 26 June, 2014 (please click here to download)   Are Children in West Bengal Shorter Than Children in Bangladesh? -Arabinda Ghosh, Aashish Gupta and Dean Spears, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol-XLIX, No. 8, February 22, 2014 (please click here to access)   Missing toilets: Is India's sanitation drive ‘In Deep Shit'? (please click here to access)    For taller, smarter kids get toilets & sanitation (please click here to access)    ‘SuperAmma' drive alters handwashing behaviour in rural Andhra (please click here to access)    Focus on usage, not construction -Yamini Aiyar and Avani Kapur, Live Mint, 4 July, 2014    People in about 40 % rural households in five states prefer to defecate in open-Kundan Pandey, Down to Earth, 26 June, 2014 (please click here to access)    The battle for toilets and minds -Rukmini S, The Hindu, 9 June, 2014 (please click here to access)   Bindeshwar Pathak, founder of Sulabh Sanitation Movement, speaks to Fozia Yasin, The Times of India, 27 June, 2014 (click here to access)   No toilets for girls in one-fifth of India's schools, enrolment on decline-Midhat Moini, Down to Earth, 24 June, 2014 (click here to access)   Why do millions of Indians defecate in the open? -Shannti Dinnoo, BBC, 17 June, 2014 (click here to access)    Toilets at home will not stop rapes, but can reduce risks-Namita Bhandare, Live Mint, 17 June, 2014 (click here to access)    Narendra Modi plans multi-million dollar sanitation project to clean up 1,000 Indian towns -Vasudha Venugopal, The Economic Times, 24 May, 2014 (click here to access) Toilets or not, paturiyas always -Neha Dixit, Deccan Chronicle, 11 June, 2014   Going to toilet in Katra Sadatganj -Pritha Chatterjee, The Indian Express, 8 June, 2014 (click here to access)    Will access to toilets guarantee women's security in rural India? -Jitendra, Down to Earth, 7 June, 2014 (click here to access)    Lack of toilets proves a serious threat to women's safety-Bindu Shajan Perappadan, The Hindu, 1 June, 2014 (click here to access)    Why India has woken up to the importance of toilets -Sumit Mishra, Live Mint, 9 May, 2014 (click here to access)  चित्र साभार: UNDP India

Tagged with: स्वास्थ्य सेहत साफ-सफाई स्वास्थ्य सेहत साफ-सफाई

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