Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">भारतीय कंपनियों के बार्डरुम में दलित कहां हैं?</h1>
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सोचकर बताइए कि स्टॉक-एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध भारत की निजी और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में दलित या फिर आदिवासी समुदाय के व्यक्ति कितने फीसदी होंगे ? हैरतअंगेज चाहे जितना लगे लेकिन आंकड़ा कहता है लगभग ना के बराबर यानि शून्य। 
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डी अजित, हान डोनकर और रवि सक्सेना द्वारा किए एक अध्ययन का खुलासा है कि एक ऐसे वक्त में जब जातीय और नस्ली गैरबराबरी के मुद्दे पूरी दुनिया में उठाये जा रहे हैं, हमारे अपने देश का रिकार्ड हद से ज्यादा शर्मनाक है और वह भी तब जबकि जाति-आधारित भेदभाव को आधिकारिक रुप से भारत में गैरकानूनी घोषित किया जा चुका है( इस विषय पर विशेष जानकारी के लिए देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक्स)। आईएम4चेंज टोली की पुरजोर गुजारिश है कि आप उक्त अध्ययन को जरुर पढ़ें। गौरतलब है कि अध्ययन में निजी और सार्वजनिक दोनों ही क्षेत्रों की सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों का जायजा लिया गया है।
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प्रतिष्ठित इकॉनॉमिक एंड पॉलिटिकल वीकली पत्रिका में प्रकाशित यह अध्ययन साल 2010 में स्टॉक एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध शीर्षस्थ एक हजार कंपनियों के कारपोरेट बोर्ड की परीक्षा उसमें मौजूद सदस्यों की जातिगत विभिन्नता को आधार मानकर करता है।सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों के बाजारगत पूंजी आधार का 4/5 हिस्सा अध्ययन में शामिल इन्हीं कंपनियों से बावस्ता है। अध्ययन का एक बड़ा निष्कर्ष यह है कि भारत की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में जातिगत विभिन्नता जरा भी नहीं है और पूरे के पूरे निजी क्षेत्र पर चंद ऊपरली जातियों का एकाधिकार है। (जातिगत विभिन्नता मापने के लिए अध्ययन में Blau Index का सहारा लिया गया है। इसका व्यवहार समाजविज्ञानों में यह जानने के लिए किया जाता है कि विभिन्न सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमियों के व्यक्तियों के बीच सामाजिक रुप से आगे बढ़ने की संभावना कितनी है। &ldquo;कारपोरेट बोर्डस् इन इंडिया: ब्लाक्ड बाई कास्ट?&rdquo; शीर्षक इस अध्ययन में Blau Index के आधार पर मध्य-मान( median score) स्थिर किया गया है।)
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अध्ययन में कहा गया है कि &ldquo;भारतीय कोरपोरेट बोर्ड गुण और अनुभव पर नहीं बल्कि जाति-गोत्र के सरोकारों पर आधारित चंद चयनितों के अड्डे बने हुए हैं।&rdquo; अध्ययन के लेखकों के अनुसार &ldquo; यह शोध भारत में कोरपोरेट-नियंत्रण के निर्धारण में जाति के असर को समझने की दिशा में प्रारंभिक प्रयास है। इस प्रयास में यह शोध परोक्ष रुप से बीते 60 सालों में भारतीय समाज में शैक्षिक, सामाजिक और आजीविका की दिशा में बढ़ती को सुनिश्चत करने के लिए किए गए आरक्षणधर्मी प्रयासों मूल्यांकन करता है।&rdquo;
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लेखकों ने बड़े जतन और परिश्रमपूर्वक सोशल नेटवर्क के जरिए कोरपोरेट बोर्ड के सदस्यों के तख्लुस(सरनेम) की पहचान की है। इससे पता चलता है कि बोर्डरुमों के 93 फीसदी सदस्य अगड़ी जातियों से हैं। इस अध्ययन में उठाया गया सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न यह है कि क्या इन कंपनियों के ऑडिटर्स भी उसी जाति-भावना से चुने जाते हैं जिस भावना से बोर्ड के सदस्यों की नियुक्ति होती है ? अध्ययन में उठाया गया एक महत्वपूर्ण सवाल यह भी है कि क्या कंपनियों के बोर्ड में उसके ग्राहकों के बीच मौजूद सामाजिक विभिन्नता परिलक्षित होनी चाहिए ? बहरहाल, इन कंपनियों के बोर्ड में महिलाओं की संख्या कितनी होगी, इसका अनुमान तो खैर सहज ही लगाया जा सकता है। 
</p>
<p align="justify">
<br />
इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक्स को खोलें-
</p>
<p align="justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p align="justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p align="justify">
&nbsp;
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Corporate%20Boards%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Corporate\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Corporate%20Boards%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Corporate\&quot;">Corporate Boards in India: Blocked by Caste?</a>
-D Ajit, Han Donker and Ravi Saxena, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, August
11, 2012, Vol xlvii, No. 31
</p>
<p>
Missing from the Indian newsroom by Robin Jefrey, The Hindu, 9 April, 2012, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-i
n<br />dian-newsroom/article3294285.ece</a>
</p>
<p>
Akerlof, A G (1976): &quot;The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and
Other Woeful Tales&quot;, Quarterly, Journal of Economics, 90: 599-617, <a href="http://www.unc.edu/%7Eshanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf" title="http://www.unc.edu/~shanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf" title="http://www.unc.edu/%7Eshanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf" title="http://www.unc.edu/~shanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf">http://www.unc.edu/~shanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Balasubramaniam, J (2011): &quot;Dalits and a Lack of Diversity in the
Newsroom&quot;, Economic and Political Weekly, March 12, 2011, Vol xlvi, No 11,
<a href="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf">http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDav
i<br />m2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR
8V<br />ZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Beteille, A (2012): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The_Peculiar_Tenacity_of_Caste_1.pdf" title="The\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The_Peculiar_Tenacity_of_Caste_1.pdf" title="The\&quot;">The Peculiar Tenacity of Caste</a>&quot;,
Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 44, 41-48,
</p>
<p>
Desai, S (2010): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/sonal%20desai%202010%20caste%20and%20census_1.pdf" title="Sonal\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/sonal%20desai%202010%20caste%20and%20census_1.pdf" title="Sonal\&quot;">Caste and Census: A Forward Looking
Strategy</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 42: 10-13
</p>
<p>
Jodhka, S (2010): &quot;Dalits in Business: Self-Employed Scheduled Castes
inNorth-West India&quot;, Working Paper Series, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies,
New Delhi, <a href="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf" title="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf" title="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf" title="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf">http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Majumder, Rajarshi (2010): Intergenerational mobility in educational &amp;
occupational attainment: a comparative study of social classes in India, Margin
, Vol. 4, No. 4 (November), <a href="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf" title="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf" title="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf" title="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf">http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Thorat, S and K S Newman (2007): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Economic_Discrimination_Causes_Consequences_and_Remedies_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Economic_Discrimination_Causes_Consequences_and_Remedies_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;">Caste and Economic Discrimination:
Causes, Consequences a<br />nd Remedies</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly,
39: 4121-24
</p>
<p>
Thorat, S and N Sadana (2009): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Ownership_of_Private_Enterprises_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Ownership_of_Private_Enterprises_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;">Caste and Ownership of
Private Enterprises</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 41: 13-16
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html">Caste
can turn</a> a boardroom into a classroom-Aakar Patel, Live Mint, 4 September,
2012<br />
<br />
<a href="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075\\%22\&quot;" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075\\%22\&quot;" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075">Bite The Caste</a>
Bullet-Naren Karunakaran, Outlook, 2 May, 2009 
</p>
&nbsp;
<br />
<p>
&nbsp;(इस पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल किए गए चित्र के लिए हम http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Dalit_House.jpg के आभारी हैं)
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">भारतीय कंपनियों के बार्डरुम में दलित कहां हैं?</h1>
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सोचकर बताइए कि स्टॉक-एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध भारत की निजी और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में दलित या फिर आदिवासी समुदाय के व्यक्ति कितने फीसदी होंगे ? हैरतअंगेज चाहे जितना लगे लेकिन आंकड़ा कहता है लगभग ना के बराबर यानि शून्य। 
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डी अजित, हान डोनकर और रवि सक्सेना द्वारा किए एक अध्ययन का खुलासा है कि एक ऐसे वक्त में जब जातीय और नस्ली गैरबराबरी के मुद्दे पूरी दुनिया में उठाये जा रहे हैं, हमारे अपने देश का रिकार्ड हद से ज्यादा शर्मनाक है और वह भी तब जबकि जाति-आधारित भेदभाव को आधिकारिक रुप से भारत में गैरकानूनी घोषित किया जा चुका है( इस विषय पर विशेष जानकारी के लिए देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक्स)। आईएम4चेंज टोली की पुरजोर गुजारिश है कि आप उक्त अध्ययन को जरुर पढ़ें। गौरतलब है कि अध्ययन में निजी और सार्वजनिक दोनों ही क्षेत्रों की सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों का जायजा लिया गया है।
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प्रतिष्ठित इकॉनॉमिक एंड पॉलिटिकल वीकली पत्रिका में प्रकाशित यह अध्ययन साल 2010 में स्टॉक एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध शीर्षस्थ एक हजार कंपनियों के कारपोरेट बोर्ड की परीक्षा उसमें मौजूद सदस्यों की जातिगत विभिन्नता को आधार मानकर करता है।सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों के बाजारगत पूंजी आधार का 4/5 हिस्सा अध्ययन में शामिल इन्हीं कंपनियों से बावस्ता है। अध्ययन का एक बड़ा निष्कर्ष यह है कि भारत की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में जातिगत विभिन्नता जरा भी नहीं है और पूरे के पूरे निजी क्षेत्र पर चंद ऊपरली जातियों का एकाधिकार है। (जातिगत विभिन्नता मापने के लिए अध्ययन में Blau Index का सहारा लिया गया है। इसका व्यवहार समाजविज्ञानों में यह जानने के लिए किया जाता है कि विभिन्न सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमियों के व्यक्तियों के बीच सामाजिक रुप से आगे बढ़ने की संभावना कितनी है। &ldquo;कारपोरेट बोर्डस् इन इंडिया: ब्लाक्ड बाई कास्ट?&rdquo; शीर्षक इस अध्ययन में Blau Index के आधार पर मध्य-मान( median score) स्थिर किया गया है।)
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अध्ययन में कहा गया है कि &ldquo;भारतीय कोरपोरेट बोर्ड गुण और अनुभव पर नहीं बल्कि जाति-गोत्र के सरोकारों पर आधारित चंद चयनितों के अड्डे बने हुए हैं।&rdquo; अध्ययन के लेखकों के अनुसार &ldquo; यह शोध भारत में कोरपोरेट-नियंत्रण के निर्धारण में जाति के असर को समझने की दिशा में प्रारंभिक प्रयास है। इस प्रयास में यह शोध परोक्ष रुप से बीते 60 सालों में भारतीय समाज में शैक्षिक, सामाजिक और आजीविका की दिशा में बढ़ती को सुनिश्चत करने के लिए किए गए आरक्षणधर्मी प्रयासों मूल्यांकन करता है।&rdquo;
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लेखकों ने बड़े जतन और परिश्रमपूर्वक सोशल नेटवर्क के जरिए कोरपोरेट बोर्ड के सदस्यों के तख्लुस(सरनेम) की पहचान की है। इससे पता चलता है कि बोर्डरुमों के 93 फीसदी सदस्य अगड़ी जातियों से हैं। इस अध्ययन में उठाया गया सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न यह है कि क्या इन कंपनियों के ऑडिटर्स भी उसी जाति-भावना से चुने जाते हैं जिस भावना से बोर्ड के सदस्यों की नियुक्ति होती है ? अध्ययन में उठाया गया एक महत्वपूर्ण सवाल यह भी है कि क्या कंपनियों के बोर्ड में उसके ग्राहकों के बीच मौजूद सामाजिक विभिन्नता परिलक्षित होनी चाहिए ? बहरहाल, इन कंपनियों के बोर्ड में महिलाओं की संख्या कितनी होगी, इसका अनुमान तो खैर सहज ही लगाया जा सकता है। 
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इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक्स को खोलें-
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<p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Corporate%20Boards%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Corporate\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Corporate%20Boards%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Corporate\&quot;">Corporate Boards in India: Blocked by Caste?</a>
-D Ajit, Han Donker and Ravi Saxena, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, August
11, 2012, Vol xlvii, No. 31
</p>
<p>
Missing from the Indian newsroom by Robin Jefrey, The Hindu, 9 April, 2012, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-i
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Akerlof, A G (1976): &quot;The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and
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Balasubramaniam, J (2011): &quot;Dalits and a Lack of Diversity in the
Newsroom&quot;, Economic and Political Weekly, March 12, 2011, Vol xlvi, No 11,
<a href="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf">http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDav
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8V<br />ZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf</a>
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Beteille, A (2012): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The_Peculiar_Tenacity_of_Caste_1.pdf" title="The\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The_Peculiar_Tenacity_of_Caste_1.pdf" title="The\&quot;">The Peculiar Tenacity of Caste</a>&quot;,
Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 44, 41-48,
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Desai, S (2010): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/sonal%20desai%202010%20caste%20and%20census_1.pdf" title="Sonal\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/sonal%20desai%202010%20caste%20and%20census_1.pdf" title="Sonal\&quot;">Caste and Census: A Forward Looking
Strategy</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 42: 10-13
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Jodhka, S (2010): &quot;Dalits in Business: Self-Employed Scheduled Castes
inNorth-West India&quot;, Working Paper Series, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies,
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Majumder, Rajarshi (2010): Intergenerational mobility in educational &amp;
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</p>
<p>
Thorat, S and K S Newman (2007): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Economic_Discrimination_Causes_Consequences_and_Remedies_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Economic_Discrimination_Causes_Consequences_and_Remedies_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;">Caste and Economic Discrimination:
Causes, Consequences a<br />nd Remedies</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly,
39: 4121-24
</p>
<p>
Thorat, S and N Sadana (2009): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Ownership_of_Private_Enterprises_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Ownership_of_Private_Enterprises_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;">Caste and Ownership of
Private Enterprises</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 41: 13-16
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html">Caste
can turn</a> a boardroom into a classroom-Aakar Patel, Live Mint, 4 September,
2012<br />
<br />
<a href="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075\\%22\&quot;" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075\\%22\&quot;" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075">Bite The Caste</a>
Bullet-Naren Karunakaran, Outlook, 2 May, 2009 
</p>
&nbsp;
<br />
<p>
&nbsp;(इस पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल किए गए चित्र के लिए हम http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Dalit_House.jpg के आभारी हैं)
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सोचकर बताइए कि स्टॉक-एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध भारत की निजी और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में दलित या फिर आदिवासी समुदाय के व्यक्ति कितने फीसदी होंगे ? हैरतअंगेज चाहे जितना लगे लेकिन आंकड़ा कहता है लगभग ना के बराबर यानि शून्य। 
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डी अजित, हान डोनकर और रवि सक्सेना द्वारा किए एक अध्ययन का खुलासा है कि एक ऐसे वक्त में जब जातीय और नस्ली गैरबराबरी के मुद्दे पूरी दुनिया में उठाये जा रहे हैं, हमारे अपने देश का रिकार्ड हद से ज्यादा शर्मनाक है और वह भी तब जबकि जाति-आधारित भेदभाव को आधिकारिक रुप से भारत में गैरकानूनी घोषित किया जा चुका है( इस विषय पर विशेष जानकारी के लिए देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक्स)। आईएम4चेंज टोली की पुरजोर गुजारिश है कि आप उक्त अध्ययन को जरुर पढ़ें। गौरतलब है कि अध्ययन में निजी और सार्वजनिक दोनों ही क्षेत्रों की सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों का जायजा लिया गया है।
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प्रतिष्ठित इकॉनॉमिक एंड पॉलिटिकल वीकली पत्रिका में प्रकाशित यह अध्ययन साल 2010 में स्टॉक एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध शीर्षस्थ एक हजार कंपनियों के कारपोरेट बोर्ड की परीक्षा उसमें मौजूद सदस्यों की जातिगत विभिन्नता को आधार मानकर करता है।सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों के बाजारगत पूंजी आधार का 4/5 हिस्सा अध्ययन में शामिल इन्हीं कंपनियों से बावस्ता है। अध्ययन का एक बड़ा निष्कर्ष यह है कि भारत की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में जातिगत विभिन्नता जरा भी नहीं है और पूरे के पूरे निजी क्षेत्र पर चंद ऊपरली जातियों का एकाधिकार है। (जातिगत विभिन्नता मापने के लिए अध्ययन में Blau Index का सहारा लिया गया है। इसका व्यवहार समाजविज्ञानों में यह जानने के लिए किया जाता है कि विभिन्न सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमियों के व्यक्तियों के बीच सामाजिक रुप से आगे बढ़ने की संभावना कितनी है। &ldquo;कारपोरेट बोर्डस् इन इंडिया: ब्लाक्ड बाई कास्ट?&rdquo; शीर्षक इस अध्ययन में Blau Index के आधार पर मध्य-मान( median score) स्थिर किया गया है।)
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अध्ययन में कहा गया है कि &ldquo;भारतीय कोरपोरेट बोर्ड गुण और अनुभव पर नहीं बल्कि जाति-गोत्र के सरोकारों पर आधारित चंद चयनितों के अड्डे बने हुए हैं।&rdquo; अध्ययन के लेखकों के अनुसार &ldquo; यह शोध भारत में कोरपोरेट-नियंत्रण के निर्धारण में जाति के असर को समझने की दिशा में प्रारंभिक प्रयास है। इस प्रयास में यह शोध परोक्ष रुप से बीते 60 सालों में भारतीय समाज में शैक्षिक, सामाजिक और आजीविका की दिशा में बढ़ती को सुनिश्चत करने के लिए किए गए आरक्षणधर्मी प्रयासों मूल्यांकन करता है।&rdquo;
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लेखकों ने बड़े जतन और परिश्रमपूर्वक सोशल नेटवर्क के जरिए कोरपोरेट बोर्ड के सदस्यों के तख्लुस(सरनेम) की पहचान की है। इससे पता चलता है कि बोर्डरुमों के 93 फीसदी सदस्य अगड़ी जातियों से हैं। इस अध्ययन में उठाया गया सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न यह है कि क्या इन कंपनियों के ऑडिटर्स भी उसी जाति-भावना से चुने जाते हैं जिस भावना से बोर्ड के सदस्यों की नियुक्ति होती है ? अध्ययन में उठाया गया एक महत्वपूर्ण सवाल यह भी है कि क्या कंपनियों के बोर्ड में उसके ग्राहकों के बीच मौजूद सामाजिक विभिन्नता परिलक्षित होनी चाहिए ? बहरहाल, इन कंपनियों के बोर्ड में महिलाओं की संख्या कितनी होगी, इसका अनुमान तो खैर सहज ही लगाया जा सकता है। 
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इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक्स को खोलें-
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&nbsp;
</p>
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&nbsp;
</p>
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&nbsp;
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Corporate%20Boards%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Corporate\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Corporate%20Boards%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Corporate\&quot;">Corporate Boards in India: Blocked by Caste?</a>
-D Ajit, Han Donker and Ravi Saxena, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, August
11, 2012, Vol xlvii, No. 31
</p>
<p>
Missing from the Indian newsroom by Robin Jefrey, The Hindu, 9 April, 2012, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece" title="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-indian-newsroom/article3294285.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-i
n<br />dian-newsroom/article3294285.ece</a>
</p>
<p>
Akerlof, A G (1976): &quot;The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and
Other Woeful Tales&quot;, Quarterly, Journal of Economics, 90: 599-617, <a href="http://www.unc.edu/%7Eshanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf" title="http://www.unc.edu/~shanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf" title="http://www.unc.edu/%7Eshanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf" title="http://www.unc.edu/~shanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf">http://www.unc.edu/~shanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Balasubramaniam, J (2011): &quot;Dalits and a Lack of Diversity in the
Newsroom&quot;, Economic and Political Weekly, March 12, 2011, Vol xlvi, No 11,
<a href="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf" title="http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDavim2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR8VZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf">http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDav
i<br />m2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR
8V<br />ZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Beteille, A (2012): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The_Peculiar_Tenacity_of_Caste_1.pdf" title="The\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/The_Peculiar_Tenacity_of_Caste_1.pdf" title="The\&quot;">The Peculiar Tenacity of Caste</a>&quot;,
Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 44, 41-48,
</p>
<p>
Desai, S (2010): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/sonal%20desai%202010%20caste%20and%20census_1.pdf" title="Sonal\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/sonal%20desai%202010%20caste%20and%20census_1.pdf" title="Sonal\&quot;">Caste and Census: A Forward Looking
Strategy</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 42: 10-13
</p>
<p>
Jodhka, S (2010): &quot;Dalits in Business: Self-Employed Scheduled Castes
inNorth-West India&quot;, Working Paper Series, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies,
New Delhi, <a href="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf" title="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf" title="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf" title="http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf">http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Majumder, Rajarshi (2010): Intergenerational mobility in educational &amp;
occupational attainment: a comparative study of social classes in India, Margin
, Vol. 4, No. 4 (November), <a href="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf" title="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf" title="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf" title="http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf">http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf</a>
</p>
<p>
Thorat, S and K S Newman (2007): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Economic_Discrimination_Causes_Consequences_and_Remedies_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Economic_Discrimination_Causes_Consequences_and_Remedies_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;">Caste and Economic Discrimination:
Causes, Consequences a<br />nd Remedies</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly,
39: 4121-24
</p>
<p>
Thorat, S and N Sadana (2009): &quot;<a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Ownership_of_Private_Enterprises_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Caste_and_Ownership_of_Private_Enterprises_1.pdf" title="Caste\&quot;">Caste and Ownership of
Private Enterprises</a>&quot;, Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 41: 13-16
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html" title="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/viAP0vlZLCDDMdFXPZDElI/Caste-can-turn-a-boardroom-into-a-classroom.html">Caste
can turn</a> a boardroom into a classroom-Aakar Patel, Live Mint, 4 September,
2012<br />
<br />
<a href="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075\\%22\&quot;" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075\\%22\&quot;" title="http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102075">Bite The Caste</a>
Bullet-Naren Karunakaran, Outlook, 2 May, 2009 
</p>
&nbsp;
<br />
<p>
&nbsp;(इस पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल किए गए चित्र के लिए हम http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Dalit_House.jpg के आभारी हैं)
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भारतीय कंपनियों के बार्डरुम में दलित कहां हैं?

Published on May 1, 2013   Modified on May 1, 2013

सोचकर बताइए कि स्टॉक-एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध भारत की निजी और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में दलित या फिर आदिवासी समुदाय के व्यक्ति कितने फीसदी होंगे ? हैरतअंगेज चाहे जितना लगे लेकिन आंकड़ा कहता है लगभग ना के बराबर यानि शून्य। डी अजित, हान डोनकर और रवि सक्सेना द्वारा किए एक अध्ययन का खुलासा है कि एक ऐसे वक्त में जब जातीय और नस्ली गैरबराबरी के मुद्दे पूरी दुनिया में उठाये जा रहे हैं, हमारे अपने देश का रिकार्ड हद से ज्यादा शर्मनाक है और वह भी तब जबकि जाति-आधारित भेदभाव को आधिकारिक रुप से भारत में गैरकानूनी घोषित किया जा चुका है( इस विषय पर विशेष जानकारी के लिए देखें नीचे दी गई लिंक्स)। आईएम4चेंज टोली की पुरजोर गुजारिश है कि आप उक्त अध्ययन को जरुर पढ़ें। गौरतलब है कि अध्ययन में निजी और सार्वजनिक दोनों ही क्षेत्रों की सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों का जायजा लिया गया है। प्रतिष्ठित इकॉनॉमिक एंड पॉलिटिकल वीकली पत्रिका में प्रकाशित यह अध्ययन साल 2010 में स्टॉक एक्सचेंज में सूचीबद्ध शीर्षस्थ एक हजार कंपनियों के कारपोरेट बोर्ड की परीक्षा उसमें मौजूद सदस्यों की जातिगत विभिन्नता को आधार मानकर करता है।सूचीबद्ध कंपनियों के बाजारगत पूंजी आधार का 4/5 हिस्सा अध्ययन में शामिल इन्हीं कंपनियों से बावस्ता है। अध्ययन का एक बड़ा निष्कर्ष यह है कि भारत की बड़ी कंपनियों के बोर्डरुम में जातिगत विभिन्नता जरा भी नहीं है और पूरे के पूरे निजी क्षेत्र पर चंद ऊपरली जातियों का एकाधिकार है। (जातिगत विभिन्नता मापने के लिए अध्ययन में Blau Index का सहारा लिया गया है। इसका व्यवहार समाजविज्ञानों में यह जानने के लिए किया जाता है कि विभिन्न सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमियों के व्यक्तियों के बीच सामाजिक रुप से आगे बढ़ने की संभावना कितनी है। “कारपोरेट बोर्डस् इन इंडिया: ब्लाक्ड बाई कास्ट?” शीर्षक इस अध्ययन में Blau Index के आधार पर मध्य-मान( median score) स्थिर किया गया है।) अध्ययन में कहा गया है कि “भारतीय कोरपोरेट बोर्ड गुण और अनुभव पर नहीं बल्कि जाति-गोत्र के सरोकारों पर आधारित चंद चयनितों के अड्डे बने हुए हैं।” अध्ययन के लेखकों के अनुसार “ यह शोध भारत में कोरपोरेट-नियंत्रण के निर्धारण में जाति के असर को समझने की दिशा में प्रारंभिक प्रयास है। इस प्रयास में यह शोध परोक्ष रुप से बीते 60 सालों में भारतीय समाज में शैक्षिक, सामाजिक और आजीविका की दिशा में बढ़ती को सुनिश्चत करने के लिए किए गए आरक्षणधर्मी प्रयासों मूल्यांकन करता है।” लेखकों ने बड़े जतन और परिश्रमपूर्वक सोशल नेटवर्क के जरिए कोरपोरेट बोर्ड के सदस्यों के तख्लुस(सरनेम) की पहचान की है। इससे पता चलता है कि बोर्डरुमों के 93 फीसदी सदस्य अगड़ी जातियों से हैं। इस अध्ययन में उठाया गया सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न यह है कि क्या इन कंपनियों के ऑडिटर्स भी उसी जाति-भावना से चुने जाते हैं जिस भावना से बोर्ड के सदस्यों की नियुक्ति होती है ? अध्ययन में उठाया गया एक महत्वपूर्ण सवाल यह भी है कि क्या कंपनियों के बोर्ड में उसके ग्राहकों के बीच मौजूद सामाजिक विभिन्नता परिलक्षित होनी चाहिए ? बहरहाल, इन कंपनियों के बोर्ड में महिलाओं की संख्या कितनी होगी, इसका अनुमान तो खैर सहज ही लगाया जा सकता है। इस कथा के विस्तार के लिए निम्नलिखित लिंक्स को खोलें-       Corporate Boards in India: Blocked by Caste? -D Ajit, Han Donker and Ravi Saxena, Economic & Political Weekly, August 11, 2012, Vol xlvii, No. 31 Missing from the Indian newsroom by Robin Jefrey, The Hindu, 9 April, 2012, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/missing-from-the-i n dian-newsroom/article3294285.ece Akerlof, A G (1976): "The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and Other Woeful Tales", Quarterly, Journal of Economics, 90: 599-617, http://www.unc.edu/~shanda/courses/plcy289/Akerlof_Rat_Race.pdf Balasubramaniam, J (2011): "Dalits and a Lack of Diversity in the Newsroom", Economic and Political Weekly, March 12, 2011, Vol xlvi, No 11, http://api.ning.com/files/UdErTnmXwtRfZ1gMfnMZozxYRuDav i m2bZGz6Ul1vyICwIXgz8inVEJ7id9WiJdXGWimyevbETJBZed0e7OR 8V ZLKqQhKa1h/Dalitsinnewsroom.pdf Beteille, A (2012): "The Peculiar Tenacity of Caste", Economic & Political Weekly, 44, 41-48, Desai, S (2010): "Caste and Census: A Forward Looking Strategy", Economic & Political Weekly, 42: 10-13 Jodhka, S (2010): "Dalits in Business: Self-Employed Scheduled Castes inNorth-West India", Working Paper Series, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, New Delhi, http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/1002.pdf Majumder, Rajarshi (2010): Intergenerational mobility in educational & occupational attainment: a comparative study of social classes in India, Margin , Vol. 4, No. 4 (November), http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/1/MPRA_paper_40939.pdf Thorat, S and K S Newman (2007): "Caste and Economic Discrimination: Causes, Consequences a nd Remedies", Economic & Political Weekly, 39: 4121-24 Thorat, S and N Sadana (2009): "Caste and Ownership of Private Enterprises", Economic & Political Weekly, 41: 13-16 Caste can turn a boardroom into a classroom-Aakar Patel, Live Mint, 4 September, 2012 Bite The Caste Bullet-Naren Karunakaran, Outlook, 2 May, 2009    (इस पोस्ट में इस्तेमाल किए गए चित्र के लिए हम http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Dalit_House.jpg के आभारी हैं)

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