Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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        LATEST NEWS UPDATES | Govt&#039;s land law revives lost order of sarkar raj -Nitin Sethi    </title>
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The ordinance has returned near absolute power of discretion in land acquisition, except in tribal areas, into the hands of the bureaucracy yet again


Even after the National Democratic Alliance's land ordinance, governments will still need the consent of tribal..."/>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Govt&#039;s land law revives lost order of sarkar raj -Nitin Sethi</h1>
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                            <div align="justify">-Business Standard</div><p align="justify"><em>The ordinance has returned near absolute power of discretion in land acquisition, except in tribal areas, into the hands of the bureaucracy yet again</em></p><p align="justify">Even after the National Democratic Alliance's land ordinance, governments will still need the consent of tribal gram sabhas in all Schedule V and VI areas of the country before acquiring land for themselves or for public-private projects.</p><p align="justify">While the land ordinance has done away with the need for consent from most other groups for a vast array of projects, it has left specific provisions intact which make it mandatory for governments to seek approval of tribal village councils in areas designated as Schedule V and VI under the Constitution.</p><p align="justify">Schedule V and VI areas are those demarcated as predominantly populated by tribal communities and are meant to protect the rights of tribals over their lands and resources. Schedule VI areas are demarcated in some parts of northeast India and Schedule V applies to some of the tribal belts in other parts of the country.</p><p align="justify">The United Progressive Alliance's land acquisition law in 2013 made special provisions under Section 41 for governments to acquire land in these Scheduled areas. It laid out in section 41 (3) that &quot;in the case of acquisition or alienation of any land in the Scheduled areas, the prior consent of the concerned gram sabha or the panchayats or the autonomous district councils at the appropriate level shall be obtained.&quot; Subsequent provisions demanded that such consent be sought even if the government plans to acquire the land in urgency.</p><p align="justify">The NDA government's land ordinance passed on the last day of 2014 does not repeal or counter these provisions. The ordinance, however, does nullify, as has been widely reported, the need for consent and social impact assessment that was provided for in the 2013 legislation. In effect, the government now will not require the consent of farmers and other communities in most cases except in the case of tribals living in Scheduled areas. In that case, the government will have to go to the village councils for their binding approval.</p><p align="justify">The best way to understand the consequences of NDA's land ordinance is to look at the list of projects that will neither require consent of landowners nor need a social impact assessment for acquisition in non-tribal areas. The list is so exhaustive that it leaves little to the imagination.</p><p align="justify">By two small provisions in the four-page ordinance, the NDA government has tried to do away with the principle that formed the bedrock of UPA's 2013 45-page law - the principle of prior informed consent.</p><p align="justify">The principle was operationalised by making it stand on two legal legs in the law - one requiring consent and the other mandating social impact assessment of projects be done and shared publicly.</p><p align="justify">The period of forceful acquisition lasting through different periods of the Indian economy has collectively displaced 60 million people so far, estimates a government committee conservatively. A disproportionately high percentage of those displaced have been the poorest - tribes and scheduled castes -, the report found through review of published research.</p><p align="justify">The antiquated law (formulated in 1897) gave powers and discretion largely in the hands of the bureaucrats and the political class. Of course, it never worked out as smoothly as democracy deepened and the demand for land intensified. Consequently, conflicts raged leading to protests and litigation at one end and failed acquisitions and increasing costs of projects at the other. In 2013-14 alone, one independent analysis shows, more than 250 cases of conflict were recorded by the media.</p><p align="justify"><em>A legacy of protests</em></p><p align="justify">Take the case of attempted acquisition of land in 13 villages under the Delhi Master Plan in 1987. More than two-and-a-half decades later, the forced acquisition in villages such as Chhattarpur and Khirki remains mired in litigation and protests. By now, thousands of families living on these lands have become 'illegal' occupiers of what is government land on record.</p><p align="justify">Stories far worse - of pauperisation and repeated displacement of communities with little political clout- constantly pour in from across the country that are far from public scrutiny.</p><p align="justify">The 2013 law attempted to end this legacy of forced displacement. The provision for social impact assessment was critical in doing so. Information on the potential impact of a project was to be prepared by someone other than the district administration and project developer. It was to be shared with public ahead of seeking their consent for acquiring land.</p><p align="justify">There have been commentaries about how the process of social impact assessment was too lengthy and convoluted. Some have said that of the entire legislation. The NDA government's ordinance has done away with it entirely, returning near absolute power of discretion into the hands of the collector, the bureaucracy and the political class yet again. The ordinance brings back the reign of sarkar as the mai-bap additionally to the public-private partnership projects.</p><p align="justify">As an example, the ordinance provides for forced land acquisitions to facilitate industrial corridors. But the phrase industrial corridor itself is misleading. Look at the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project running the length of the 1,483-kilometres rail freight corridor with proposed 'high impact developments' within a band of 150 kilometres on either side. These developments include new cities, IT parks, industrial zones, mega-power plants, special investment regions, ports, food and agro parks, cargo hubs, truck terminals, airports, integrated townships, tourism zones, hotels, hospitals and educational institutions. In other words, creating a whole new urban India spread over 444,900 square kilometres. The phrase 'industrial corridor' is not specifically defined in the law. Till that is done, following the General Clauses Act, it is pretty much left to the discretion of the government to acquire lands for what it wills. Or until a court defines it for the government.</p><p align="justify">If the government had so desired, the land ordinance could easily have done both - reduced the time consuming processes and give the landowners greater stake in the majestic dream projects of new urban India. It has instead treated them as obstacles to be paid higher compensation in order to ease the business environment. </p><p align="justify"><strong>A FREE RUN<br /></strong><br />Projects by the government or the private sector under public-private partnership that don&rsquo;t require consent and social impact assessment anymore<br /><br /><strong>TRANSPORT<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Roads and bridges<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ports<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Inland waterways<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Airports<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Railway tracks, tunnels, viaducts and bridges<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Urban public transport<br /><br /><strong>ENERGY<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity generation, transmission and distribution<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oil pipelines<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oil/Gas/LNG storage facilities<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gas pipelines<br /><br /><strong>WATER AND SANITATION<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Solid waste management<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water supply pipelines<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water treatment plants<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sewage collection, treatment system<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Irrigation (dams, channels, embankments)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Storm water drainage system<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water harvesting and conservation<br /><br /><strong>COMMUNICATION<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Telecommunication fixed network and towers<br /><br /><strong>SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education institutions<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hospitals, medical colleges, diagnostic chains<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Three- star or higher-star hotels on the periphery of 1-million-plus cities<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Common infrastructure for industrial parks, SEZs, tourism facilities, agricultural markets<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fertilisers<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Post-harvest infrastructure<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Terminal markets<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Soil testing laboratories<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cold chains<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects involving agro-processing<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Marketing infrastructure for agriculture, dairy, fisheries and meat processing<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects for industrial corridors<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining activity<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National investment and manufacturing zones<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects for sports, health care, tourism, transportation or space programme<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Defence projects and installations<br /><br /><strong>LAND ACQUISITION UNDER OTHER LAWS<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Atomic Energy Act, 1962<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Damodar Valley Corporation Act, 1948<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Indian Tramways Act, 1886<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Land Acquisition (Mines)Act, 1885<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Metro Railways Act, 1978<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The National Highways Act, 1956<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines Act, I962<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Requisitioning and Acquisition of lmmovable Property Act, 1952<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Coal Bearing Areas Acquisition and Development Act,1957<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Electricity Act,2003<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Railways Act, 1989<br /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Ministry of Finance notification dated March 27, 2012 and Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013. </em></p>                                                           
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Govt&#039;s land law revives lost order of sarkar raj -Nitin Sethi</h1>
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                            <div align="justify">-Business Standard</div><p align="justify"><em>The ordinance has returned near absolute power of discretion in land acquisition, except in tribal areas, into the hands of the bureaucracy yet again</em></p><p align="justify">Even after the National Democratic Alliance's land ordinance, governments will still need the consent of tribal gram sabhas in all Schedule V and VI areas of the country before acquiring land for themselves or for public-private projects.</p><p align="justify">While the land ordinance has done away with the need for consent from most other groups for a vast array of projects, it has left specific provisions intact which make it mandatory for governments to seek approval of tribal village councils in areas designated as Schedule V and VI under the Constitution.</p><p align="justify">Schedule V and VI areas are those demarcated as predominantly populated by tribal communities and are meant to protect the rights of tribals over their lands and resources. Schedule VI areas are demarcated in some parts of northeast India and Schedule V applies to some of the tribal belts in other parts of the country.</p><p align="justify">The United Progressive Alliance's land acquisition law in 2013 made special provisions under Section 41 for governments to acquire land in these Scheduled areas. It laid out in section 41 (3) that &quot;in the case of acquisition or alienation of any land in the Scheduled areas, the prior consent of the concerned gram sabha or the panchayats or the autonomous district councils at the appropriate level shall be obtained.&quot; Subsequent provisions demanded that such consent be sought even if the government plans to acquire the land in urgency.</p><p align="justify">The NDA government's land ordinance passed on the last day of 2014 does not repeal or counter these provisions. The ordinance, however, does nullify, as has been widely reported, the need for consent and social impact assessment that was provided for in the 2013 legislation. In effect, the government now will not require the consent of farmers and other communities in most cases except in the case of tribals living in Scheduled areas. In that case, the government will have to go to the village councils for their binding approval.</p><p align="justify">The best way to understand the consequences of NDA's land ordinance is to look at the list of projects that will neither require consent of landowners nor need a social impact assessment for acquisition in non-tribal areas. The list is so exhaustive that it leaves little to the imagination.</p><p align="justify">By two small provisions in the four-page ordinance, the NDA government has tried to do away with the principle that formed the bedrock of UPA's 2013 45-page law - the principle of prior informed consent.</p><p align="justify">The principle was operationalised by making it stand on two legal legs in the law - one requiring consent and the other mandating social impact assessment of projects be done and shared publicly.</p><p align="justify">The period of forceful acquisition lasting through different periods of the Indian economy has collectively displaced 60 million people so far, estimates a government committee conservatively. A disproportionately high percentage of those displaced have been the poorest - tribes and scheduled castes -, the report found through review of published research.</p><p align="justify">The antiquated law (formulated in 1897) gave powers and discretion largely in the hands of the bureaucrats and the political class. Of course, it never worked out as smoothly as democracy deepened and the demand for land intensified. Consequently, conflicts raged leading to protests and litigation at one end and failed acquisitions and increasing costs of projects at the other. In 2013-14 alone, one independent analysis shows, more than 250 cases of conflict were recorded by the media.</p><p align="justify"><em>A legacy of protests</em></p><p align="justify">Take the case of attempted acquisition of land in 13 villages under the Delhi Master Plan in 1987. More than two-and-a-half decades later, the forced acquisition in villages such as Chhattarpur and Khirki remains mired in litigation and protests. By now, thousands of families living on these lands have become 'illegal' occupiers of what is government land on record.</p><p align="justify">Stories far worse - of pauperisation and repeated displacement of communities with little political clout- constantly pour in from across the country that are far from public scrutiny.</p><p align="justify">The 2013 law attempted to end this legacy of forced displacement. The provision for social impact assessment was critical in doing so. Information on the potential impact of a project was to be prepared by someone other than the district administration and project developer. It was to be shared with public ahead of seeking their consent for acquiring land.</p><p align="justify">There have been commentaries about how the process of social impact assessment was too lengthy and convoluted. Some have said that of the entire legislation. The NDA government's ordinance has done away with it entirely, returning near absolute power of discretion into the hands of the collector, the bureaucracy and the political class yet again. The ordinance brings back the reign of sarkar as the mai-bap additionally to the public-private partnership projects.</p><p align="justify">As an example, the ordinance provides for forced land acquisitions to facilitate industrial corridors. But the phrase industrial corridor itself is misleading. Look at the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project running the length of the 1,483-kilometres rail freight corridor with proposed 'high impact developments' within a band of 150 kilometres on either side. These developments include new cities, IT parks, industrial zones, mega-power plants, special investment regions, ports, food and agro parks, cargo hubs, truck terminals, airports, integrated townships, tourism zones, hotels, hospitals and educational institutions. In other words, creating a whole new urban India spread over 444,900 square kilometres. The phrase 'industrial corridor' is not specifically defined in the law. Till that is done, following the General Clauses Act, it is pretty much left to the discretion of the government to acquire lands for what it wills. Or until a court defines it for the government.</p><p align="justify">If the government had so desired, the land ordinance could easily have done both - reduced the time consuming processes and give the landowners greater stake in the majestic dream projects of new urban India. It has instead treated them as obstacles to be paid higher compensation in order to ease the business environment. </p><p align="justify"><strong>A FREE RUN<br /></strong><br />Projects by the government or the private sector under public-private partnership that don&rsquo;t require consent and social impact assessment anymore<br /><br /><strong>TRANSPORT<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Roads and bridges<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ports<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Inland waterways<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Airports<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Railway tracks, tunnels, viaducts and bridges<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Urban public transport<br /><br /><strong>ENERGY<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity generation, transmission and distribution<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oil pipelines<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oil/Gas/LNG storage facilities<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gas pipelines<br /><br /><strong>WATER AND SANITATION<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Solid waste management<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water supply pipelines<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water treatment plants<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sewage collection, treatment system<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Irrigation (dams, channels, embankments)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Storm water drainage system<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water harvesting and conservation<br /><br /><strong>COMMUNICATION<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Telecommunication fixed network and towers<br /><br /><strong>SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education institutions<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hospitals, medical colleges, diagnostic chains<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Three- star or higher-star hotels on the periphery of 1-million-plus cities<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Common infrastructure for industrial parks, SEZs, tourism facilities, agricultural markets<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fertilisers<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Post-harvest infrastructure<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Terminal markets<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Soil testing laboratories<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cold chains<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects involving agro-processing<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Marketing infrastructure for agriculture, dairy, fisheries and meat processing<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects for industrial corridors<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining activity<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National investment and manufacturing zones<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects for sports, health care, tourism, transportation or space programme<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Defence projects and installations<br /><br /><strong>LAND ACQUISITION UNDER OTHER LAWS<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Atomic Energy Act, 1962<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Damodar Valley Corporation Act, 1948<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Indian Tramways Act, 1886<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Land Acquisition (Mines)Act, 1885<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Metro Railways Act, 1978<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The National Highways Act, 1956<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines Act, I962<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Requisitioning and Acquisition of lmmovable Property Act, 1952<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Coal Bearing Areas Acquisition and Development Act,1957<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Electricity Act,2003<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Railways Act, 1989<br /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Ministry of Finance notification dated March 27, 2012 and Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013. </em></p>                                                           
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The ordinance has returned near absolute power of discretion in land acquisition, except in tribal areas, into the hands of the bureaucracy yet again


Even after the National Democratic Alliance's land ordinance, governments will still need the consent of tribal..."/>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Govt&#039;s land law revives lost order of sarkar raj -Nitin Sethi</h1>
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                            <div align="justify">-Business Standard</div><p align="justify"><em>The ordinance has returned near absolute power of discretion in land acquisition, except in tribal areas, into the hands of the bureaucracy yet again</em></p><p align="justify">Even after the National Democratic Alliance's land ordinance, governments will still need the consent of tribal gram sabhas in all Schedule V and VI areas of the country before acquiring land for themselves or for public-private projects.</p><p align="justify">While the land ordinance has done away with the need for consent from most other groups for a vast array of projects, it has left specific provisions intact which make it mandatory for governments to seek approval of tribal village councils in areas designated as Schedule V and VI under the Constitution.</p><p align="justify">Schedule V and VI areas are those demarcated as predominantly populated by tribal communities and are meant to protect the rights of tribals over their lands and resources. Schedule VI areas are demarcated in some parts of northeast India and Schedule V applies to some of the tribal belts in other parts of the country.</p><p align="justify">The United Progressive Alliance's land acquisition law in 2013 made special provisions under Section 41 for governments to acquire land in these Scheduled areas. It laid out in section 41 (3) that &quot;in the case of acquisition or alienation of any land in the Scheduled areas, the prior consent of the concerned gram sabha or the panchayats or the autonomous district councils at the appropriate level shall be obtained.&quot; Subsequent provisions demanded that such consent be sought even if the government plans to acquire the land in urgency.</p><p align="justify">The NDA government's land ordinance passed on the last day of 2014 does not repeal or counter these provisions. The ordinance, however, does nullify, as has been widely reported, the need for consent and social impact assessment that was provided for in the 2013 legislation. In effect, the government now will not require the consent of farmers and other communities in most cases except in the case of tribals living in Scheduled areas. In that case, the government will have to go to the village councils for their binding approval.</p><p align="justify">The best way to understand the consequences of NDA's land ordinance is to look at the list of projects that will neither require consent of landowners nor need a social impact assessment for acquisition in non-tribal areas. The list is so exhaustive that it leaves little to the imagination.</p><p align="justify">By two small provisions in the four-page ordinance, the NDA government has tried to do away with the principle that formed the bedrock of UPA's 2013 45-page law - the principle of prior informed consent.</p><p align="justify">The principle was operationalised by making it stand on two legal legs in the law - one requiring consent and the other mandating social impact assessment of projects be done and shared publicly.</p><p align="justify">The period of forceful acquisition lasting through different periods of the Indian economy has collectively displaced 60 million people so far, estimates a government committee conservatively. A disproportionately high percentage of those displaced have been the poorest - tribes and scheduled castes -, the report found through review of published research.</p><p align="justify">The antiquated law (formulated in 1897) gave powers and discretion largely in the hands of the bureaucrats and the political class. Of course, it never worked out as smoothly as democracy deepened and the demand for land intensified. Consequently, conflicts raged leading to protests and litigation at one end and failed acquisitions and increasing costs of projects at the other. In 2013-14 alone, one independent analysis shows, more than 250 cases of conflict were recorded by the media.</p><p align="justify"><em>A legacy of protests</em></p><p align="justify">Take the case of attempted acquisition of land in 13 villages under the Delhi Master Plan in 1987. More than two-and-a-half decades later, the forced acquisition in villages such as Chhattarpur and Khirki remains mired in litigation and protests. By now, thousands of families living on these lands have become 'illegal' occupiers of what is government land on record.</p><p align="justify">Stories far worse - of pauperisation and repeated displacement of communities with little political clout- constantly pour in from across the country that are far from public scrutiny.</p><p align="justify">The 2013 law attempted to end this legacy of forced displacement. The provision for social impact assessment was critical in doing so. Information on the potential impact of a project was to be prepared by someone other than the district administration and project developer. It was to be shared with public ahead of seeking their consent for acquiring land.</p><p align="justify">There have been commentaries about how the process of social impact assessment was too lengthy and convoluted. Some have said that of the entire legislation. The NDA government's ordinance has done away with it entirely, returning near absolute power of discretion into the hands of the collector, the bureaucracy and the political class yet again. The ordinance brings back the reign of sarkar as the mai-bap additionally to the public-private partnership projects.</p><p align="justify">As an example, the ordinance provides for forced land acquisitions to facilitate industrial corridors. But the phrase industrial corridor itself is misleading. Look at the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project running the length of the 1,483-kilometres rail freight corridor with proposed 'high impact developments' within a band of 150 kilometres on either side. These developments include new cities, IT parks, industrial zones, mega-power plants, special investment regions, ports, food and agro parks, cargo hubs, truck terminals, airports, integrated townships, tourism zones, hotels, hospitals and educational institutions. In other words, creating a whole new urban India spread over 444,900 square kilometres. The phrase 'industrial corridor' is not specifically defined in the law. Till that is done, following the General Clauses Act, it is pretty much left to the discretion of the government to acquire lands for what it wills. Or until a court defines it for the government.</p><p align="justify">If the government had so desired, the land ordinance could easily have done both - reduced the time consuming processes and give the landowners greater stake in the majestic dream projects of new urban India. It has instead treated them as obstacles to be paid higher compensation in order to ease the business environment. </p><p align="justify"><strong>A FREE RUN<br /></strong><br />Projects by the government or the private sector under public-private partnership that don&rsquo;t require consent and social impact assessment anymore<br /><br /><strong>TRANSPORT<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Roads and bridges<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ports<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Inland waterways<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Airports<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Railway tracks, tunnels, viaducts and bridges<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Urban public transport<br /><br /><strong>ENERGY<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electricity generation, transmission and distribution<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oil pipelines<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oil/Gas/LNG storage facilities<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gas pipelines<br /><br /><strong>WATER AND SANITATION<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Solid waste management<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water supply pipelines<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water treatment plants<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sewage collection, treatment system<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Irrigation (dams, channels, embankments)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Storm water drainage system<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Water harvesting and conservation<br /><br /><strong>COMMUNICATION<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Telecommunication fixed network and towers<br /><br /><strong>SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Education institutions<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hospitals, medical colleges, diagnostic chains<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Three- star or higher-star hotels on the periphery of 1-million-plus cities<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Common infrastructure for industrial parks, SEZs, tourism facilities, agricultural markets<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fertilisers<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Post-harvest infrastructure<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Terminal markets<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Soil testing laboratories<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cold chains<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects involving agro-processing<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Marketing infrastructure for agriculture, dairy, fisheries and meat processing<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects for industrial corridors<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mining activity<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National investment and manufacturing zones<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Projects for sports, health care, tourism, transportation or space programme<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Defence projects and installations<br /><br /><strong>LAND ACQUISITION UNDER OTHER LAWS<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Atomic Energy Act, 1962<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Damodar Valley Corporation Act, 1948<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Indian Tramways Act, 1886<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Land Acquisition (Mines)Act, 1885<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Metro Railways Act, 1978<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The National Highways Act, 1956<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines Act, I962<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Requisitioning and Acquisition of lmmovable Property Act, 1952<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Coal Bearing Areas Acquisition and Development Act,1957<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Electricity Act,2003<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Railways Act, 1989<br /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Ministry of Finance notification dated March 27, 2012 and Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013. </em></p>                                                           
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Home हिन्दी

Govt's land law revives lost order of sarkar raj -Nitin Sethi

Published on Jan 7, 2015   Modified on Jan 7, 2015

-Business Standard The ordinance has returned near absolute power of discretion in land acquisition, except in tribal areas, into the hands of the bureaucracy yet again Even after the National Democratic Alliance's land ordinance, governments will still need the consent of tribal gram sabhas in all Schedule V and VI areas of the country before acquiring land for themselves or for public-private projects. While the land ordinance has done away with the need for consent from most other groups for a vast array of projects, it has left specific provisions intact which make it mandatory for governments to seek approval of tribal village councils in areas designated as Schedule V and VI under the Constitution. Schedule V and VI areas are those demarcated as predominantly populated by tribal communities and are meant to protect the rights of tribals over their lands and resources. Schedule VI areas are demarcated in some parts of northeast India and Schedule V applies to some of the tribal belts in other parts of the country. The United Progressive Alliance's land acquisition law in 2013 made special provisions under Section 41 for governments to acquire land in these Scheduled areas. It laid out in section 41 (3) that "in the case of acquisition or alienation of any land in the Scheduled areas, the prior consent of the concerned gram sabha or the panchayats or the autonomous district councils at the appropriate level shall be obtained." Subsequent provisions demanded that such consent be sought even if the government plans to acquire the land in urgency. The NDA government's land ordinance passed on the last day of 2014 does not repeal or counter these provisions. The ordinance, however, does nullify, as has been widely reported, the need for consent and social impact assessment that was provided for in the 2013 legislation. In effect, the government now will not require the consent of farmers and other communities in most cases except in the case of tribals living in Scheduled areas. In that case, the government will have to go to the village councils for their binding approval. The best way to understand the consequences of NDA's land ordinance is to look at the list of projects that will neither require consent of landowners nor need a social impact assessment for acquisition in non-tribal areas. The list is so exhaustive that it leaves little to the imagination. By two small provisions in the four-page ordinance, the NDA government has tried to do away with the principle that formed the bedrock of UPA's 2013 45-page law - the principle of prior informed consent. The principle was operationalised by making it stand on two legal legs in the law - one requiring consent and the other mandating social impact assessment of projects be done and shared publicly. The period of forceful acquisition lasting through different periods of the Indian economy has collectively displaced 60 million people so far, estimates a government committee conservatively. A disproportionately high percentage of those displaced have been the poorest - tribes and scheduled castes -, the report found through review of published research. The antiquated law (formulated in 1897) gave powers and discretion largely in the hands of the bureaucrats and the political class. Of course, it never worked out as smoothly as democracy deepened and the demand for land intensified. Consequently, conflicts raged leading to protests and litigation at one end and failed acquisitions and increasing costs of projects at the other. In 2013-14 alone, one independent analysis shows, more than 250 cases of conflict were recorded by the media. A legacy of protests Take the case of attempted acquisition of land in 13 villages under the Delhi Master Plan in 1987. More than two-and-a-half decades later, the forced acquisition in villages such as Chhattarpur and Khirki remains mired in litigation and protests. By now, thousands of families living on these lands have become 'illegal' occupiers of what is government land on record. Stories far worse - of pauperisation and repeated displacement of communities with little political clout- constantly pour in from across the country that are far from public scrutiny. The 2013 law attempted to end this legacy of forced displacement. The provision for social impact assessment was critical in doing so. Information on the potential impact of a project was to be prepared by someone other than the district administration and project developer. It was to be shared with public ahead of seeking their consent for acquiring land. There have been commentaries about how the process of social impact assessment was too lengthy and convoluted. Some have said that of the entire legislation. The NDA government's ordinance has done away with it entirely, returning near absolute power of discretion into the hands of the collector, the bureaucracy and the political class yet again. The ordinance brings back the reign of sarkar as the mai-bap additionally to the public-private partnership projects. As an example, the ordinance provides for forced land acquisitions to facilitate industrial corridors. But the phrase industrial corridor itself is misleading. Look at the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project running the length of the 1,483-kilometres rail freight corridor with proposed 'high impact developments' within a band of 150 kilometres on either side. These developments include new cities, IT parks, industrial zones, mega-power plants, special investment regions, ports, food and agro parks, cargo hubs, truck terminals, airports, integrated townships, tourism zones, hotels, hospitals and educational institutions. In other words, creating a whole new urban India spread over 444,900 square kilometres. The phrase 'industrial corridor' is not specifically defined in the law. Till that is done, following the General Clauses Act, it is pretty much left to the discretion of the government to acquire lands for what it wills. Or until a court defines it for the government. If the government had so desired, the land ordinance could easily have done both - reduced the time consuming processes and give the landowners greater stake in the majestic dream projects of new urban India. It has instead treated them as obstacles to be paid higher compensation in order to ease the business environment. A FREE RUN Projects by the government or the private sector under public-private partnership that don’t require consent and social impact assessment anymore TRANSPORT     Roads and bridges     Ports     Inland waterways     Airports     Railway tracks, tunnels, viaducts and bridges     Urban public transport ENERGY     Electricity generation, transmission and distribution     Oil pipelines     Oil/Gas/LNG storage facilities     Gas pipelines WATER AND SANITATION     Solid waste management     Water supply pipelines     Water treatment plants     Sewage collection, treatment system     Irrigation (dams, channels, embankments)     Storm water drainage system     Water harvesting and conservation COMMUNICATION     Telecommunication fixed network and towers SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE     Education institutions     Hospitals, medical colleges, diagnostic chains     Three- star or higher-star hotels on the periphery of 1-million-plus cities     Common infrastructure for industrial parks, SEZs, tourism facilities, agricultural markets     Fertilisers     Post-harvest infrastructure     Terminal markets     Soil testing laboratories     Cold chains     Projects involving agro-processing     Marketing infrastructure for agriculture, dairy, fisheries and meat processing     Projects for industrial corridors     Mining activity     National investment and manufacturing zones     Projects for sports, health care, tourism, transportation or space programme     Defence projects and installations LAND ACQUISITION UNDER OTHER LAWS     The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958     The Atomic Energy Act, 1962     The Damodar Valley Corporation Act, 1948     The Indian Tramways Act, 1886     The Land Acquisition (Mines)Act, 1885     The Metro Railways Act, 1978     The National Highways Act, 1956     The Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines Act, I962     The Requisitioning and Acquisition of lmmovable Property Act, 1952     The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948     The Coal Bearing Areas Acquisition and Development Act,1957     The Electricity Act,2003     The Railways Act, 1989 Source: Ministry of Finance notification dated March 27, 2012 and Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013.

Business Standard, 6 January, 2015, http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-s-land-law-revives-lost-order-of-sarkar-raj-115010600984_1.html

Tagged with: Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Rehabilitation and Resettlement law Land Acquisition Land Acquisition Act land acquisition and rehabilitation forest resources forest rights forest rights act

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