Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
$message = 'The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">चवन्नी ने देखे हैं इतिहास के कई रंग-रूप</h1>
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नई दिल्ली। पाई, अधेला और दुअन्नी, एक पैसा, दो पैसे, पाच पैसे, दस पैसे
और 20 पैसे के बाद अब चवन्नी भी आज से इतिहास में समा गई। चवन्नी धातु का 
एक सिक्का मात्र नहीं थी बल्कि हमारे इतिहास का एक ऐसा गवाह भी थी जिसने 
वक्त के न जाने कितने उतार चढ़ाव देखे। 
</p>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<p align="justify">
 सन 1919, 1920 और 1921 में जार्ज पंचम के समय खास चवन्नी बनाई गई थी। 
इसका स्वरूप पारंपरिक गोल न रखते हुए अष्ट भुजाकार रखा गया था। यह चवन्नी 
निकल धातु से तैयार हुई थी लेकिन यह खास आकार लोगों को लुभा नहीं पाया। 
इतिहासकारों की मानें तो यह पहली ऐसी चवन्नी थी जिसका आकार गोल नहीं था। 
इतिहासकार बताते हैं कि मशीन से बनी चवन्नी पहली बार 1835 में चलन में आई। 
उसे ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के विलियम चतुर्थ के नाम पर जारी किया गया था। तब यह
चादी की हुआ करती थी। पुराने सिक्कों के संग्रह का शौक रखने वाले 67 
वर्षीय बुजुर्ग श्रीभगवान ने बताया कि 1940 तक आई चवन्निया पूरी तरह चादी 
की रहीं लेकिन इसके बाद मिलावट का दौर शुरू हुआ और 1942 से 1945 के बीच आधी
चादी की चवन्नी बाजार में उतारी गई। लेकिन उसके बाद 1946 से निकल की 
चवन्नी चलन में आई। निकल की चवन्नी के एक तरफ जार्ज षष्टम और दूसरी ओर 
इंडियन टाइगर का चित्र बना हुआ था। 
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<div align="justify">
</div>
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 गौरतलब है कि भारत में सिक्के का जन्म ईसा पूर्व पाचवीं शताब्दी के 
दौरान हुआ। दरअसल इससे पहले व्यापार के लिए कोई मुद्रा अस्तित्व में नहीं 
थी। लोग एक सामान के बदले दूसरा सामान लेते थे यानि वस्तु विनिमय व्यवस्था 
थी। इसे बार्टर सिस्टम भी कहा जाता था। लेकिन वस्तु विनिमय में आने वाली 
दिक्कतों को देखते हुए मुद्रा की जरूरत महसूस हुई जिसके निर्धारित मूल्य पर
कोई भी चीज खरीदी या बेची जा सके। इस तरह मुद्रा के रूप में सिक्का 
अस्तित्व में आया। 
</p>
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</div>
<p align="justify">
 इतिहास बताता है कि आधुनिक मुद्रा यानी रुपये को शुरू करने का श्रेय 
शेरशाह सूरी को जाता है। शेरशाह ने 11. 4 ग्राम के चांदी के सिक्के की 
शुरूआत की थी जिसे चांदी का रूपी भी कहा गया। दरअसल चादी के संस्कृत अर्थ 
रूप से रुपया शब्द सामने आया। 
</p>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<p align="justify">
 मुगल साम्राज्य ने भी शेरशाह द्वारा शुरू तंत्र को ही आगे बढ़ाया। मुगल
बादशाहों में जहागीर को सिक्कों से खास लगाव था। बादशाह जहागीर ने कुछ समय
के लिए राशि चक्रीय सोने और चांदी के सिक्के चलाए। यही नहीं दुनिया का 
सबसे बड़ा 12 किलोग्राम का सोने का सिक्का भी इसी दौरान बना। 
</p>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<p align="justify">
 रिजर्व बैंक सूत्रों ने को बताया कि 31 मार्च 2010 तक बाजार में पचास 
पैसे से कम मूल्य वाले कुल 54 अरब 73 करोड़ 80 लाख सिक्के प्रचलन में थे, 
जिनकी कुल कीमत।,455 करोड़ रुपये मूल्य के बराबर हैं। यह बाजार में प्रचलित 
कुल सिक्कों का 54 फीसदी तक है। 
</p>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<p align="justify">
 हालाकि, मुद्रास्फीति की बढ़ती दर के कारण बाजार में 25 पैसे का सिक्का
प्रचलन में काफी समय पहले से ही बंद है और आमतौर पर दुकानदार अथवा ग्राहक 
लेन-देन में इसका प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं। जानकार सूत्रों के अनुसार 25 पैसे 
के सिक्के के धातु मूल्य की लागत ज्यादा पड़ती है। अर्थशास्त्र की भाषा में 
इसे सिक्के की ढुलाई का नकारात्मक होना कहा जाता है। शुरुआत में इसका मूल्य
उसकी लागत से अधिक होता था। धातु और अंकित मूल्य के बीच का यह अंतर ही 
सरकार का फायदा होता है, लेकिन अंकित मूल्य कम और धातु मूल्य अधिक होने से 
यह नुकसानदायक हो जाता है। 
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 उल्लेखनीय है कि सिक्के बनाने में मुख्य रूप से ताबा, निकल, जस्ता और 
स्टैनलैस स्टील का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। वैश्विक बाजार में इन प्रमुख 
धातुओं की कीमतों में बढ़ोतरी के कारण अधिकतर देश कम मूल्य वाले सिक्के 
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value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-30.html">&nbsp;बेरोजगारी  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-18.html">&nbsp;घटती आमदनी  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-34.html">&nbsp;पलायन (माइग्रेशन)  </option><option 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नई दिल्ली। पाई, अधेला और दुअन्नी, एक पैसा, दो पैसे, पाच पैसे, दस पैसे
और 20 पैसे के बाद अब चवन्नी भी आज से इतिहास में समा गई। चवन्नी धातु का 
एक सिक्का मात्र नहीं थी बल्कि हमारे इतिहास का एक ऐसा गवाह भी थी जिसने 
वक्त के न जाने कितने उतार चढ़ाव देखे। 
</p>
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</div>
<p align="justify">
 सन 1919, 1920 और 1921 में जार्ज पंचम के समय खास चवन्नी बनाई गई थी। 
इसका स्वरूप पारंपरिक गोल न रखते हुए अष्ट भुजाकार रखा गया था। यह चवन्नी 
निकल धातु से तैयार हुई थी लेकिन यह खास आकार लोगों को लुभा नहीं पाया। 
इतिहासकारों की मानें तो यह पहली ऐसी चवन्नी थी जिसका आकार गोल नहीं था। 
इतिहासकार बताते हैं कि मशीन से बनी चवन्नी पहली बार 1835 में चलन में आई। 
उसे ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के विलियम चतुर्थ के नाम पर जारी किया गया था। तब यह
चादी की हुआ करती थी। पुराने सिक्कों के संग्रह का शौक रखने वाले 67 
वर्षीय बुजुर्ग श्रीभगवान ने बताया कि 1940 तक आई चवन्निया पूरी तरह चादी 
की रहीं लेकिन इसके बाद मिलावट का दौर शुरू हुआ और 1942 से 1945 के बीच आधी
चादी की चवन्नी बाजार में उतारी गई। लेकिन उसके बाद 1946 से निकल की 
चवन्नी चलन में आई। निकल की चवन्नी के एक तरफ जार्ज षष्टम और दूसरी ओर 
इंडियन टाइगर का चित्र बना हुआ था। 
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 गौरतलब है कि भारत में सिक्के का जन्म ईसा पूर्व पाचवीं शताब्दी के 
दौरान हुआ। दरअसल इससे पहले व्यापार के लिए कोई मुद्रा अस्तित्व में नहीं 
थी। लोग एक सामान के बदले दूसरा सामान लेते थे यानि वस्तु विनिमय व्यवस्था 
थी। इसे बार्टर सिस्टम भी कहा जाता था। लेकिन वस्तु विनिमय में आने वाली 
दिक्कतों को देखते हुए मुद्रा की जरूरत महसूस हुई जिसके निर्धारित मूल्य पर
कोई भी चीज खरीदी या बेची जा सके। इस तरह मुद्रा के रूप में सिक्का 
अस्तित्व में आया। 
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 इतिहास बताता है कि आधुनिक मुद्रा यानी रुपये को शुरू करने का श्रेय 
शेरशाह सूरी को जाता है। शेरशाह ने 11. 4 ग्राम के चांदी के सिक्के की 
शुरूआत की थी जिसे चांदी का रूपी भी कहा गया। दरअसल चादी के संस्कृत अर्थ 
रूप से रुपया शब्द सामने आया। 
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</div>
<p align="justify">
 मुगल साम्राज्य ने भी शेरशाह द्वारा शुरू तंत्र को ही आगे बढ़ाया। मुगल
बादशाहों में जहागीर को सिक्कों से खास लगाव था। बादशाह जहागीर ने कुछ समय
के लिए राशि चक्रीय सोने और चांदी के सिक्के चलाए। यही नहीं दुनिया का 
सबसे बड़ा 12 किलोग्राम का सोने का सिक्का भी इसी दौरान बना। 
</p>
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<p align="justify">
 रिजर्व बैंक सूत्रों ने को बताया कि 31 मार्च 2010 तक बाजार में पचास 
पैसे से कम मूल्य वाले कुल 54 अरब 73 करोड़ 80 लाख सिक्के प्रचलन में थे, 
जिनकी कुल कीमत।,455 करोड़ रुपये मूल्य के बराबर हैं। यह बाजार में प्रचलित 
कुल सिक्कों का 54 फीसदी तक है। 
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</div>
<p align="justify">
 हालाकि, मुद्रास्फीति की बढ़ती दर के कारण बाजार में 25 पैसे का सिक्का
प्रचलन में काफी समय पहले से ही बंद है और आमतौर पर दुकानदार अथवा ग्राहक 
लेन-देन में इसका प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं। जानकार सूत्रों के अनुसार 25 पैसे 
के सिक्के के धातु मूल्य की लागत ज्यादा पड़ती है। अर्थशास्त्र की भाषा में 
इसे सिक्के की ढुलाई का नकारात्मक होना कहा जाता है। शुरुआत में इसका मूल्य
उसकी लागत से अधिक होता था। धातु और अंकित मूल्य के बीच का यह अंतर ही 
सरकार का फायदा होता है, लेकिन अंकित मूल्य कम और धातु मूल्य अधिक होने से 
यह नुकसानदायक हो जाता है। 
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 उल्लेखनीय है कि सिक्के बनाने में मुख्य रूप से ताबा, निकल, जस्ता और 
स्टैनलैस स्टील का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। वैश्विक बाजार में इन प्रमुख 
धातुओं की कीमतों में बढ़ोतरी के कारण अधिकतर देश कम मूल्य वाले सिक्के 
बनाने से कतराने लगे हैं।
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    </ul><select id="main-menu-mob"><option value="#">Go to...</option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/">&nbsp;Home</option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/links-64#">&nbsp;KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY    </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5-72.html">&nbsp;आंकड़ों में गांव  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F-70.html">&nbsp;खेतिहर संकट  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-30.html">&nbsp;बेरोजगारी  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-18.html">&nbsp;घटती आमदनी  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-34.html">&nbsp;पलायन (माइग्रेशन)  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-71.html">&nbsp;शोध और विकास  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0-2852.html">&nbsp;जेंडर  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8-2851.html">&nbsp;विस्थापन  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-59.html">&nbsp;भोजन का अधिकार  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE-39.html">&nbsp;नरेगा  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F-48.html">&nbsp;सोशल ऑडिट  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-58.html">&nbsp;सूचना का अधिकार  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-60.html">&nbsp;शिक्षा का अधिकार  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-61.html">&nbsp;वनाधिकार  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2-73.html">&nbsp;अन्य नीतिगत पहल  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%96/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8-40.html">&nbsp;भुखमरी-एक आकलन  </option><option value="https://im4change.in/hindi/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%96/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-41.html">&nbsp;कुपोषण  </option><option 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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">चवन्नी ने देखे हैं इतिहास के कई रंग-रूप</h1>
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नई दिल्ली। पाई, अधेला और दुअन्नी, एक पैसा, दो पैसे, पाच पैसे, दस पैसे
और 20 पैसे के बाद अब चवन्नी भी आज से इतिहास में समा गई। चवन्नी धातु का 
एक सिक्का मात्र नहीं थी बल्कि हमारे इतिहास का एक ऐसा गवाह भी थी जिसने 
वक्त के न जाने कितने उतार चढ़ाव देखे। 
</p>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<p align="justify">
 सन 1919, 1920 और 1921 में जार्ज पंचम के समय खास चवन्नी बनाई गई थी। 
इसका स्वरूप पारंपरिक गोल न रखते हुए अष्ट भुजाकार रखा गया था। यह चवन्नी 
निकल धातु से तैयार हुई थी लेकिन यह खास आकार लोगों को लुभा नहीं पाया। 
इतिहासकारों की मानें तो यह पहली ऐसी चवन्नी थी जिसका आकार गोल नहीं था। 
इतिहासकार बताते हैं कि मशीन से बनी चवन्नी पहली बार 1835 में चलन में आई। 
उसे ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के विलियम चतुर्थ के नाम पर जारी किया गया था। तब यह
चादी की हुआ करती थी। पुराने सिक्कों के संग्रह का शौक रखने वाले 67 
वर्षीय बुजुर्ग श्रीभगवान ने बताया कि 1940 तक आई चवन्निया पूरी तरह चादी 
की रहीं लेकिन इसके बाद मिलावट का दौर शुरू हुआ और 1942 से 1945 के बीच आधी
चादी की चवन्नी बाजार में उतारी गई। लेकिन उसके बाद 1946 से निकल की 
चवन्नी चलन में आई। निकल की चवन्नी के एक तरफ जार्ज षष्टम और दूसरी ओर 
इंडियन टाइगर का चित्र बना हुआ था। 
</p>
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 गौरतलब है कि भारत में सिक्के का जन्म ईसा पूर्व पाचवीं शताब्दी के 
दौरान हुआ। दरअसल इससे पहले व्यापार के लिए कोई मुद्रा अस्तित्व में नहीं 
थी। लोग एक सामान के बदले दूसरा सामान लेते थे यानि वस्तु विनिमय व्यवस्था 
थी। इसे बार्टर सिस्टम भी कहा जाता था। लेकिन वस्तु विनिमय में आने वाली 
दिक्कतों को देखते हुए मुद्रा की जरूरत महसूस हुई जिसके निर्धारित मूल्य पर
कोई भी चीज खरीदी या बेची जा सके। इस तरह मुद्रा के रूप में सिक्का 
अस्तित्व में आया। 
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 इतिहास बताता है कि आधुनिक मुद्रा यानी रुपये को शुरू करने का श्रेय 
शेरशाह सूरी को जाता है। शेरशाह ने 11. 4 ग्राम के चांदी के सिक्के की 
शुरूआत की थी जिसे चांदी का रूपी भी कहा गया। दरअसल चादी के संस्कृत अर्थ 
रूप से रुपया शब्द सामने आया। 
</p>
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</div>
<p align="justify">
 मुगल साम्राज्य ने भी शेरशाह द्वारा शुरू तंत्र को ही आगे बढ़ाया। मुगल
बादशाहों में जहागीर को सिक्कों से खास लगाव था। बादशाह जहागीर ने कुछ समय
के लिए राशि चक्रीय सोने और चांदी के सिक्के चलाए। यही नहीं दुनिया का 
सबसे बड़ा 12 किलोग्राम का सोने का सिक्का भी इसी दौरान बना। 
</p>
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</div>
<p align="justify">
 रिजर्व बैंक सूत्रों ने को बताया कि 31 मार्च 2010 तक बाजार में पचास 
पैसे से कम मूल्य वाले कुल 54 अरब 73 करोड़ 80 लाख सिक्के प्रचलन में थे, 
जिनकी कुल कीमत।,455 करोड़ रुपये मूल्य के बराबर हैं। यह बाजार में प्रचलित 
कुल सिक्कों का 54 फीसदी तक है। 
</p>
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 हालाकि, मुद्रास्फीति की बढ़ती दर के कारण बाजार में 25 पैसे का सिक्का
प्रचलन में काफी समय पहले से ही बंद है और आमतौर पर दुकानदार अथवा ग्राहक 
लेन-देन में इसका प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं। जानकार सूत्रों के अनुसार 25 पैसे 
के सिक्के के धातु मूल्य की लागत ज्यादा पड़ती है। अर्थशास्त्र की भाषा में 
इसे सिक्के की ढुलाई का नकारात्मक होना कहा जाता है। शुरुआत में इसका मूल्य
उसकी लागत से अधिक होता था। धातु और अंकित मूल्य के बीच का यह अंतर ही 
सरकार का फायदा होता है, लेकिन अंकित मूल्य कम और धातु मूल्य अधिक होने से 
यह नुकसानदायक हो जाता है। 
</p>
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 उल्लेखनीय है कि सिक्के बनाने में मुख्य रूप से ताबा, निकल, जस्ता और 
स्टैनलैस स्टील का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। वैश्विक बाजार में इन प्रमुख 
धातुओं की कीमतों में बढ़ोतरी के कारण अधिकतर देश कम मूल्य वाले सिक्के 
बनाने से कतराने लगे हैं।
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चवन्नी ने देखे हैं इतिहास के कई रंग-रूप

Published on Jul 1, 2011   Modified on Jul 1, 2011

नई दिल्ली। पाई, अधेला और दुअन्नी, एक पैसा, दो पैसे, पाच पैसे, दस पैसे और 20 पैसे के बाद अब चवन्नी भी आज से इतिहास में समा गई। चवन्नी धातु का एक सिक्का मात्र नहीं थी बल्कि हमारे इतिहास का एक ऐसा गवाह भी थी जिसने वक्त के न जाने कितने उतार चढ़ाव देखे। सन 1919, 1920 और 1921 में जार्ज पंचम के समय खास चवन्नी बनाई गई थी। इसका स्वरूप पारंपरिक गोल न रखते हुए अष्ट भुजाकार रखा गया था। यह चवन्नी निकल धातु से तैयार हुई थी लेकिन यह खास आकार लोगों को लुभा नहीं पाया। इतिहासकारों की मानें तो यह पहली ऐसी चवन्नी थी जिसका आकार गोल नहीं था। इतिहासकार बताते हैं कि मशीन से बनी चवन्नी पहली बार 1835 में चलन में आई। उसे ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के विलियम चतुर्थ के नाम पर जारी किया गया था। तब यह चादी की हुआ करती थी। पुराने सिक्कों के संग्रह का शौक रखने वाले 67 वर्षीय बुजुर्ग श्रीभगवान ने बताया कि 1940 तक आई चवन्निया पूरी तरह चादी की रहीं लेकिन इसके बाद मिलावट का दौर शुरू हुआ और 1942 से 1945 के बीच आधी चादी की चवन्नी बाजार में उतारी गई। लेकिन उसके बाद 1946 से निकल की चवन्नी चलन में आई। निकल की चवन्नी के एक तरफ जार्ज षष्टम और दूसरी ओर इंडियन टाइगर का चित्र बना हुआ था। गौरतलब है कि भारत में सिक्के का जन्म ईसा पूर्व पाचवीं शताब्दी के दौरान हुआ। दरअसल इससे पहले व्यापार के लिए कोई मुद्रा अस्तित्व में नहीं थी। लोग एक सामान के बदले दूसरा सामान लेते थे यानि वस्तु विनिमय व्यवस्था थी। इसे बार्टर सिस्टम भी कहा जाता था। लेकिन वस्तु विनिमय में आने वाली दिक्कतों को देखते हुए मुद्रा की जरूरत महसूस हुई जिसके निर्धारित मूल्य पर कोई भी चीज खरीदी या बेची जा सके। इस तरह मुद्रा के रूप में सिक्का अस्तित्व में आया। इतिहास बताता है कि आधुनिक मुद्रा यानी रुपये को शुरू करने का श्रेय शेरशाह सूरी को जाता है। शेरशाह ने 11. 4 ग्राम के चांदी के सिक्के की शुरूआत की थी जिसे चांदी का रूपी भी कहा गया। दरअसल चादी के संस्कृत अर्थ रूप से रुपया शब्द सामने आया। मुगल साम्राज्य ने भी शेरशाह द्वारा शुरू तंत्र को ही आगे बढ़ाया। मुगल बादशाहों में जहागीर को सिक्कों से खास लगाव था। बादशाह जहागीर ने कुछ समय के लिए राशि चक्रीय सोने और चांदी के सिक्के चलाए। यही नहीं दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा 12 किलोग्राम का सोने का सिक्का भी इसी दौरान बना। रिजर्व बैंक सूत्रों ने को बताया कि 31 मार्च 2010 तक बाजार में पचास पैसे से कम मूल्य वाले कुल 54 अरब 73 करोड़ 80 लाख सिक्के प्रचलन में थे, जिनकी कुल कीमत।,455 करोड़ रुपये मूल्य के बराबर हैं। यह बाजार में प्रचलित कुल सिक्कों का 54 फीसदी तक है। हालाकि, मुद्रास्फीति की बढ़ती दर के कारण बाजार में 25 पैसे का सिक्का प्रचलन में काफी समय पहले से ही बंद है और आमतौर पर दुकानदार अथवा ग्राहक लेन-देन में इसका प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं। जानकार सूत्रों के अनुसार 25 पैसे के सिक्के के धातु मूल्य की लागत ज्यादा पड़ती है। अर्थशास्त्र की भाषा में इसे सिक्के की ढुलाई का नकारात्मक होना कहा जाता है। शुरुआत में इसका मूल्य उसकी लागत से अधिक होता था। धातु और अंकित मूल्य के बीच का यह अंतर ही सरकार का फायदा होता है, लेकिन अंकित मूल्य कम और धातु मूल्य अधिक होने से यह नुकसानदायक हो जाता है। उल्लेखनीय है कि सिक्के बनाने में मुख्य रूप से ताबा, निकल, जस्ता और स्टैनलैस स्टील का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। वैश्विक बाजार में इन प्रमुख धातुओं की कीमतों में बढ़ोतरी के कारण अधिकतर देश कम मूल्य वाले सिक्के बनाने से कतराने लगे हैं।

http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/national/general/25-paise-coin-fades-history_5_1_7947062.html

Tagged with: महंगाई महंगाई

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