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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<br />
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">What are the poor most concerned about?</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">After meeting families in 175 Indian villages in the last decade, Anirudh Krishna, says the poor's greatest worry is their children's future.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">With a manner of a school teacher, Professor Krishna, who teaches at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University in the US, has led a team meeting poor families to find out why poverty persists.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">The research also includes the United States, India, Kenya, Uganda and Peru and this analysis on poverty has resulted in a book One Illness Away - Why people become poor and how they escape poverty.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">In an e-mail interview to Rediff.com's Archana Masih, Professor Krishna reveals some interesting facets from India's villages like how many more rural children were going to school compared to a generation earlier but yet their highest career achievements had mostly been low-paid occupations like a schoolteacher or army jawan. Hardly anyone aspired to be an engineer, doctor, journalist, businessman, sports star, or college professor.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Insights from a fascinating interview!</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em>In your interaction with people in villages, what are the most visible improvements you have observed?</em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Many more children are going to schools today. There is a huge upsurge in education, especially at the primary level and to some extent also at the middle school level, although enrollments drop off sharply at the high school level.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">The other visible improvement relates to the spread of mobile telephones, although in the more remote villages only a tiny percentage of people still have phones.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em>In an earlier interview, you have said you tell villagers you are a school master and that helps them open up to you. What have been their primary concerns that they convey to you? What are their greatest needs?</em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">I say that I am a teacher, because I wish to make it clear that I am not from the government or some NGO, so I have no programme benefits to give out. Nothing people say to me will either benefit them or harm them.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Once they know these facts, people are more likely to speak honestly about poverty and about their living conditions in general.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">What I find people most concerned about is their children's future.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Agriculture is no longer a promising prospect: Productivity has remained stagnant while average farm sizes have fallen.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">So people look to avenues outside agriculture, and they invest a great deal far more than ever before on their children's education. Their hope is that education will serve as a pathway to a better life.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Unfortunately, very few people have gained economically to any considerable extent. The quality of education remains poor in villages.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Further and as important there is a tremendous lack of information about alternative careers.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Data that I collected from nearly 100 diverse villages, some close to major cities, like Bangalore, and others further away, show that their highest career achievements in the past ten years have mostly been low-paid occupations, such as schoolteacher or army jawan. Hardly anyone has ascended any higher.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">The worst part is that young people presently at school aspire only to such relatively low-paid achievements.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Among hundreds of youngsters between 14 and 22 years of age whom we interviewed in villages hardly anyone aspired to be an engineer, doctor, journalist, businessman, sports star, or college professor.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Knowledge of superior career alternatives is sparse. Knowledge about how to get from here to there is virtually non-existent in villages.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<em><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">What has really changed for India's poor? </font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">What difference have schemes like NREGA, Panchayati Raj, National Rural Health Mission etc made to their life?</font></em>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">First, education, at least to the primary level, has made a quantum jump.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">The illiterate Indian peasant is soon becoming a thing of the past.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">A large majority of young people, those between 10 and 20 years, are functionally literate (by which I mean five or more years of school education) several times as many literates as among their parents' generation.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Second, NREGA has, in the parts of India where I have seen its operations, resulted in ramping up the socially-acceptable rural wage rate. It has made the minimum wage a real and lived expectation, not merely a number noted in the statute books.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">What has not changed, or rather, what has in many cases changed for the worse, is the nature of economic opportunity.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Despite investing in education, people are not seeing any tangible returns.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">There seems to be some critical minimum threshold of education, perhaps college or a professional degree, without which economic gains are hard to achieve.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Most people have not been able to advance to that level. As a result, their investments in education have not borne fruit.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Rising frustration is one consequence; a backlash toward education might be another. Both are potentially dangerous situations that need attention urgently.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<em><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">There are cases of children dying of malnutrition, specially in Madhya Pradesh. </font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">What do you think are the biggest reasons for the government not being able to extend its food and health policies to deprived mothers and children?</font></em>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">There is an acute lack of information and access in many parts of rural India. Many people are not aware of the programme benefits that are available, and even when they are aware of their existence, they find it exceedingly difficult to gain access to these benefits.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Local-level institutions that can help people gain information and access is critically important.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em>What about the urban poor, people who move out of villages and come to cities? Are they sometimes worse off than the rural poor in terms of getting access to the Public Distribution System etc?</em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">I have recently begun to study urban poverty in greater depth, examining the conditions of these migrants at both ends -- in the rural communities from where they start and in the urban communities where they end.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">I am partnering with key NGOs for this purpose, including Janalakshmi in Bangalore and Aajeevika Bureau in rural southern Rajasthan. These results are still very preliminary, so I will be able to say more in another few months.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">My impression, however, is that while many motives drive the migration decision, prominent among them is the motive of improving the opportunities available for one's kids.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">The pattern of economic growth that we have adopted (and which much of the rest of the world has also adopted) concentrates on new opportunities in cities.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">The bigger the city the greater the opportunity set. Thus, people will continue to migrate in ever-larger numbers.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">What we are witnessing is no less than the largest migration ever in human history in terms of the numbers involved. Yet, relatively little is known about the obstacles, risks and reversals faced by these migrants.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Hopefully, the results that we derive from our ongoing studies can feed into the development of a more humane societal and policy response.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">One big problem lies merely in obtaining identity documents. Because they lack any steady address, new migrants particularly are unable to get documents, so they cannot avail themselves of public programs, such as PDS. Also, because they do not find mention in electoral rolls, political parties and leaders see little benefit in taking up these migrants' cause.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<em><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">A recent study by Oxford Study and Human Development points out that the eight poorest states in India contain more poor people than 26 of the poorest African countries together. </font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">It also estimates India's poverty rate at about 55 percent, twice the official figure calculated by the Planning Commission. What experiences have you encountered on the ground keeping these findings in mind?</font></em>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Rural poverty in India has grown in the period between the early 1990s and the mid-2000s.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Estimates that I derived from a panel data set of more than 15,000 households compiled by NCAER (The National Council for Applied Economic Research) show that income poverty in rural India has increased by 4 per cent.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">A total of 36.1 per cent of rural households were poor in 1993-1994, and as many as 40 per cent were poor in 2004-2005.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">The data shows that 18 per cent of rural households moved out of poverty over this period, but at the same time another 22 per cent of households fell into poverty.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Every rural occupational group that derived its principal source of income from agriculture experienced more descents into than escapes from poverty.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Relying upon farm income alone is no longer a reliable strategy for escaping poverty in rural India.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Only those rural groups who derive the major part of their income from non-farm work have experienced a reduction in poverty.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Interestingly, the rate of economic growth has apparent little relationship with poverty reduction at the level of states. States with higher and lower rates of economic growth have variously seen rural poverty increase and subside.</font>
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<em>Rediff.com, 20 August, 2010, </em><a href="http://news.rediff.com/interview/2010/aug/18/interview-anirudh-krishna-explains-the-changes-in-india.htm"><em>http://news.rediff.com/interview/2010/aug/18/interview-anirudh-krishna-explains-the-changes-in-india.htm</em></a>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/anirudh-krishna-economist-interviewed-by-archana-masih-2953.html" target="_blank">Anirudh Krishna, Economist interviewed by Archana Masih</a>
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<br><small>August 20, 2010</small>
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What are the poor most concerned about?
After meeting families in 175 Indian villages in the last decade, Anirudh Krishna, says the poor's greatest worry is their children's future.
With a manner of a school teacher, Professor Krishna, who teaches at the Sanford School of...</p>
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It is estimated that food grain worth Rs 60,000 crore have been left to rot. Who is responsible?
This figure is highly exaggerated. According to a study by the agriculture ministry, only 0.004 percent of stored food grain are rotten. There were 11,708 tonnes of...</p>
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Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto turned classical capitalism on its head with his trickle-up theory: that if you create wealth at the bottom of the pyramid, it will find its way up. de Soto, president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy, speaks to The...</p>
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Why is Madhya Pradesh ranked so low in the Millennium Development Goals like child and maternal mortality, extreme poverty, hunger and safe drinking water?
Social sector allocation has increased only during the last few years. Before 2005, there wasn’t enough money allocated to it when...</p>
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Suresh Tendulkar created a flutter among policymaking circles when a committee led by him raised the estimate for poor households in the country to 74 million from the Planning Commission estimate of 65.2 million. The former chairman of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council explained...</p>
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Interviews | Anirudh Krishna, Economist interviewed by Archana Masih </title>
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What are the poor most concerned about?
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<a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/anirudh-krishna-economist-interviewed-by-archana-masih-2953.html" target="_blank">Anirudh Krishna, Economist interviewed by Archana Masih</a>
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<br><small>August 20, 2010</small>
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What are the poor most concerned about?
After meeting families in 175 Indian villages in the last decade, Anirudh Krishna, says the poor's greatest worry is their children's future.
With a manner of a school teacher, Professor Krishna, who teaches at the Sanford School of...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/kv-thomas-minister-of-state-for-agriculture-interviewed-by-bijay-kumar-singh-2875.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >KV Thomas, Minister of State for Agriculture interviewed by Bijay Kumar Singh</strong></a>
<br><small>August 13, 2010</small>
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It is estimated that food grain worth Rs 60,000 crore have been left to rot. Who is responsible?
This figure is highly exaggerated. According to a study by the agriculture ministry, only 0.004 percent of stored food grain are rotten. There were 11,708 tonnes of...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/hernando-de-soto-interviewed-by-shekhar-gupta-on-ndtvs-walk-the-talk-2544.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Hernando de Soto interviewed by Shekhar Gupta on NDTV’s Walk the Talk</strong></a>
<br><small>July 12, 2010</small>
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Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto turned classical capitalism on its head with his trickle-up theory: that if you create wealth at the bottom of the pyramid, it will find its way up. de Soto, president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy, speaks to The...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/shivraj-singh-chouhan-cm-of-madhya-pradesh-interviewed-by-shriya-mohan-2177.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Shivraj Singh Chouhan, CM of Madhya Pradesh interviewed by Shriya Mohan</strong></a>
<br><small>June 11, 2010</small>
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Why is Madhya Pradesh ranked so low in the Millennium Development Goals like child and maternal mortality, extreme poverty, hunger and safe drinking water?
Social sector allocation has increased only during the last few years. Before 2005, there wasn’t enough money allocated to it when...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/prof-suresh-tendulkar-interviewed-by-pooja-suri-and-amiti-sen-1979.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Prof. Suresh Tendulkar interviewed by Pooja Suri and Amiti Sen</strong></a>
<br><small>May 24, 2010</small>
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Suresh Tendulkar created a flutter among policymaking circles when a committee led by him raised the estimate for poor households in the country to 74 million from the Planning Commission estimate of 65.2 million. The former chairman of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council explained...</p>
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Interviews | Anirudh Krishna, Economist interviewed by Archana Masih </title>
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What are the poor most concerned about?
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What are the poor most concerned about?
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Interviews </h2>
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<h1 style="font-weight: 700;font-size: 14px;">
<a href="https://im4change.in/interviews/anirudh-krishna-economist-interviewed-by-archana-masih-2953.html" target="_blank">Anirudh Krishna, Economist interviewed by Archana Masih</a>
</h1>
<br><small>August 20, 2010</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">
What are the poor most concerned about?
After meeting families in 175 Indian villages in the last decade, Anirudh Krishna, says the poor's greatest worry is their children's future.
With a manner of a school teacher, Professor Krishna, who teaches at the Sanford School of...</p>
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It is estimated that food grain worth Rs 60,000 crore have been left to rot. Who is responsible?
This figure is highly exaggerated. According to a study by the agriculture ministry, only 0.004 percent of stored food grain are rotten. There were 11,708 tonnes of...</p>
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Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto turned classical capitalism on its head with his trickle-up theory: that if you create wealth at the bottom of the pyramid, it will find its way up. de Soto, president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy, speaks to The...</p>
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<br><small>June 11, 2010</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">
Why is Madhya Pradesh ranked so low in the Millennium Development Goals like child and maternal mortality, extreme poverty, hunger and safe drinking water?
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<br><small>May 24, 2010</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">
Suresh Tendulkar created a flutter among policymaking circles when a committee led by him raised the estimate for poor households in the country to 74 million from the Planning Commission estimate of 65.2 million. The former chairman of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council explained...</p>
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Interviews | Anirudh Krishna, Economist interviewed by Archana Masih
What are the poor most concerned about?
After meeting families in 175 Indian villages in the last decade, Anirudh Krishna, says the poor's greatest worry is their children's future.
With a manner of a school teacher, Professor Krishna, who teaches at the Sanford School of...
It is estimated that food grain worth Rs 60,000 crore have been left to rot. Who is responsible?
This figure is highly exaggerated. According to a study by the agriculture ministry, only 0.004 percent of stored food grain are rotten. There were 11,708 tonnes of...
Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto turned classical capitalism on its head with his trickle-up theory: that if you create wealth at the bottom of the pyramid, it will find its way up. de Soto, president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy, speaks to The...
Why is Madhya Pradesh ranked so low in the Millennium Development Goals like child and maternal mortality, extreme poverty, hunger and safe drinking water?
Social sector allocation has increased only during the last few years. Before 2005, there wasn’t enough money allocated to it when...
Suresh Tendulkar created a flutter among policymaking circles when a committee led by him raised the estimate for poor households in the country to 74 million from the Planning Commission estimate of 65.2 million. The former chairman of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council explained...
