Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98
Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
if (Configure::read('debug')) {
trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);
} else {
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {
'status' => (int) 200,
'contentType' => 'text/html',
'headers' => [
'Content-Type' => [
[maximum depth reached]
]
],
'file' => null,
'fileRange' => [],
'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {},
'cacheDirectives' => [],
'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if lt IE 7 ]>
<html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7 ]>
<html class="ie ie7" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8 ]>
<html class="ie ie8" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]><!-->
<html lang='en'>
<!--<![endif]-->
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>
LATEST NEWS UPDATES | India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha </title>
<meta name="description" content="
-The Hindu
As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak
India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity..."/>
<meta name="keywords" content="obesity,nutrition,Malnutrition,Food Security,Health,sanitation,drinking water,Gender"/>
<meta name="news_keywords" content="obesity,nutrition,Malnutrition,Food Security,Health,sanitation,drinking water,Gender">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ROR" href="/ror.xml"/>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="/feeds/"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/bootstrap.min.css?1697864993"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css?v=1.1.2"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style-inner.css?1577045210"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="Oswald-css"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald%3Aregular%2C700&ver=3.8.1" type="text/css"
media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery.modal.min.css?1578285302"/> <script src="/js/jquery-1.10.2.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/jquery-migrate.min.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" title="Favicon">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery-ui.css?1580720609"/> <script src="/js/jquery-ui.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/custom.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery.modal.min.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery-ui.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/li-scroller.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<!-- <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> -->
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style-inner.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href="//im4change.org/css/custom.css" crossorigin >
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/bootstrap.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.li-scroller.1.0.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.modal.min.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.ui.totop.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-1.10.2.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-migrate.min.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-ui.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/setting.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/tie-scripts.js">
<!--[if IE]>
<script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(".menu-item").has("ul").children("a").attr("aria-haspopup", "true");
});</script>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="/js/html5.js"></script>
<script src="/js/selectivizr-min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/css/ie8.css"/>
<![endif]-->
<meta property="og:title" content="LATEST NEWS UPDATES | India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:description" content="
-The Hindu
As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak
India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity..." />
<meta property="og:image" content="" />
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="0" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple1.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple2.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple3.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple4.png">
<style>
.gsc-results-wrapper-overlay{
top: 38% !important;
height: 50% !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
border-color: #035588 !important;
background-color: #035588 !important;
}
.gsib_a{
height: 30px !important;
padding: 2px 8px 1px 6px !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
height: 41px !important;
}
input.gsc-input{
background: none !important;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
.gsc-results-wrapper-overlay{
top: 11% !important;
width: 87% !important;
left: 9% !important;
height: 43% !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
padding: 10px 10px !important;
}
.gsc-input-box{
height: 28px !important;
}
/* .gsib_a {
padding: 0px 9px 4px 9px !important;
}*/
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) and (max-width: 1920px) {
table.gsc-search-box{
width: 15% !important;
float: right !important;
margin-top: -118px !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2 {
padding: 6px !important;
}
}
</style>
<script>
$(function () {
$("#accordion").accordion({
event: "click hoverintent"
});
});
/*
* hoverIntent | Copyright 2011 Brian Cherne
* http://cherne.net/brian/resources/jquery.hoverIntent.html
* modified by the jQuery UI team
*/
$.event.special.hoverintent = {
setup: function () {
$(this).bind("mouseover", jQuery.event.special.hoverintent.handler);
},
teardown: function () {
$(this).unbind("mouseover", jQuery.event.special.hoverintent.handler);
},
handler: function (event) {
var currentX, currentY, timeout,
args = arguments,
target = $(event.target),
previousX = event.pageX,
previousY = event.pageY;
function track(event) {
currentX = event.pageX;
currentY = event.pageY;
}
;
function clear() {
target
.unbind("mousemove", track)
.unbind("mouseout", clear);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}
function handler() {
var prop,
orig = event;
if ((Math.abs(previousX - currentX) +
Math.abs(previousY - currentY)) < 7) {
clear();
event = $.Event("hoverintent");
for (prop in orig) {
if (!(prop in event)) {
event[prop] = orig[prop];
}
}
// Prevent accessing the original event since the new event
// is fired asynchronously and the old event is no longer
// usable (#6028)
delete event.originalEvent;
target.trigger(event);
} else {
previousX = currentX;
previousY = currentY;
timeout = setTimeout(handler, 100);
}
}
timeout = setTimeout(handler, 100);
target.bind({
mousemove: track,
mouseout: clear
});
}
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-472075-3']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
(function () {
var ga = document.createElement('script');
ga.type = 'text/javascript';
ga.async = true;
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
})();
</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/custom.css?v=1.16"/> <script src="/js/jquery.ui.totop.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/setting.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#616163" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="im4change">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icons/logo-192x192.png">
</head>
<body id="top" class="home inner blog">
<div class="background-cover"></div>
<div class="wrapper animated">
<header id="theme-header" class="header_inner" style="position: relative;">
<div class="logo inner_logo" style="left:20px !important">
<a title="Home" href="https://im4change.in/">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo2.jpg?1582080632" class="logo_image" alt="im4change"/> </a>
</div>
<div class="langhindi" style="color: #000;display:none;"
href="https://im4change.in/">
<a class="more-link" href="https://im4change.in/">Home</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/" class="langbutton ">हिन्दी</a>
</div>
<nav class="fade-in animated2" id="main-nav">
<div class="container">
<div class="main-menu">
<ul class="menu" id="menu-main">
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"
style="left: -40px;"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/">Home</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item mega-menu menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu menu-item-object-category mega-menu menu-item-has-children parent-list"
style=" margin-left: -40px;"><a href="#">KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY <span class="sub-indicator"></span>
</a>
<div class="mega-menu-block background_menu" style="padding-top:25px;">
<div class="container">
<div class="mega-menu-content">
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Farm Crisis</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/farmers039-suicides-14.html"
class="left postionrel">Farm Suicides </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html"
class="left postionrel">Unemployment </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html"
class="left postionrel">Rural distress </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html"
class="left postionrel">Migration </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/key-facts-72.html"
class="left postionrel">Key Facts </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/debt-trap-15.html"
class="left postionrel">Debt Trap </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Empowerment</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/union-budget-73.html"
class="left postionrel">Union Budget And Other Economic Policies </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/forest-and-tribal-rights-61.html"
class="left postionrel">Forest and Tribal Rights </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-education-60.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Education </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-food-59.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Food </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html"
class="left postionrel">Displacement </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Work (MG-NREGA) </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html"
class="left postionrel">GENDER </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-information-58.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Information </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/social-audit-48.html"
class="left postionrel">Social Audit </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Hunger / HDI</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html"
class="left postionrel">Poverty and inequality </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html"
class="left postionrel">Malnutrition </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html"
class="left postionrel">Public Health </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html"
class="left postionrel">Education </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html"
class="left postionrel">Hunger Overview </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/hdi-overview-45.html"
class="left postionrel">HDI Overview </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/pds-ration-food-security-42.html"
class="left postionrel">PDS/ Ration/ Food Security </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/sdgs-113.html"
class="left postionrel">SDGs </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/mid-day-meal-scheme-mdms-53.html"
class="left postionrel">Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Environment</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html"
class="left postionrel">Time Bomb Ticking </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html"
class="left postionrel">Water and Sanitation </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/impact-on-agriculture-54.html"
class="left postionrel">Impact on Agriculture </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Law & Justice</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html"
class="left postionrel">Social Justice </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html"
class="left postionrel">Access to Justice </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/human-rights-56.html"
class="left postionrel">Human Rights </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/corruption-35.html"
class="left postionrel">Corruption </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/general-insecurity-46.html"
class="left postionrel">General Insecurity </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/disaster-relief-49.html"
class="left postionrel">Disaster & Relief </a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page "><a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/nceus_reports.php">NCEUS reports</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children parent-list ">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html">About Us <span
class="sub-indicator"></span></a>
<ul class="sub-menu aboutmenu">
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/objectives-8.html">Objectives</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/contactus.php">Contact
Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html">About
Us</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children ">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/fellowships.php" title="Fellowships">Fellowships</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/media-workshops.php">Workshops</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/research.php">Research</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/links-64">Partners</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"
id="menu-item-539"><a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/"
class="langbutton langlinkfont17">हिन्दी</a></li>
</ul>
</div> </div>
<!-- <div style="float: right;">
<script async src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=18b4f2e0f11bed3dd"></script>
<div class="gcse-search"></div>
</div> -->
<div class="search-block" style=" margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 7px;">
<form method="get" id="searchform" name="searchform"
action="https://im4change.in/search"
onsubmit="return searchvalidate();">
<button class="search-button" type="submit" value="Search"></button>
<input type="text" id="s" name="qryStr" value=""
onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search...') {this.value = '';}"
onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search...';}">
</form>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="container">
<div id="main-content" class=" main1 container fade-in animated3 sidebar-narrow-left">
<div class="content-wrap">
<div class="content" style="width: 900px;min-height: 500px;">
<section class="cat-box recent-box innerCatRecent">
<h1 class="cat-box-title">India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha</h1>
<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="return shareArticle(22999);">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/email.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157/print"
rel="nofollow">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/>
</a>
</section>
<section class="recent-box innerCatRecent">
<small class="pb-1"><span class="dateIcn">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/published.svg?1582080666" alt="published"/>
Published on</span><span class="text-date"> Oct 29, 2013</span>
<span
class="dateIcn">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/modified.svg?1582080666" alt="modified"/> Modified on </span><span class="text-date"> Oct 29, 2013</span>
</small>
</section>
<div class="clear"></div>
<div style="padding-top: 10px;">
<div class="innerLineHeight">
<div class="middleContent innerInput latest-news-updates">
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak</em></p><p align="justify">India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity levels. Using the World Health Organisation classification based on body mass index, or BMI (the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in metres), there were about 31.5 per cent underweight women in the age group 20-49 years in 1998. The share came down to 26.6 per cent in 2005. In contrast, the share of the overweight (including the obese) rose from 13 per cent to 18.2 per cent.</p><p align="justify"><em>Transitional shift</em></p><p align="justify">The coexistence of the underweight and the overweight is often referred to as the "double burden of malnutrition." Besides, the burden of overweight (and obesity) is expected to shift to households with lower socio-economic status (SES) as India develops economically. Before a nutritional transition, the overweight and the underweight tend to be concentrated in high and low SES groups, respectively. During the transition, however, the overweight burden shifts to low SES groups, while the underweight burden remains high, exposing them to the double burden.</p><p align="justify">Here we will focus mostly on the ratio of underweight to overweight (including obese) women. While both underweight and overweight are "bads," serious concerns have been expressed about an emerging obesity epidemic and, consequently, a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (for example, a likely epidemic of diabetes in India in the near future). So whether this ratio is less than one (more overweight than underweight women) or greater than one (more underweight than overweight women) needs close scrutiny as the health policy implications differ vastly. This analysis is based on a nationally representative survey, the India Human Development Survey, 2005.</p><p align="justify"><em>Women & regional ratios</em></p><p align="justify">Our estimates show that at the all-India level, the ratio of underweight to overweight women aged 22-49 was 1.21. So, there were 121 underweight women for 100 overweight women in 2005. In the rural areas, there were more than twice as many underweight women as overweight but a little over a third in the urban areas.</p><p align="justify">The lowest ratio is observed in the southern region and a moderately higher ratio in the northern region, with fewer underweight than overweight women in the former and more underweight than overweight in the latter. The central region had the highest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, followed by the eastern and then the western regions.</p><p align="justify">Out of the 22 States analysed, nine (for example, Punjab, Delhi, Kerala) had fewer underweight women than overweight ones. Punjab had the lowest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, while Kerala had a slightly higher number. In sharp contrast were six States, including Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh, where the number of underweight women exceeded substantially that of the overweight. In Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Bihar, there were twice as many or more underweight women than the overweight. Orissa stood out as the worst with nearly four times as many underweight women as the overweight.</p><p align="justify"><em>Economic status and caste</em></p><p align="justify">To throw light on the relationship between SES and the ratio of underweight to overweight women, we first examine the association between this ratio and per capita monthly expenditure. The higher the expenditure, the lower was the ratio of underweight to overweight women. In the lowest expenditure group, for example, underweight women were over four times as many as the overweight, while in the highest expenditure range they were barely one-third. So there is an inverse association between this ratio and affluence.</p><p align="justify">Another measure of economic status is in terms of assets (for example, motorcycle, car, refrigerator, sewing machine, television, cellphone). The association is similar to that obtained using expenditure. Underweight women were four times as many as the overweight in the lowest asset group, while they were a little over one-fifth of the overweight in the highest asset group. Thus the number of underweight women declines sharply as wealth rises.</p><p align="justify">These monetary measures of economic status are supplemented by caste affiliation. The caste hierarchy manifests itself not just in different levels of economic well-being but also in aspects of social deprivation. Some of the most socio-economically disadvantaged groups comprise the Scheduled Tribes (STs), followed by the Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Other Backward Classes, with the residual group, Others, as the least disadvantaged. The STs are also the socially most excluded group as they are confined largely to remote regions.</p><p align="justify">Underweight women were just under four times the number of the overweight among the STs, and more than twice as many among the SCs. In sharp contrast, underweight women were two-thirds of the overweight among Others. Thus, the socio-economic patterning of the underweight and the overweight was largely intact.</p><p align="justify"><em>Age factor</em></p><p align="justify">Age matters too. There is an inverse association between the ratio of underweight to overweight women and age-group of women. The ratio was highest in the youngest, aged 22-28, and lowest in the oldest, aged 43-49. In the former, underweight women were three times as many as overweight women but in the latter just two-thirds.</p><p align="justify">The effect of marital status - ever married women - on the ratio of underweight to overweight women was negative in the urban sample but not significant in others. This implies that ever married women were less likely to be underweight but not so generally. Social obligations play an important role, particularly in eating pattern changes upon marriage that help gain weight. Besides, married people smoke less and exercise less, and are thus likelier to be heavy.</p><p align="justify"><em>Sanitation</em></p><p align="justify">Sanitation and hygiene (for example, an indoor toilet, a safe drinking water facility and a kitchen with ventilation) are associated with lower ratios of underweight to overweight women as the risks of infectious diseases are lower - especially those acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water, or other exposures in the environment.</p><p align="justify">The risk of overweight/obesity is considerably lower with higher ratios of female-to-male workers, implying that greater opportunities for female employment are associated with greater physical activity and a lowering of the prevalence of overweight among women.</p><p align="justify">Media exposure is linked to more leisure and more frequent eating, and thus a higher risk of being overweight. Other evidence confirms this result but fails to substantiate these links.</p><p align="justify"><em>Diet issues</em></p><p align="justify">Contrary to assertions that SES is key to the prevalence of underweight and overweight among women, our analysis suggests that the effects of relative food prices through dietary changes are larger. Although we find significant effects of the ratio of cereal to milk and milk product prices, cereal to vegetable prices, and cereal to edible oil prices, the commodity classification is not sufficiently detailed (for example, the nutritional effects of potato and leafy vegetables differ, as also of how they are cooked - boiled or fried). More generally, weight gain seen for specific foods and beverages arises from varying portion sizes, patterns of eating, effects on satiety, or displacement of other foods or beverages. Consumption of starches and refined grains is less satiating, increases hunger signals and total calorie intake, as compared with equivalent calories obtained from less processed food, and higher fibre foods that also contain healthy fats and proteins. Other experimental evidence unravels a relationship between sleep, diet and obesity. Reduced sleep induces preferences for calorie-dense, refined-carbohydrate foods. Weight gain is lowest among persons who sleep six to eight hours a night and is higher among those who sleep less than six hours or more than eight hours.</p><p align="justify"><em>Diseases</em></p><p align="justify">The health implications of being underweight and overweight are grim: underweight women are highly prone to risks of disease, disability and mortality. Besides, children born to them are more likely to be overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity elevate risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, hypertension and adult-onset diabetes. However, given the rising burden of NCDs while that of infectious diseases remains high, and as India increases its focus on the health needs of overweight and obese people, it must address simultaneously the needs of the large number of severely undernourished people in society.</p><p align="justify">For Indian women, the pervasiveness of the malnutrition burden is matched only by the grimness of their existence and survival prospects.</p><p align="justify"><em>(Vani S. Kulkarni is research associate, Department of Sociology, Yale University and Veena S. Kulkarni is assistant professor in the Department of Sociology, Criminology and Geography, Arkansas State University. Raghav Gaiha was professor of Public Policy, Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi.) </em></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<br><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment/article5282374.ece?homepage=true" class="re" target="_blank">The Hindu, 29 October, 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment/article5282374.ece?homepage=true</a><div class="clear"></div>
<div style="padding-top: 18px;">
<p class="post-tag">Tagged with:
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=obesity"
title="obesity">
obesity </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=nutrition"
title="nutrition">
nutrition </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Malnutrition"
title="Malnutrition">
Malnutrition </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Food Security"
title="Food Security">
Food Security </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Health"
title="Health">
Health </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=sanitation"
title="sanitation">
sanitation </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=drinking water"
title="drinking water">
drinking water </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Gender"
title="Gender">
Gender </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<br><br>
<div class="widget-top">
<h4>Related Articles</h4>
<div class="stripe-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="widget-container">
<ul id="recentcomments">
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/tur-nomics-prices-of-india-s-favourite-dal-heat-up-akshi-chawla.html"
title="Tur-nomics: Prices of India’s Favourite Dal Heat Up - Akshi Chawla">
Tur-nomics: Prices of India’s Favourite Dal Heat Up - Akshi Chawla </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/fifth-report-from-gambia-implicates-indian-drug-maker-for-contaminated-syrups-banjot-kaur.html"
title="Fifth Report From Gambia Implicates Indian Drug Maker for Contaminated Syrups - Banjot Kaur">
Fifth Report From Gambia Implicates Indian Drug Maker for Contaminated Syrups - Banjot Kaur </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/india-may-have-seen-steepest-dip-in-multidimensional-poverty-among-110-nations-as-per-undp-data-nikhil-rampal.html"
title="India may have seen steepest dip in multidimensional poverty among 110 nations as per UNDP data - Nikhil Rampal">
India may have seen steepest dip in multidimensional poverty among 110 nations as per UNDP data - Nikhil Rampal </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/health-among-top-three-priorities-for-indian-voters-after-jobs-and-education-survey-shows-oliver-heath-jyoti-mishra-louise-tillin-sandhya-venkateswaran.html"
title="Health among top three priorities for Indian voters after jobs and education, survey shows - Oliver Heath, Jyoti Mishra, Louise Tillin & Sandhya Venkateswaran">
Health among top three priorities for Indian voters after jobs and education, survey shows - Oliver Heath, Jyoti Mishra, Louise Tillin & Sandhya Venkateswaran </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/hunger-and-malnutrition-in-india-after-a-decade-of-the-national-food-security-act-2013-neetu-sharma-jyotsna-sripada-shruthi-raman.html"
title="Hunger and Malnutrition in India after a Decade of the National Food Security Act, 2013 - Neetu Sharma, Jyotsna Sripada, Shruthi Raman">
Hunger and Malnutrition in India after a Decade of the National Food Security Act, 2013 - Neetu Sharma, Jyotsna Sripada, Shruthi Raman </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="comment-respond" id="respond">
<a name="commentbox"> </a>
<h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3>
<form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()"
name="cmtform">
<input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/>
<input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="22999"/>
<p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked <span
class="required">*</span></p>
<p class="comment-form-author">
<label for="commenterName">Name</label>
<span class="required">*</span>
<input type="text" aria-required="true" size="30"
value=""
name="commenterName" id="commenterName" required="true">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-email">
<label for="commenterEmail">Email</label> <span class="required">*</span>
<input aria-required="true" size="30" name="commenterEmail" id="commenterEmail" type="email"
value=""
required="true">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-contact">
<label for="commenterPh">Contact No.</label>
<input type="text" size="30"
value=""
name="commenterPh" id="commenterPh">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-comment">
<label for="comment">Comment</label>
<textarea aria-required="true" required="true" rows="8" cols="45" name="comment"
id="comment"></textarea>
</p>
<p class="comment-form-comment">
<label for="comment">Type the characters you see in the image below <span class="required">*</span><br><img
class="captchaImg"
src="https://im4change.in/securimage_show_art.php?tk=645392300" alt="captcha"/>
</label>
</p>
<input type="text" name="vrcode" required="true"/>
<p class="form-submit" style="width: 200px;">
<input type="submit" value="Post Comment" id="submit" name="submit">
</p></form>
</div>
<style>
.ui-widget-content {
height: auto !important;
}
</style>
<div id="share-modal"></div>
<style>
.middleContent a{
background-color: rgba(108,172,228,.2);
}
.middleContent a:hover{
background-color: #418fde;
border-color: #418fde;
color: #000;
}
</style>
<script>
function shareArticle(article_id) {
var options = {
modal: true,
height: 'auto',
width: 600 + 'px'
};
$('#share-modal').html("");
$('#share-modal').load('https://im4change.in/share_article?article_id=' + article_id).dialog(options).dialog('open');
}
function postShare() {
var param = 'article_id=' + $("#article_id").val();
param = param + '&y_name=' + $("#y_name").val();
param = param + '&y_email=' + $("#y_email").val();
param = param + '&f_name=' + $("#f_name").val();
param = param + '&f_email=' + $("#f_email").val();
param = param + '&y_msg=' + $("#y_msg").val();
$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: 'https://im4change.in/post_share_article',
data: param,
success: function (response) {
$('#share-modal').html("Thank You, Your message posted to ");
}
});
return false;
}
</script> </div>
</div>
<!-- Right Side Section Start -->
<!-- MAP Section START -->
<aside class="sidebar indexMarg">
<div class="ad-cell">
<a href="https://im4change.in/statemap.php" title="">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/map_new_version.png?1582080666" alt="India State Map" class="indiamap" width="232" height="252"/> </a>
<div class="rightmapbox">
<div id="sideOne" class="docltitle"><a href="https://im4change.in/state-report/india/36" target="_blank">DOCUMENTS/
REPORTS</a></div>
<div id="sideTwo" class="statetitle"><a href="https://im4change.in/states.php"target="_blank">STATE DATA/
HDRs.</a></div>
</div>
<div class="widget widgePadTop"></div>
</div>
</aside>
<!-- MAP Section END -->
<aside class="sidebar sidePadbottom">
<div class="rightsmlbox1" >
<a href="https://im4change.in/knowledge_gateway" target="_blank" style="color: #035588;
font-size: 17px;">
KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY
</a>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
<a href="https://im4change.in/newsletter" target="_blank">
NEWSLETTER
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1" style="height: 325px;">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
Interview with Prof. Ravi Srivastava
</p>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/interview-with-prof-ravi-srivastava-on-current-economic-crisis">
<img width="250" height="200" src="/images/interview_video_home.jpg" alt="Interview with Prof. Ravi Srivastava"/>
</a>
<!--
<iframe width="250" height="200" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MmaTlntk-wc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>-->
</p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/videogallery" class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More videos
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<!--div id="sstory" class="rightboxicons"></div--->
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a href="https://im4change.in/list-success-stories" target="_blank">Success Stories</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a
href="https://im4change.in/interviews" target="_blank">Interviews</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a href="https://www.commoncause.in/page.php?id=10" >Donate</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a
href="https://im4change.in/marquee"
class="isf_link more-link" title="India Focus?" style="border: 4px solid #fdd922;width: 90%;background-color: #fdd922;text-align: center;color: #000000;font-size:18px" target="_blank">India Focus</a></p> </div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1" style="height: 104px !important;">
<a href="https://im4change.in/quarterly_reports.php" target="_blank">
Quarterly Reports on Effect of Economic Slowdown on Employment in India (2008 - 2015)
</a>
</div>
<!-- <div class="rightsmlbox1">
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.im4.im4change" target="_blank">
</a></div> -->
<!-- <section class="cat-box recent-box secMarg">
<h2 class="cat-box-title">Most Visited</h2>
</section> -->
<!-- accordion Starts here -->
<!-- <div id="accordion" class="accordMarg">
</div> -->
<!-- accordion ends here -->
<!-- Widget Tag Cloud Starts here -->
<div id="tag_cloud-2" class="widget widget_tag_cloud">
<section class="cat-box recent-box secMarg">
<h2 class="cat-box-title">MOST VISITED TAGS</h2>
</section>
<div class="widget-top wiPdTp">
<div class="stripe-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="widget-container">
<div class="tagcloud">
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Agriculture"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Agriculture</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Food Security"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Food Security</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Law and Justice"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Law and Justice</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Health"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Health</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Right to Food"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Right to Food</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Corruption"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Corruption</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=farming"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">farming</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Environment"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Environment</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Right to Information"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Right to Information</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=NREGS"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">NREGS</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Human Rights"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Human Rights</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Governance"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Governance</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PDS"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PDS</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=COVID-19"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">COVID-19</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Land Acquisition"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Land Acquisition</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=mgnrega"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">mgnrega</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Farmers"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Farmers</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=transparency"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">transparency</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Gender"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Gender</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Poverty"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Poverty</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Farm Laws" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Farm Laws
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Citizenship Amendment Act" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Citizenship Amendment Act
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=CAA NPR NRIC" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">CAA NPR NRIC
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Job Losses" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Job Losses
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Migrant Workers" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Migrant Workers
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Unemployment" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Unemployment
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PMGKAY" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PMGKAY
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PM-KISAN" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PM-KISAN
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PM-CARES" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PM-CARES
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=LFPR" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">LFPR
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Widget Tag Cloud Ends here -->
</aside>
<!-- Right Side Section End -->
</div>
<section class="cat-box cats-review-box footerSec">
<h2 class="cat-box-title vSec CatArcha">Video
Archives</h2>
<h2 class="cat-box-title CatArchaTitle">Archives</h2>
<div class="cat-box-content">
<div class="reviews-cat">
<div class="CatArchaDiv1">
<div class="CatArchaDiv2">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/moving-upstream-luni-fellowship.html" target="_blank">
Moving Upstream: Luni – Fellowship </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/135-million-indians-exited-multidimensional-poverty-as-per-government-figures-is-that-the-same-as-poverty-reduction.html" target="_blank">
135 Million Indians Exited “Multidimensional" Poverty as per Government... </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/explainer-why-are-tomato-prices-on-fire.html" target="_blank">
Explainer: Why are Tomato Prices on Fire? </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/nsso-survey-only-39-1-of-all-households-have-drinking-water-within-dwelling-46-7-of-rural-households-use-firewood-for-cooking.html" target="_blank">
NSSO Survey: Only 39.1% of all Households have Drinking... </a>
</li>
<li class="CatArchalLi1">
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57"
class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More...
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/I51LYnP8BOk/1.jpg"
alt=" Im4Change.org हिंदी वेबसाइट का परिचय. Short Video on im4change.org...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Short-Video-on-im4change-Hindi-website-Inclusive-Media-for-Change" target="_blank">
Im4Change.org हिंदी वेबसाइट का परिचय. Short Video on im4change.org... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/kNqha-SwfIY/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 1: Scope of IDEA and AgriStack" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-1- Scope-of-IDEA-and-AgriStack-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 1: Scope of IDEA and AgriStack" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/6kIVjlgZItk/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 2: Farmer Centric Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-2-Farmer-Centric-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 2: Farmer Centric Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/2BeHTu0y7xc/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 3: Future of Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-3-Future-of-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 3: Future of Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="divWidth">
<ul class="divWidthMarg">
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Public-Spending-on-Agriculture-in-India-Source-Foundation-for-Agrarian-Studies"
title="Public Spending on Agriculture in India (Source: Foundation for Agrarian Studies)" target="_blank">
Public Spending on Agriculture in India (Source: Foundation for...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Agrarian-Change-Seminar-Protests-against-the-New-Farm-Laws-in-India-by-Prof-Vikas-Rawal-JNU-Source-Journal-Of-Agrarian-Change"
title="Agrarian Change Seminar: 'Protests against the New Farm Laws in India' by Prof. Vikas Rawal, JNU (Source: Journal Of Agrarian Change) " target="_blank">
Agrarian Change Seminar: 'Protests against the New Farm Laws...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Webinar-Ramrao-The-Story-of-India-Farm-Crisis-Source-Azim-Premji-University"
title="Webinar: Ramrao - The Story of India's Farm Crisis (Source: Azim Premji University)" target="_blank">
Webinar: Ramrao - The Story of India's Farm Crisis...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/water-and-agricultural-transformation-in-India"
title="Water and Agricultural Transformation in India: A Symbiotic Relationship (Source: IGIDR)" target="_blank">
Water and Agricultural Transformation in India: A Symbiotic Relationship...</a>
</li>
<li class="CatArchalLi1">
<a href="https://im4change.in/videogallery"
class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More...
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section> </div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<!-- Footer option Starts here -->
<div class="footer-bottom fade-in animated4">
<div class="container">
<div class="social-icons icon_flat">
<p class="SocialMargTop"> Website Developed by <a target="_blank" title="Web Development"
class="wot right"
href="http://www.ravinderkhurana.com/" rel="nofollow">
RAVINDErkHURANA.com</a></p>
</div>
<div class="alignleft">
<a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/objectives-8.html"
class="link"
title="Objectives">Objectives</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html"
class="link" title="About Us">About Us</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/media-workshops.php"
class="ucwords">Workshops</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/disclaimer/disclaimer-149.html"
title="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> </div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Footer option ends here -->
</div>
<div id="connect">
<a target="_blank"
href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"
title="Share on Facebook">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/Facebook.png?1582080640" alt="share on Facebook" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a><br/>
<a target="_blank"
href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Im4change&url=https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"
title="Share on Twitter">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/twitter.png?1582080632" alt="Twitter" class="ImgBorder"/> </a>
<br/>
<a href="/feeds" title="RSS Feed" target="_blank">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/rss.png?1582080632" alt="RSS" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a>
<br/>
<a class="feedback-link" id="feedbackFormLink" href="#">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/feedback.png?1582080630" alt="Feedback" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a> <br/>
<a href="javascript:function iprl5(){var d=document,z=d.createElement('scr'+'ipt'),b=d.body,l=d.location;try{if(!b)throw(0);d.title='(Saving...) '+d.title;z.setAttribute('src',l.protocol+'//www.instapaper.com/j/WKrH3R7ORD5p?u='+encodeURIComponent(l.href)+'&t='+(new Date().getTime()));b.appendChild(z);}catch(e){alert('Please wait until the page has loaded.');}}iprl5();void(0)"
class="bookmarklet" onclick="return explain_bookmarklet();">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/read-it-later.png?1582080632" alt="Read Later" class="ImgBorder"/> </a>
</div>
<!-- Feedback form Starts here -->
<div id="feedbackForm" class="overlay_form" class="ImgBorder">
<h2>Contact Form</h2>
<div id="contactform1">
<div id="formleft">
<form id="submitform" action="/contactus.php" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="submitform" value="submitform"/>
<input type="hidden" name="salt_key" value="a0e0f2c6a0644a70e57ad2c96829709a"/>
<input type="hidden" name="ref" value="feedback"/>
<fieldset>
<label>Name :</label>
<input type="text" name="name" class="tbox" required/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label>Email :</label>
<input type="text" name="email" class="tbox" required/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label>Message :</label>
<textarea rows="5" cols="20" name="message" required></textarea>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
Please enter security code
<div class="clear"></div>
<input type="text" name="vrcode" class="tbox"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<input type="submit" class="button" value="Submit"/>
<a href="#" id="closefeedbakcformLink">Close</a>
</fieldset>
</form>
</div>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="donate_popup" class="modal" style="max-width: 800px;">
<table width="100%" border="1">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="center">
<b>Support im4change</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="25%" valign="middle">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo2.jpg?1582080632" alt="" width="100%"/> </td>
<td style="padding-left:10px;padding-top:10px;">
<form action="https://im4change.in/donate" method="get">
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
10
</td>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
100
</td>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
1000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
50
</td>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
500
</td>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
<input type="text" name="price" placeholder="?" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" align="right">
<input type="button" name="Pay" value="Pay"
style="width: 200px;background-color: rgb(205, 35, 36);color: #ffffff;"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div><script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var tievar = {'go_to': 'Go to...'};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script src="/js/tie-scripts.js?1575549704"></script><script src="/js/bootstrap.js?1575549704"></script><script src="/js/jquery.modal.min.js?1578284310"></script><script>
$(document).ready(function() {
// tell the autocomplete function to get its data from our php script
$('#s').autocomplete({
source: "/autocomplete"
});
});
</script>
<script src="/vj-main-sw-register.js" async></script>
<script>function init(){var imgDefer=document.getElementsByTagName('img');for(var i=0;i<imgDefer.length;i++){if(imgDefer[i].getAttribute('data-src')){imgDefer[i].setAttribute('src',imgDefer[i].getAttribute('data-src'))}}}
window.onload=init;</script>
</body>
</html>'
}
$maxBufferLength = (int) 8192
$file = '/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php'
$line = (int) 853
$message = 'Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853'
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48
Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141
[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39
Warning (2): Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php:853) [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 148]
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {
'status' => (int) 200,
'contentType' => 'text/html',
'headers' => [
'Content-Type' => [
[maximum depth reached]
]
],
'file' => null,
'fileRange' => [],
'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {},
'cacheDirectives' => [],
'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if lt IE 7 ]>
<html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7 ]>
<html class="ie ie7" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8 ]>
<html class="ie ie8" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]><!-->
<html lang='en'>
<!--<![endif]-->
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>
LATEST NEWS UPDATES | India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha </title>
<meta name="description" content="
-The Hindu
As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak
India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity..."/>
<meta name="keywords" content="obesity,nutrition,Malnutrition,Food Security,Health,sanitation,drinking water,Gender"/>
<meta name="news_keywords" content="obesity,nutrition,Malnutrition,Food Security,Health,sanitation,drinking water,Gender">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ROR" href="/ror.xml"/>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="/feeds/"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/bootstrap.min.css?1697864993"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css?v=1.1.2"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style-inner.css?1577045210"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="Oswald-css"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald%3Aregular%2C700&ver=3.8.1" type="text/css"
media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery.modal.min.css?1578285302"/> <script src="/js/jquery-1.10.2.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/jquery-migrate.min.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" title="Favicon">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery-ui.css?1580720609"/> <script src="/js/jquery-ui.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/custom.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery.modal.min.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery-ui.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/li-scroller.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<!-- <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> -->
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style-inner.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href="//im4change.org/css/custom.css" crossorigin >
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/bootstrap.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.li-scroller.1.0.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.modal.min.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.ui.totop.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-1.10.2.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-migrate.min.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-ui.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/setting.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/tie-scripts.js">
<!--[if IE]>
<script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(".menu-item").has("ul").children("a").attr("aria-haspopup", "true");
});</script>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="/js/html5.js"></script>
<script src="/js/selectivizr-min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/css/ie8.css"/>
<![endif]-->
<meta property="og:title" content="LATEST NEWS UPDATES | India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:description" content="
-The Hindu
As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak
India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity..." />
<meta property="og:image" content="" />
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="0" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple1.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple2.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple3.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple4.png">
<style>
.gsc-results-wrapper-overlay{
top: 38% !important;
height: 50% !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
border-color: #035588 !important;
background-color: #035588 !important;
}
.gsib_a{
height: 30px !important;
padding: 2px 8px 1px 6px !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
height: 41px !important;
}
input.gsc-input{
background: none !important;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
.gsc-results-wrapper-overlay{
top: 11% !important;
width: 87% !important;
left: 9% !important;
height: 43% !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
padding: 10px 10px !important;
}
.gsc-input-box{
height: 28px !important;
}
/* .gsib_a {
padding: 0px 9px 4px 9px !important;
}*/
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) and (max-width: 1920px) {
table.gsc-search-box{
width: 15% !important;
float: right !important;
margin-top: -118px !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2 {
padding: 6px !important;
}
}
</style>
<script>
$(function () {
$("#accordion").accordion({
event: "click hoverintent"
});
});
/*
* hoverIntent | Copyright 2011 Brian Cherne
* http://cherne.net/brian/resources/jquery.hoverIntent.html
* modified by the jQuery UI team
*/
$.event.special.hoverintent = {
setup: function () {
$(this).bind("mouseover", jQuery.event.special.hoverintent.handler);
},
teardown: function () {
$(this).unbind("mouseover", jQuery.event.special.hoverintent.handler);
},
handler: function (event) {
var currentX, currentY, timeout,
args = arguments,
target = $(event.target),
previousX = event.pageX,
previousY = event.pageY;
function track(event) {
currentX = event.pageX;
currentY = event.pageY;
}
;
function clear() {
target
.unbind("mousemove", track)
.unbind("mouseout", clear);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}
function handler() {
var prop,
orig = event;
if ((Math.abs(previousX - currentX) +
Math.abs(previousY - currentY)) < 7) {
clear();
event = $.Event("hoverintent");
for (prop in orig) {
if (!(prop in event)) {
event[prop] = orig[prop];
}
}
// Prevent accessing the original event since the new event
// is fired asynchronously and the old event is no longer
// usable (#6028)
delete event.originalEvent;
target.trigger(event);
} else {
previousX = currentX;
previousY = currentY;
timeout = setTimeout(handler, 100);
}
}
timeout = setTimeout(handler, 100);
target.bind({
mousemove: track,
mouseout: clear
});
}
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-472075-3']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
(function () {
var ga = document.createElement('script');
ga.type = 'text/javascript';
ga.async = true;
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
})();
</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/custom.css?v=1.16"/> <script src="/js/jquery.ui.totop.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/setting.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#616163" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="im4change">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icons/logo-192x192.png">
</head>
<body id="top" class="home inner blog">
<div class="background-cover"></div>
<div class="wrapper animated">
<header id="theme-header" class="header_inner" style="position: relative;">
<div class="logo inner_logo" style="left:20px !important">
<a title="Home" href="https://im4change.in/">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo2.jpg?1582080632" class="logo_image" alt="im4change"/> </a>
</div>
<div class="langhindi" style="color: #000;display:none;"
href="https://im4change.in/">
<a class="more-link" href="https://im4change.in/">Home</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/" class="langbutton ">हिन्दी</a>
</div>
<nav class="fade-in animated2" id="main-nav">
<div class="container">
<div class="main-menu">
<ul class="menu" id="menu-main">
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"
style="left: -40px;"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/">Home</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item mega-menu menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu menu-item-object-category mega-menu menu-item-has-children parent-list"
style=" margin-left: -40px;"><a href="#">KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY <span class="sub-indicator"></span>
</a>
<div class="mega-menu-block background_menu" style="padding-top:25px;">
<div class="container">
<div class="mega-menu-content">
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Farm Crisis</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/farmers039-suicides-14.html"
class="left postionrel">Farm Suicides </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html"
class="left postionrel">Unemployment </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html"
class="left postionrel">Rural distress </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html"
class="left postionrel">Migration </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/key-facts-72.html"
class="left postionrel">Key Facts </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/debt-trap-15.html"
class="left postionrel">Debt Trap </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Empowerment</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/union-budget-73.html"
class="left postionrel">Union Budget And Other Economic Policies </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/forest-and-tribal-rights-61.html"
class="left postionrel">Forest and Tribal Rights </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-education-60.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Education </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-food-59.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Food </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html"
class="left postionrel">Displacement </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Work (MG-NREGA) </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html"
class="left postionrel">GENDER </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-information-58.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Information </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/social-audit-48.html"
class="left postionrel">Social Audit </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Hunger / HDI</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html"
class="left postionrel">Poverty and inequality </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html"
class="left postionrel">Malnutrition </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html"
class="left postionrel">Public Health </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html"
class="left postionrel">Education </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html"
class="left postionrel">Hunger Overview </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/hdi-overview-45.html"
class="left postionrel">HDI Overview </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/pds-ration-food-security-42.html"
class="left postionrel">PDS/ Ration/ Food Security </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/sdgs-113.html"
class="left postionrel">SDGs </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/mid-day-meal-scheme-mdms-53.html"
class="left postionrel">Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Environment</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html"
class="left postionrel">Time Bomb Ticking </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html"
class="left postionrel">Water and Sanitation </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/impact-on-agriculture-54.html"
class="left postionrel">Impact on Agriculture </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Law & Justice</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html"
class="left postionrel">Social Justice </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html"
class="left postionrel">Access to Justice </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/human-rights-56.html"
class="left postionrel">Human Rights </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/corruption-35.html"
class="left postionrel">Corruption </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/general-insecurity-46.html"
class="left postionrel">General Insecurity </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/disaster-relief-49.html"
class="left postionrel">Disaster & Relief </a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page "><a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/nceus_reports.php">NCEUS reports</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children parent-list ">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html">About Us <span
class="sub-indicator"></span></a>
<ul class="sub-menu aboutmenu">
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/objectives-8.html">Objectives</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/contactus.php">Contact
Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html">About
Us</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children ">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/fellowships.php" title="Fellowships">Fellowships</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/media-workshops.php">Workshops</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/research.php">Research</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/links-64">Partners</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"
id="menu-item-539"><a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/"
class="langbutton langlinkfont17">हिन्दी</a></li>
</ul>
</div> </div>
<!-- <div style="float: right;">
<script async src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=18b4f2e0f11bed3dd"></script>
<div class="gcse-search"></div>
</div> -->
<div class="search-block" style=" margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 7px;">
<form method="get" id="searchform" name="searchform"
action="https://im4change.in/search"
onsubmit="return searchvalidate();">
<button class="search-button" type="submit" value="Search"></button>
<input type="text" id="s" name="qryStr" value=""
onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search...') {this.value = '';}"
onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search...';}">
</form>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="container">
<div id="main-content" class=" main1 container fade-in animated3 sidebar-narrow-left">
<div class="content-wrap">
<div class="content" style="width: 900px;min-height: 500px;">
<section class="cat-box recent-box innerCatRecent">
<h1 class="cat-box-title">India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha</h1>
<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="return shareArticle(22999);">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/email.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157/print"
rel="nofollow">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/>
</a>
</section>
<section class="recent-box innerCatRecent">
<small class="pb-1"><span class="dateIcn">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/published.svg?1582080666" alt="published"/>
Published on</span><span class="text-date"> Oct 29, 2013</span>
<span
class="dateIcn">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/modified.svg?1582080666" alt="modified"/> Modified on </span><span class="text-date"> Oct 29, 2013</span>
</small>
</section>
<div class="clear"></div>
<div style="padding-top: 10px;">
<div class="innerLineHeight">
<div class="middleContent innerInput latest-news-updates">
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak</em></p><p align="justify">India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity levels. Using the World Health Organisation classification based on body mass index, or BMI (the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in metres), there were about 31.5 per cent underweight women in the age group 20-49 years in 1998. The share came down to 26.6 per cent in 2005. In contrast, the share of the overweight (including the obese) rose from 13 per cent to 18.2 per cent.</p><p align="justify"><em>Transitional shift</em></p><p align="justify">The coexistence of the underweight and the overweight is often referred to as the "double burden of malnutrition." Besides, the burden of overweight (and obesity) is expected to shift to households with lower socio-economic status (SES) as India develops economically. Before a nutritional transition, the overweight and the underweight tend to be concentrated in high and low SES groups, respectively. During the transition, however, the overweight burden shifts to low SES groups, while the underweight burden remains high, exposing them to the double burden.</p><p align="justify">Here we will focus mostly on the ratio of underweight to overweight (including obese) women. While both underweight and overweight are "bads," serious concerns have been expressed about an emerging obesity epidemic and, consequently, a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (for example, a likely epidemic of diabetes in India in the near future). So whether this ratio is less than one (more overweight than underweight women) or greater than one (more underweight than overweight women) needs close scrutiny as the health policy implications differ vastly. This analysis is based on a nationally representative survey, the India Human Development Survey, 2005.</p><p align="justify"><em>Women & regional ratios</em></p><p align="justify">Our estimates show that at the all-India level, the ratio of underweight to overweight women aged 22-49 was 1.21. So, there were 121 underweight women for 100 overweight women in 2005. In the rural areas, there were more than twice as many underweight women as overweight but a little over a third in the urban areas.</p><p align="justify">The lowest ratio is observed in the southern region and a moderately higher ratio in the northern region, with fewer underweight than overweight women in the former and more underweight than overweight in the latter. The central region had the highest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, followed by the eastern and then the western regions.</p><p align="justify">Out of the 22 States analysed, nine (for example, Punjab, Delhi, Kerala) had fewer underweight women than overweight ones. Punjab had the lowest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, while Kerala had a slightly higher number. In sharp contrast were six States, including Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh, where the number of underweight women exceeded substantially that of the overweight. In Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Bihar, there were twice as many or more underweight women than the overweight. Orissa stood out as the worst with nearly four times as many underweight women as the overweight.</p><p align="justify"><em>Economic status and caste</em></p><p align="justify">To throw light on the relationship between SES and the ratio of underweight to overweight women, we first examine the association between this ratio and per capita monthly expenditure. The higher the expenditure, the lower was the ratio of underweight to overweight women. In the lowest expenditure group, for example, underweight women were over four times as many as the overweight, while in the highest expenditure range they were barely one-third. So there is an inverse association between this ratio and affluence.</p><p align="justify">Another measure of economic status is in terms of assets (for example, motorcycle, car, refrigerator, sewing machine, television, cellphone). The association is similar to that obtained using expenditure. Underweight women were four times as many as the overweight in the lowest asset group, while they were a little over one-fifth of the overweight in the highest asset group. Thus the number of underweight women declines sharply as wealth rises.</p><p align="justify">These monetary measures of economic status are supplemented by caste affiliation. The caste hierarchy manifests itself not just in different levels of economic well-being but also in aspects of social deprivation. Some of the most socio-economically disadvantaged groups comprise the Scheduled Tribes (STs), followed by the Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Other Backward Classes, with the residual group, Others, as the least disadvantaged. The STs are also the socially most excluded group as they are confined largely to remote regions.</p><p align="justify">Underweight women were just under four times the number of the overweight among the STs, and more than twice as many among the SCs. In sharp contrast, underweight women were two-thirds of the overweight among Others. Thus, the socio-economic patterning of the underweight and the overweight was largely intact.</p><p align="justify"><em>Age factor</em></p><p align="justify">Age matters too. There is an inverse association between the ratio of underweight to overweight women and age-group of women. The ratio was highest in the youngest, aged 22-28, and lowest in the oldest, aged 43-49. In the former, underweight women were three times as many as overweight women but in the latter just two-thirds.</p><p align="justify">The effect of marital status - ever married women - on the ratio of underweight to overweight women was negative in the urban sample but not significant in others. This implies that ever married women were less likely to be underweight but not so generally. Social obligations play an important role, particularly in eating pattern changes upon marriage that help gain weight. Besides, married people smoke less and exercise less, and are thus likelier to be heavy.</p><p align="justify"><em>Sanitation</em></p><p align="justify">Sanitation and hygiene (for example, an indoor toilet, a safe drinking water facility and a kitchen with ventilation) are associated with lower ratios of underweight to overweight women as the risks of infectious diseases are lower - especially those acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water, or other exposures in the environment.</p><p align="justify">The risk of overweight/obesity is considerably lower with higher ratios of female-to-male workers, implying that greater opportunities for female employment are associated with greater physical activity and a lowering of the prevalence of overweight among women.</p><p align="justify">Media exposure is linked to more leisure and more frequent eating, and thus a higher risk of being overweight. Other evidence confirms this result but fails to substantiate these links.</p><p align="justify"><em>Diet issues</em></p><p align="justify">Contrary to assertions that SES is key to the prevalence of underweight and overweight among women, our analysis suggests that the effects of relative food prices through dietary changes are larger. Although we find significant effects of the ratio of cereal to milk and milk product prices, cereal to vegetable prices, and cereal to edible oil prices, the commodity classification is not sufficiently detailed (for example, the nutritional effects of potato and leafy vegetables differ, as also of how they are cooked - boiled or fried). More generally, weight gain seen for specific foods and beverages arises from varying portion sizes, patterns of eating, effects on satiety, or displacement of other foods or beverages. Consumption of starches and refined grains is less satiating, increases hunger signals and total calorie intake, as compared with equivalent calories obtained from less processed food, and higher fibre foods that also contain healthy fats and proteins. Other experimental evidence unravels a relationship between sleep, diet and obesity. Reduced sleep induces preferences for calorie-dense, refined-carbohydrate foods. Weight gain is lowest among persons who sleep six to eight hours a night and is higher among those who sleep less than six hours or more than eight hours.</p><p align="justify"><em>Diseases</em></p><p align="justify">The health implications of being underweight and overweight are grim: underweight women are highly prone to risks of disease, disability and mortality. Besides, children born to them are more likely to be overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity elevate risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, hypertension and adult-onset diabetes. However, given the rising burden of NCDs while that of infectious diseases remains high, and as India increases its focus on the health needs of overweight and obese people, it must address simultaneously the needs of the large number of severely undernourished people in society.</p><p align="justify">For Indian women, the pervasiveness of the malnutrition burden is matched only by the grimness of their existence and survival prospects.</p><p align="justify"><em>(Vani S. Kulkarni is research associate, Department of Sociology, Yale University and Veena S. Kulkarni is assistant professor in the Department of Sociology, Criminology and Geography, Arkansas State University. Raghav Gaiha was professor of Public Policy, Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi.) </em></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<br><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment/article5282374.ece?homepage=true" class="re" target="_blank">The Hindu, 29 October, 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment/article5282374.ece?homepage=true</a><div class="clear"></div>
<div style="padding-top: 18px;">
<p class="post-tag">Tagged with:
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=obesity"
title="obesity">
obesity </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=nutrition"
title="nutrition">
nutrition </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Malnutrition"
title="Malnutrition">
Malnutrition </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Food Security"
title="Food Security">
Food Security </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Health"
title="Health">
Health </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=sanitation"
title="sanitation">
sanitation </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=drinking water"
title="drinking water">
drinking water </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Gender"
title="Gender">
Gender </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<br><br>
<div class="widget-top">
<h4>Related Articles</h4>
<div class="stripe-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="widget-container">
<ul id="recentcomments">
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/tur-nomics-prices-of-india-s-favourite-dal-heat-up-akshi-chawla.html"
title="Tur-nomics: Prices of India’s Favourite Dal Heat Up - Akshi Chawla">
Tur-nomics: Prices of India’s Favourite Dal Heat Up - Akshi Chawla </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/fifth-report-from-gambia-implicates-indian-drug-maker-for-contaminated-syrups-banjot-kaur.html"
title="Fifth Report From Gambia Implicates Indian Drug Maker for Contaminated Syrups - Banjot Kaur">
Fifth Report From Gambia Implicates Indian Drug Maker for Contaminated Syrups - Banjot Kaur </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/india-may-have-seen-steepest-dip-in-multidimensional-poverty-among-110-nations-as-per-undp-data-nikhil-rampal.html"
title="India may have seen steepest dip in multidimensional poverty among 110 nations as per UNDP data - Nikhil Rampal">
India may have seen steepest dip in multidimensional poverty among 110 nations as per UNDP data - Nikhil Rampal </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/health-among-top-three-priorities-for-indian-voters-after-jobs-and-education-survey-shows-oliver-heath-jyoti-mishra-louise-tillin-sandhya-venkateswaran.html"
title="Health among top three priorities for Indian voters after jobs and education, survey shows - Oliver Heath, Jyoti Mishra, Louise Tillin & Sandhya Venkateswaran">
Health among top three priorities for Indian voters after jobs and education, survey shows - Oliver Heath, Jyoti Mishra, Louise Tillin & Sandhya Venkateswaran </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/hunger-and-malnutrition-in-india-after-a-decade-of-the-national-food-security-act-2013-neetu-sharma-jyotsna-sripada-shruthi-raman.html"
title="Hunger and Malnutrition in India after a Decade of the National Food Security Act, 2013 - Neetu Sharma, Jyotsna Sripada, Shruthi Raman">
Hunger and Malnutrition in India after a Decade of the National Food Security Act, 2013 - Neetu Sharma, Jyotsna Sripada, Shruthi Raman </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="comment-respond" id="respond">
<a name="commentbox"> </a>
<h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3>
<form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()"
name="cmtform">
<input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/>
<input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="22999"/>
<p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked <span
class="required">*</span></p>
<p class="comment-form-author">
<label for="commenterName">Name</label>
<span class="required">*</span>
<input type="text" aria-required="true" size="30"
value=""
name="commenterName" id="commenterName" required="true">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-email">
<label for="commenterEmail">Email</label> <span class="required">*</span>
<input aria-required="true" size="30" name="commenterEmail" id="commenterEmail" type="email"
value=""
required="true">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-contact">
<label for="commenterPh">Contact No.</label>
<input type="text" size="30"
value=""
name="commenterPh" id="commenterPh">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-comment">
<label for="comment">Comment</label>
<textarea aria-required="true" required="true" rows="8" cols="45" name="comment"
id="comment"></textarea>
</p>
<p class="comment-form-comment">
<label for="comment">Type the characters you see in the image below <span class="required">*</span><br><img
class="captchaImg"
src="https://im4change.in/securimage_show_art.php?tk=645392300" alt="captcha"/>
</label>
</p>
<input type="text" name="vrcode" required="true"/>
<p class="form-submit" style="width: 200px;">
<input type="submit" value="Post Comment" id="submit" name="submit">
</p></form>
</div>
<style>
.ui-widget-content {
height: auto !important;
}
</style>
<div id="share-modal"></div>
<style>
.middleContent a{
background-color: rgba(108,172,228,.2);
}
.middleContent a:hover{
background-color: #418fde;
border-color: #418fde;
color: #000;
}
</style>
<script>
function shareArticle(article_id) {
var options = {
modal: true,
height: 'auto',
width: 600 + 'px'
};
$('#share-modal').html("");
$('#share-modal').load('https://im4change.in/share_article?article_id=' + article_id).dialog(options).dialog('open');
}
function postShare() {
var param = 'article_id=' + $("#article_id").val();
param = param + '&y_name=' + $("#y_name").val();
param = param + '&y_email=' + $("#y_email").val();
param = param + '&f_name=' + $("#f_name").val();
param = param + '&f_email=' + $("#f_email").val();
param = param + '&y_msg=' + $("#y_msg").val();
$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: 'https://im4change.in/post_share_article',
data: param,
success: function (response) {
$('#share-modal').html("Thank You, Your message posted to ");
}
});
return false;
}
</script> </div>
</div>
<!-- Right Side Section Start -->
<!-- MAP Section START -->
<aside class="sidebar indexMarg">
<div class="ad-cell">
<a href="https://im4change.in/statemap.php" title="">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/map_new_version.png?1582080666" alt="India State Map" class="indiamap" width="232" height="252"/> </a>
<div class="rightmapbox">
<div id="sideOne" class="docltitle"><a href="https://im4change.in/state-report/india/36" target="_blank">DOCUMENTS/
REPORTS</a></div>
<div id="sideTwo" class="statetitle"><a href="https://im4change.in/states.php"target="_blank">STATE DATA/
HDRs.</a></div>
</div>
<div class="widget widgePadTop"></div>
</div>
</aside>
<!-- MAP Section END -->
<aside class="sidebar sidePadbottom">
<div class="rightsmlbox1" >
<a href="https://im4change.in/knowledge_gateway" target="_blank" style="color: #035588;
font-size: 17px;">
KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY
</a>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
<a href="https://im4change.in/newsletter" target="_blank">
NEWSLETTER
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1" style="height: 325px;">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
Interview with Prof. Ravi Srivastava
</p>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/interview-with-prof-ravi-srivastava-on-current-economic-crisis">
<img width="250" height="200" src="/images/interview_video_home.jpg" alt="Interview with Prof. Ravi Srivastava"/>
</a>
<!--
<iframe width="250" height="200" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MmaTlntk-wc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>-->
</p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/videogallery" class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More videos
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<!--div id="sstory" class="rightboxicons"></div--->
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a href="https://im4change.in/list-success-stories" target="_blank">Success Stories</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a
href="https://im4change.in/interviews" target="_blank">Interviews</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a href="https://www.commoncause.in/page.php?id=10" >Donate</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a
href="https://im4change.in/marquee"
class="isf_link more-link" title="India Focus?" style="border: 4px solid #fdd922;width: 90%;background-color: #fdd922;text-align: center;color: #000000;font-size:18px" target="_blank">India Focus</a></p> </div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1" style="height: 104px !important;">
<a href="https://im4change.in/quarterly_reports.php" target="_blank">
Quarterly Reports on Effect of Economic Slowdown on Employment in India (2008 - 2015)
</a>
</div>
<!-- <div class="rightsmlbox1">
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.im4.im4change" target="_blank">
</a></div> -->
<!-- <section class="cat-box recent-box secMarg">
<h2 class="cat-box-title">Most Visited</h2>
</section> -->
<!-- accordion Starts here -->
<!-- <div id="accordion" class="accordMarg">
</div> -->
<!-- accordion ends here -->
<!-- Widget Tag Cloud Starts here -->
<div id="tag_cloud-2" class="widget widget_tag_cloud">
<section class="cat-box recent-box secMarg">
<h2 class="cat-box-title">MOST VISITED TAGS</h2>
</section>
<div class="widget-top wiPdTp">
<div class="stripe-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="widget-container">
<div class="tagcloud">
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Agriculture"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Agriculture</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Food Security"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Food Security</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Law and Justice"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Law and Justice</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Health"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Health</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Right to Food"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Right to Food</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Corruption"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Corruption</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=farming"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">farming</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Environment"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Environment</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Right to Information"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Right to Information</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=NREGS"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">NREGS</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Human Rights"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Human Rights</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Governance"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Governance</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PDS"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PDS</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=COVID-19"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">COVID-19</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Land Acquisition"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Land Acquisition</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=mgnrega"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">mgnrega</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Farmers"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Farmers</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=transparency"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">transparency</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Gender"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Gender</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Poverty"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Poverty</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Farm Laws" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Farm Laws
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Citizenship Amendment Act" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Citizenship Amendment Act
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=CAA NPR NRIC" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">CAA NPR NRIC
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Job Losses" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Job Losses
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Migrant Workers" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Migrant Workers
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Unemployment" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Unemployment
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PMGKAY" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PMGKAY
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PM-KISAN" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PM-KISAN
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PM-CARES" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PM-CARES
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=LFPR" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">LFPR
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Widget Tag Cloud Ends here -->
</aside>
<!-- Right Side Section End -->
</div>
<section class="cat-box cats-review-box footerSec">
<h2 class="cat-box-title vSec CatArcha">Video
Archives</h2>
<h2 class="cat-box-title CatArchaTitle">Archives</h2>
<div class="cat-box-content">
<div class="reviews-cat">
<div class="CatArchaDiv1">
<div class="CatArchaDiv2">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/moving-upstream-luni-fellowship.html" target="_blank">
Moving Upstream: Luni – Fellowship </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/135-million-indians-exited-multidimensional-poverty-as-per-government-figures-is-that-the-same-as-poverty-reduction.html" target="_blank">
135 Million Indians Exited “Multidimensional" Poverty as per Government... </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/explainer-why-are-tomato-prices-on-fire.html" target="_blank">
Explainer: Why are Tomato Prices on Fire? </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/nsso-survey-only-39-1-of-all-households-have-drinking-water-within-dwelling-46-7-of-rural-households-use-firewood-for-cooking.html" target="_blank">
NSSO Survey: Only 39.1% of all Households have Drinking... </a>
</li>
<li class="CatArchalLi1">
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57"
class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More...
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/I51LYnP8BOk/1.jpg"
alt=" Im4Change.org हिंदी वेबसाइट का परिचय. Short Video on im4change.org...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Short-Video-on-im4change-Hindi-website-Inclusive-Media-for-Change" target="_blank">
Im4Change.org हिंदी वेबसाइट का परिचय. Short Video on im4change.org... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/kNqha-SwfIY/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 1: Scope of IDEA and AgriStack" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-1- Scope-of-IDEA-and-AgriStack-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 1: Scope of IDEA and AgriStack" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/6kIVjlgZItk/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 2: Farmer Centric Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-2-Farmer-Centric-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 2: Farmer Centric Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/2BeHTu0y7xc/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 3: Future of Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-3-Future-of-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 3: Future of Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="divWidth">
<ul class="divWidthMarg">
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Public-Spending-on-Agriculture-in-India-Source-Foundation-for-Agrarian-Studies"
title="Public Spending on Agriculture in India (Source: Foundation for Agrarian Studies)" target="_blank">
Public Spending on Agriculture in India (Source: Foundation for...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Agrarian-Change-Seminar-Protests-against-the-New-Farm-Laws-in-India-by-Prof-Vikas-Rawal-JNU-Source-Journal-Of-Agrarian-Change"
title="Agrarian Change Seminar: 'Protests against the New Farm Laws in India' by Prof. Vikas Rawal, JNU (Source: Journal Of Agrarian Change) " target="_blank">
Agrarian Change Seminar: 'Protests against the New Farm Laws...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Webinar-Ramrao-The-Story-of-India-Farm-Crisis-Source-Azim-Premji-University"
title="Webinar: Ramrao - The Story of India's Farm Crisis (Source: Azim Premji University)" target="_blank">
Webinar: Ramrao - The Story of India's Farm Crisis...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/water-and-agricultural-transformation-in-India"
title="Water and Agricultural Transformation in India: A Symbiotic Relationship (Source: IGIDR)" target="_blank">
Water and Agricultural Transformation in India: A Symbiotic Relationship...</a>
</li>
<li class="CatArchalLi1">
<a href="https://im4change.in/videogallery"
class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More...
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section> </div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<!-- Footer option Starts here -->
<div class="footer-bottom fade-in animated4">
<div class="container">
<div class="social-icons icon_flat">
<p class="SocialMargTop"> Website Developed by <a target="_blank" title="Web Development"
class="wot right"
href="http://www.ravinderkhurana.com/" rel="nofollow">
RAVINDErkHURANA.com</a></p>
</div>
<div class="alignleft">
<a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/objectives-8.html"
class="link"
title="Objectives">Objectives</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html"
class="link" title="About Us">About Us</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/media-workshops.php"
class="ucwords">Workshops</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/disclaimer/disclaimer-149.html"
title="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> </div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Footer option ends here -->
</div>
<div id="connect">
<a target="_blank"
href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"
title="Share on Facebook">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/Facebook.png?1582080640" alt="share on Facebook" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a><br/>
<a target="_blank"
href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Im4change&url=https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"
title="Share on Twitter">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/twitter.png?1582080632" alt="Twitter" class="ImgBorder"/> </a>
<br/>
<a href="/feeds" title="RSS Feed" target="_blank">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/rss.png?1582080632" alt="RSS" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a>
<br/>
<a class="feedback-link" id="feedbackFormLink" href="#">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/feedback.png?1582080630" alt="Feedback" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a> <br/>
<a href="javascript:function iprl5(){var d=document,z=d.createElement('scr'+'ipt'),b=d.body,l=d.location;try{if(!b)throw(0);d.title='(Saving...) '+d.title;z.setAttribute('src',l.protocol+'//www.instapaper.com/j/WKrH3R7ORD5p?u='+encodeURIComponent(l.href)+'&t='+(new Date().getTime()));b.appendChild(z);}catch(e){alert('Please wait until the page has loaded.');}}iprl5();void(0)"
class="bookmarklet" onclick="return explain_bookmarklet();">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/read-it-later.png?1582080632" alt="Read Later" class="ImgBorder"/> </a>
</div>
<!-- Feedback form Starts here -->
<div id="feedbackForm" class="overlay_form" class="ImgBorder">
<h2>Contact Form</h2>
<div id="contactform1">
<div id="formleft">
<form id="submitform" action="/contactus.php" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="submitform" value="submitform"/>
<input type="hidden" name="salt_key" value="a0e0f2c6a0644a70e57ad2c96829709a"/>
<input type="hidden" name="ref" value="feedback"/>
<fieldset>
<label>Name :</label>
<input type="text" name="name" class="tbox" required/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label>Email :</label>
<input type="text" name="email" class="tbox" required/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label>Message :</label>
<textarea rows="5" cols="20" name="message" required></textarea>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
Please enter security code
<div class="clear"></div>
<input type="text" name="vrcode" class="tbox"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<input type="submit" class="button" value="Submit"/>
<a href="#" id="closefeedbakcformLink">Close</a>
</fieldset>
</form>
</div>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="donate_popup" class="modal" style="max-width: 800px;">
<table width="100%" border="1">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="center">
<b>Support im4change</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="25%" valign="middle">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo2.jpg?1582080632" alt="" width="100%"/> </td>
<td style="padding-left:10px;padding-top:10px;">
<form action="https://im4change.in/donate" method="get">
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
10
</td>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
100
</td>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
1000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
50
</td>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
500
</td>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
<input type="text" name="price" placeholder="?" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" align="right">
<input type="button" name="Pay" value="Pay"
style="width: 200px;background-color: rgb(205, 35, 36);color: #ffffff;"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div><script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var tievar = {'go_to': 'Go to...'};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script src="/js/tie-scripts.js?1575549704"></script><script src="/js/bootstrap.js?1575549704"></script><script src="/js/jquery.modal.min.js?1578284310"></script><script>
$(document).ready(function() {
// tell the autocomplete function to get its data from our php script
$('#s').autocomplete({
source: "/autocomplete"
});
});
</script>
<script src="/vj-main-sw-register.js" async></script>
<script>function init(){var imgDefer=document.getElementsByTagName('img');for(var i=0;i<imgDefer.length;i++){if(imgDefer[i].getAttribute('data-src')){imgDefer[i].setAttribute('src',imgDefer[i].getAttribute('data-src'))}}}
window.onload=init;</script>
</body>
</html>'
}
$reasonPhrase = 'OK'
header - [internal], line ??
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitStatusLine() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 148
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 54
Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141
[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39
Warning (2): Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php:853) [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 181]
$response = object(Cake\Http\Response) {
'status' => (int) 200,
'contentType' => 'text/html',
'headers' => [
'Content-Type' => [
[maximum depth reached]
]
],
'file' => null,
'fileRange' => [],
'cookies' => object(Cake\Http\Cookie\CookieCollection) {},
'cacheDirectives' => [],
'body' => '<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if lt IE 7 ]>
<html class="ie ie6" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7 ]>
<html class="ie ie7" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8 ]>
<html class="ie ie8" lang='en'> <![endif]-->
<!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]><!-->
<html lang='en'>
<!--<![endif]-->
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>
LATEST NEWS UPDATES | India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha </title>
<meta name="description" content="
-The Hindu
As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak
India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity..."/>
<meta name="keywords" content="obesity,nutrition,Malnutrition,Food Security,Health,sanitation,drinking water,Gender"/>
<meta name="news_keywords" content="obesity,nutrition,Malnutrition,Food Security,Health,sanitation,drinking water,Gender">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ROR" href="/ror.xml"/>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="/feeds/"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/bootstrap.min.css?1697864993"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css?v=1.1.2"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style-inner.css?1577045210"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="Oswald-css"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald%3Aregular%2C700&ver=3.8.1" type="text/css"
media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery.modal.min.css?1578285302"/> <script src="/js/jquery-1.10.2.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/jquery-migrate.min.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" title="Favicon">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/jquery-ui.css?1580720609"/> <script src="/js/jquery-ui.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/custom.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery.modal.min.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/jquery-ui.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/li-scroller.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<!-- <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous"> -->
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://www.im4change.org/css/style-inner.css" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" media="all" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href="//im4change.org/css/custom.css" crossorigin >
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/bootstrap.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.li-scroller.1.0.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.modal.min.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery.ui.totop.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-1.10.2.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-migrate.min.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/jquery-ui.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/setting.js">
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.im4change.org/js/tie-scripts.js">
<!--[if IE]>
<script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(".menu-item").has("ul").children("a").attr("aria-haspopup", "true");
});</script>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="/js/html5.js"></script>
<script src="/js/selectivizr-min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="/css/ie8.css"/>
<![endif]-->
<meta property="og:title" content="LATEST NEWS UPDATES | India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:description" content="
-The Hindu
As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak
India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity..." />
<meta property="og:image" content="" />
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="0" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple1.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple2.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple3.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://im4change.in/images/apple4.png">
<style>
.gsc-results-wrapper-overlay{
top: 38% !important;
height: 50% !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
border-color: #035588 !important;
background-color: #035588 !important;
}
.gsib_a{
height: 30px !important;
padding: 2px 8px 1px 6px !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
height: 41px !important;
}
input.gsc-input{
background: none !important;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
.gsc-results-wrapper-overlay{
top: 11% !important;
width: 87% !important;
left: 9% !important;
height: 43% !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2{
padding: 10px 10px !important;
}
.gsc-input-box{
height: 28px !important;
}
/* .gsib_a {
padding: 0px 9px 4px 9px !important;
}*/
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) and (max-width: 1920px) {
table.gsc-search-box{
width: 15% !important;
float: right !important;
margin-top: -118px !important;
}
.gsc-search-button-v2 {
padding: 6px !important;
}
}
</style>
<script>
$(function () {
$("#accordion").accordion({
event: "click hoverintent"
});
});
/*
* hoverIntent | Copyright 2011 Brian Cherne
* http://cherne.net/brian/resources/jquery.hoverIntent.html
* modified by the jQuery UI team
*/
$.event.special.hoverintent = {
setup: function () {
$(this).bind("mouseover", jQuery.event.special.hoverintent.handler);
},
teardown: function () {
$(this).unbind("mouseover", jQuery.event.special.hoverintent.handler);
},
handler: function (event) {
var currentX, currentY, timeout,
args = arguments,
target = $(event.target),
previousX = event.pageX,
previousY = event.pageY;
function track(event) {
currentX = event.pageX;
currentY = event.pageY;
}
;
function clear() {
target
.unbind("mousemove", track)
.unbind("mouseout", clear);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}
function handler() {
var prop,
orig = event;
if ((Math.abs(previousX - currentX) +
Math.abs(previousY - currentY)) < 7) {
clear();
event = $.Event("hoverintent");
for (prop in orig) {
if (!(prop in event)) {
event[prop] = orig[prop];
}
}
// Prevent accessing the original event since the new event
// is fired asynchronously and the old event is no longer
// usable (#6028)
delete event.originalEvent;
target.trigger(event);
} else {
previousX = currentX;
previousY = currentY;
timeout = setTimeout(handler, 100);
}
}
timeout = setTimeout(handler, 100);
target.bind({
mousemove: track,
mouseout: clear
});
}
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-472075-3']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
(function () {
var ga = document.createElement('script');
ga.type = 'text/javascript';
ga.async = true;
ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
})();
</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/custom.css?v=1.16"/> <script src="/js/jquery.ui.totop.js?1575549704"></script> <script src="/js/setting.js?1575549704"></script> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#616163" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="im4change">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icons/logo-192x192.png">
</head>
<body id="top" class="home inner blog">
<div class="background-cover"></div>
<div class="wrapper animated">
<header id="theme-header" class="header_inner" style="position: relative;">
<div class="logo inner_logo" style="left:20px !important">
<a title="Home" href="https://im4change.in/">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo2.jpg?1582080632" class="logo_image" alt="im4change"/> </a>
</div>
<div class="langhindi" style="color: #000;display:none;"
href="https://im4change.in/">
<a class="more-link" href="https://im4change.in/">Home</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/hindi/" class="langbutton ">हिन्दी</a>
</div>
<nav class="fade-in animated2" id="main-nav">
<div class="container">
<div class="main-menu">
<ul class="menu" id="menu-main">
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"
style="left: -40px;"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/">Home</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item mega-menu menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu menu-item-object-category mega-menu menu-item-has-children parent-list"
style=" margin-left: -40px;"><a href="#">KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY <span class="sub-indicator"></span>
</a>
<div class="mega-menu-block background_menu" style="padding-top:25px;">
<div class="container">
<div class="mega-menu-content">
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Farm Crisis</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/farmers039-suicides-14.html"
class="left postionrel">Farm Suicides </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/unemployment-30.html"
class="left postionrel">Unemployment </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/rural-distress-70.html"
class="left postionrel">Rural distress </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/migration-34.html"
class="left postionrel">Migration </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/key-facts-72.html"
class="left postionrel">Key Facts </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/farm-crisis/debt-trap-15.html"
class="left postionrel">Debt Trap </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Empowerment</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/union-budget-73.html"
class="left postionrel">Union Budget And Other Economic Policies </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/forest-and-tribal-rights-61.html"
class="left postionrel">Forest and Tribal Rights </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-education-60.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Education </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-food-59.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Food </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/displacement-3279.html"
class="left postionrel">Displacement </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-work-mg-nrega-39.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Work (MG-NREGA) </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/gender-3280.html"
class="left postionrel">GENDER </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/right-to-information-58.html"
class="left postionrel">Right to Information </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/empowerment/social-audit-48.html"
class="left postionrel">Social Audit </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Hunger / HDI</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/poverty-and-inequality-20499.html"
class="left postionrel">Poverty and inequality </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/malnutrition-41.html"
class="left postionrel">Malnutrition </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html"
class="left postionrel">Public Health </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/education-50.html"
class="left postionrel">Education </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html"
class="left postionrel">Hunger Overview </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/hdi-overview-45.html"
class="left postionrel">HDI Overview </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/pds-ration-food-security-42.html"
class="left postionrel">PDS/ Ration/ Food Security </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/sdgs-113.html"
class="left postionrel">SDGs </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hunger-hdi/mid-day-meal-scheme-mdms-53.html"
class="left postionrel">Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Environment</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/time-bomb-ticking-52.html"
class="left postionrel">Time Bomb Ticking </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/water-and-sanitation-55.html"
class="left postionrel">Water and Sanitation </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/environment/impact-on-agriculture-54.html"
class="left postionrel">Impact on Agriculture </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mega-menu-item">
<h3><b>Law & Justice</b></h3>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/social-justice-20500.html"
class="left postionrel">Social Justice </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html"
class="left postionrel">Access to Justice </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/human-rights-56.html"
class="left postionrel">Human Rights </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/corruption-35.html"
class="left postionrel">Corruption </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/general-insecurity-46.html"
class="left postionrel">General Insecurity </a>
</p>
<p style="padding-left:5px;">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/disaster-relief-49.html"
class="left postionrel">Disaster & Relief </a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page "><a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/nceus_reports.php">NCEUS reports</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children parent-list ">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html">About Us <span
class="sub-indicator"></span></a>
<ul class="sub-menu aboutmenu">
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/objectives-8.html">Objectives</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/contactus.php">Contact
Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html">About
Us</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children ">
<a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/fellowships.php" title="Fellowships">Fellowships</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/media-workshops.php">Workshops</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/research.php">Research</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children "><a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/links-64">Partners</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"
id="menu-item-539"><a target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/hindi/"
class="langbutton langlinkfont17">हिन्दी</a></li>
</ul>
</div> </div>
<!-- <div style="float: right;">
<script async src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=18b4f2e0f11bed3dd"></script>
<div class="gcse-search"></div>
</div> -->
<div class="search-block" style=" margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 7px;">
<form method="get" id="searchform" name="searchform"
action="https://im4change.in/search"
onsubmit="return searchvalidate();">
<button class="search-button" type="submit" value="Search"></button>
<input type="text" id="s" name="qryStr" value=""
onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search...') {this.value = '';}"
onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search...';}">
</form>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="container">
<div id="main-content" class=" main1 container fade-in animated3 sidebar-narrow-left">
<div class="content-wrap">
<div class="content" style="width: 900px;min-height: 500px;">
<section class="cat-box recent-box innerCatRecent">
<h1 class="cat-box-title">India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha</h1>
<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="return shareArticle(22999);">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/email.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/> </a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157/print"
rel="nofollow">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/icon-print.png?1582080630" border="0" width="24" align="right" alt="Share this article"/>
</a>
</section>
<section class="recent-box innerCatRecent">
<small class="pb-1"><span class="dateIcn">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/published.svg?1582080666" alt="published"/>
Published on</span><span class="text-date"> Oct 29, 2013</span>
<span
class="dateIcn">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/modified.svg?1582080666" alt="modified"/> Modified on </span><span class="text-date"> Oct 29, 2013</span>
</small>
</section>
<div class="clear"></div>
<div style="padding-top: 10px;">
<div class="innerLineHeight">
<div class="middleContent innerInput latest-news-updates">
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="justify">-The Hindu</div><p align="justify"><br /><em>As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak</em></p><p align="justify">India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity levels. Using the World Health Organisation classification based on body mass index, or BMI (the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in metres), there were about 31.5 per cent underweight women in the age group 20-49 years in 1998. The share came down to 26.6 per cent in 2005. In contrast, the share of the overweight (including the obese) rose from 13 per cent to 18.2 per cent.</p><p align="justify"><em>Transitional shift</em></p><p align="justify">The coexistence of the underweight and the overweight is often referred to as the "double burden of malnutrition." Besides, the burden of overweight (and obesity) is expected to shift to households with lower socio-economic status (SES) as India develops economically. Before a nutritional transition, the overweight and the underweight tend to be concentrated in high and low SES groups, respectively. During the transition, however, the overweight burden shifts to low SES groups, while the underweight burden remains high, exposing them to the double burden.</p><p align="justify">Here we will focus mostly on the ratio of underweight to overweight (including obese) women. While both underweight and overweight are "bads," serious concerns have been expressed about an emerging obesity epidemic and, consequently, a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (for example, a likely epidemic of diabetes in India in the near future). So whether this ratio is less than one (more overweight than underweight women) or greater than one (more underweight than overweight women) needs close scrutiny as the health policy implications differ vastly. This analysis is based on a nationally representative survey, the India Human Development Survey, 2005.</p><p align="justify"><em>Women & regional ratios</em></p><p align="justify">Our estimates show that at the all-India level, the ratio of underweight to overweight women aged 22-49 was 1.21. So, there were 121 underweight women for 100 overweight women in 2005. In the rural areas, there were more than twice as many underweight women as overweight but a little over a third in the urban areas.</p><p align="justify">The lowest ratio is observed in the southern region and a moderately higher ratio in the northern region, with fewer underweight than overweight women in the former and more underweight than overweight in the latter. The central region had the highest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, followed by the eastern and then the western regions.</p><p align="justify">Out of the 22 States analysed, nine (for example, Punjab, Delhi, Kerala) had fewer underweight women than overweight ones. Punjab had the lowest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, while Kerala had a slightly higher number. In sharp contrast were six States, including Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh, where the number of underweight women exceeded substantially that of the overweight. In Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Bihar, there were twice as many or more underweight women than the overweight. Orissa stood out as the worst with nearly four times as many underweight women as the overweight.</p><p align="justify"><em>Economic status and caste</em></p><p align="justify">To throw light on the relationship between SES and the ratio of underweight to overweight women, we first examine the association between this ratio and per capita monthly expenditure. The higher the expenditure, the lower was the ratio of underweight to overweight women. In the lowest expenditure group, for example, underweight women were over four times as many as the overweight, while in the highest expenditure range they were barely one-third. So there is an inverse association between this ratio and affluence.</p><p align="justify">Another measure of economic status is in terms of assets (for example, motorcycle, car, refrigerator, sewing machine, television, cellphone). The association is similar to that obtained using expenditure. Underweight women were four times as many as the overweight in the lowest asset group, while they were a little over one-fifth of the overweight in the highest asset group. Thus the number of underweight women declines sharply as wealth rises.</p><p align="justify">These monetary measures of economic status are supplemented by caste affiliation. The caste hierarchy manifests itself not just in different levels of economic well-being but also in aspects of social deprivation. Some of the most socio-economically disadvantaged groups comprise the Scheduled Tribes (STs), followed by the Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Other Backward Classes, with the residual group, Others, as the least disadvantaged. The STs are also the socially most excluded group as they are confined largely to remote regions.</p><p align="justify">Underweight women were just under four times the number of the overweight among the STs, and more than twice as many among the SCs. In sharp contrast, underweight women were two-thirds of the overweight among Others. Thus, the socio-economic patterning of the underweight and the overweight was largely intact.</p><p align="justify"><em>Age factor</em></p><p align="justify">Age matters too. There is an inverse association between the ratio of underweight to overweight women and age-group of women. The ratio was highest in the youngest, aged 22-28, and lowest in the oldest, aged 43-49. In the former, underweight women were three times as many as overweight women but in the latter just two-thirds.</p><p align="justify">The effect of marital status - ever married women - on the ratio of underweight to overweight women was negative in the urban sample but not significant in others. This implies that ever married women were less likely to be underweight but not so generally. Social obligations play an important role, particularly in eating pattern changes upon marriage that help gain weight. Besides, married people smoke less and exercise less, and are thus likelier to be heavy.</p><p align="justify"><em>Sanitation</em></p><p align="justify">Sanitation and hygiene (for example, an indoor toilet, a safe drinking water facility and a kitchen with ventilation) are associated with lower ratios of underweight to overweight women as the risks of infectious diseases are lower - especially those acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water, or other exposures in the environment.</p><p align="justify">The risk of overweight/obesity is considerably lower with higher ratios of female-to-male workers, implying that greater opportunities for female employment are associated with greater physical activity and a lowering of the prevalence of overweight among women.</p><p align="justify">Media exposure is linked to more leisure and more frequent eating, and thus a higher risk of being overweight. Other evidence confirms this result but fails to substantiate these links.</p><p align="justify"><em>Diet issues</em></p><p align="justify">Contrary to assertions that SES is key to the prevalence of underweight and overweight among women, our analysis suggests that the effects of relative food prices through dietary changes are larger. Although we find significant effects of the ratio of cereal to milk and milk product prices, cereal to vegetable prices, and cereal to edible oil prices, the commodity classification is not sufficiently detailed (for example, the nutritional effects of potato and leafy vegetables differ, as also of how they are cooked - boiled or fried). More generally, weight gain seen for specific foods and beverages arises from varying portion sizes, patterns of eating, effects on satiety, or displacement of other foods or beverages. Consumption of starches and refined grains is less satiating, increases hunger signals and total calorie intake, as compared with equivalent calories obtained from less processed food, and higher fibre foods that also contain healthy fats and proteins. Other experimental evidence unravels a relationship between sleep, diet and obesity. Reduced sleep induces preferences for calorie-dense, refined-carbohydrate foods. Weight gain is lowest among persons who sleep six to eight hours a night and is higher among those who sleep less than six hours or more than eight hours.</p><p align="justify"><em>Diseases</em></p><p align="justify">The health implications of being underweight and overweight are grim: underweight women are highly prone to risks of disease, disability and mortality. Besides, children born to them are more likely to be overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity elevate risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, hypertension and adult-onset diabetes. However, given the rising burden of NCDs while that of infectious diseases remains high, and as India increases its focus on the health needs of overweight and obese people, it must address simultaneously the needs of the large number of severely undernourished people in society.</p><p align="justify">For Indian women, the pervasiveness of the malnutrition burden is matched only by the grimness of their existence and survival prospects.</p><p align="justify"><em>(Vani S. Kulkarni is research associate, Department of Sociology, Yale University and Veena S. Kulkarni is assistant professor in the Department of Sociology, Criminology and Geography, Arkansas State University. Raghav Gaiha was professor of Public Policy, Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi.) </em></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<br><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment/article5282374.ece?homepage=true" class="re" target="_blank">The Hindu, 29 October, 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment/article5282374.ece?homepage=true</a><div class="clear"></div>
<div style="padding-top: 18px;">
<p class="post-tag">Tagged with:
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=obesity"
title="obesity">
obesity </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=nutrition"
title="nutrition">
nutrition </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Malnutrition"
title="Malnutrition">
Malnutrition </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Food Security"
title="Food Security">
Food Security </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Health"
title="Health">
Health </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=sanitation"
title="sanitation">
sanitation </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=drinking water"
title="drinking water">
drinking water </a>
<a class="tagcloud5"
href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Gender"
title="Gender">
Gender </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<br><br>
<div class="widget-top">
<h4>Related Articles</h4>
<div class="stripe-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="widget-container">
<ul id="recentcomments">
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/tur-nomics-prices-of-india-s-favourite-dal-heat-up-akshi-chawla.html"
title="Tur-nomics: Prices of India’s Favourite Dal Heat Up - Akshi Chawla">
Tur-nomics: Prices of India’s Favourite Dal Heat Up - Akshi Chawla </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/fifth-report-from-gambia-implicates-indian-drug-maker-for-contaminated-syrups-banjot-kaur.html"
title="Fifth Report From Gambia Implicates Indian Drug Maker for Contaminated Syrups - Banjot Kaur">
Fifth Report From Gambia Implicates Indian Drug Maker for Contaminated Syrups - Banjot Kaur </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/india-may-have-seen-steepest-dip-in-multidimensional-poverty-among-110-nations-as-per-undp-data-nikhil-rampal.html"
title="India may have seen steepest dip in multidimensional poverty among 110 nations as per UNDP data - Nikhil Rampal">
India may have seen steepest dip in multidimensional poverty among 110 nations as per UNDP data - Nikhil Rampal </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/health-among-top-three-priorities-for-indian-voters-after-jobs-and-education-survey-shows-oliver-heath-jyoti-mishra-louise-tillin-sandhya-venkateswaran.html"
title="Health among top three priorities for Indian voters after jobs and education, survey shows - Oliver Heath, Jyoti Mishra, Louise Tillin & Sandhya Venkateswaran">
Health among top three priorities for Indian voters after jobs and education, survey shows - Oliver Heath, Jyoti Mishra, Louise Tillin & Sandhya Venkateswaran </a>
</li>
<li class="recentcomments">
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/hunger-and-malnutrition-in-india-after-a-decade-of-the-national-food-security-act-2013-neetu-sharma-jyotsna-sripada-shruthi-raman.html"
title="Hunger and Malnutrition in India after a Decade of the National Food Security Act, 2013 - Neetu Sharma, Jyotsna Sripada, Shruthi Raman">
Hunger and Malnutrition in India after a Decade of the National Food Security Act, 2013 - Neetu Sharma, Jyotsna Sripada, Shruthi Raman </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="comment-respond" id="respond">
<a name="commentbox"> </a>
<h3 class="comment-reply-title" id="reply-title">Write Comments</h3>
<form method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" role="form" action="/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"><div style="display:none;"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="POST"/></div> <form class="comment-form" id="commentform" method="post" action="#commentbox" onSubmit="return validate()"
name="cmtform">
<input type="hidden" name="cmttype" value="articlecmt"/>
<input type="hidden" name="article_id" value="22999"/>
<p class="comment-notes">Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked <span
class="required">*</span></p>
<p class="comment-form-author">
<label for="commenterName">Name</label>
<span class="required">*</span>
<input type="text" aria-required="true" size="30"
value=""
name="commenterName" id="commenterName" required="true">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-email">
<label for="commenterEmail">Email</label> <span class="required">*</span>
<input aria-required="true" size="30" name="commenterEmail" id="commenterEmail" type="email"
value=""
required="true">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-contact">
<label for="commenterPh">Contact No.</label>
<input type="text" size="30"
value=""
name="commenterPh" id="commenterPh">
</p>
<p class="comment-form-comment">
<label for="comment">Comment</label>
<textarea aria-required="true" required="true" rows="8" cols="45" name="comment"
id="comment"></textarea>
</p>
<p class="comment-form-comment">
<label for="comment">Type the characters you see in the image below <span class="required">*</span><br><img
class="captchaImg"
src="https://im4change.in/securimage_show_art.php?tk=645392300" alt="captcha"/>
</label>
</p>
<input type="text" name="vrcode" required="true"/>
<p class="form-submit" style="width: 200px;">
<input type="submit" value="Post Comment" id="submit" name="submit">
</p></form>
</div>
<style>
.ui-widget-content {
height: auto !important;
}
</style>
<div id="share-modal"></div>
<style>
.middleContent a{
background-color: rgba(108,172,228,.2);
}
.middleContent a:hover{
background-color: #418fde;
border-color: #418fde;
color: #000;
}
</style>
<script>
function shareArticle(article_id) {
var options = {
modal: true,
height: 'auto',
width: 600 + 'px'
};
$('#share-modal').html("");
$('#share-modal').load('https://im4change.in/share_article?article_id=' + article_id).dialog(options).dialog('open');
}
function postShare() {
var param = 'article_id=' + $("#article_id").val();
param = param + '&y_name=' + $("#y_name").val();
param = param + '&y_email=' + $("#y_email").val();
param = param + '&f_name=' + $("#f_name").val();
param = param + '&f_email=' + $("#f_email").val();
param = param + '&y_msg=' + $("#y_msg").val();
$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: 'https://im4change.in/post_share_article',
data: param,
success: function (response) {
$('#share-modal').html("Thank You, Your message posted to ");
}
});
return false;
}
</script> </div>
</div>
<!-- Right Side Section Start -->
<!-- MAP Section START -->
<aside class="sidebar indexMarg">
<div class="ad-cell">
<a href="https://im4change.in/statemap.php" title="">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/map_new_version.png?1582080666" alt="India State Map" class="indiamap" width="232" height="252"/> </a>
<div class="rightmapbox">
<div id="sideOne" class="docltitle"><a href="https://im4change.in/state-report/india/36" target="_blank">DOCUMENTS/
REPORTS</a></div>
<div id="sideTwo" class="statetitle"><a href="https://im4change.in/states.php"target="_blank">STATE DATA/
HDRs.</a></div>
</div>
<div class="widget widgePadTop"></div>
</div>
</aside>
<!-- MAP Section END -->
<aside class="sidebar sidePadbottom">
<div class="rightsmlbox1" >
<a href="https://im4change.in/knowledge_gateway" target="_blank" style="color: #035588;
font-size: 17px;">
KNOWLEDGE GATEWAY
</a>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
<a href="https://im4change.in/newsletter" target="_blank">
NEWSLETTER
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1" style="height: 325px;">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
Interview with Prof. Ravi Srivastava
</p>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/interview-with-prof-ravi-srivastava-on-current-economic-crisis">
<img width="250" height="200" src="/images/interview_video_home.jpg" alt="Interview with Prof. Ravi Srivastava"/>
</a>
<!--
<iframe width="250" height="200" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MmaTlntk-wc" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>-->
</p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/videogallery" class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More videos
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<!--div id="sstory" class="rightboxicons"></div--->
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a href="https://im4change.in/list-success-stories" target="_blank">Success Stories</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a
href="https://im4change.in/interviews" target="_blank">Interviews</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a href="https://www.commoncause.in/page.php?id=10" >Donate</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1">
<div>
<p class="rightsmlbox1_title"><a
href="https://im4change.in/marquee"
class="isf_link more-link" title="India Focus?" style="border: 4px solid #fdd922;width: 90%;background-color: #fdd922;text-align: center;color: #000000;font-size:18px" target="_blank">India Focus</a></p> </div>
</div>
<div class="rightsmlbox1" style="height: 104px !important;">
<a href="https://im4change.in/quarterly_reports.php" target="_blank">
Quarterly Reports on Effect of Economic Slowdown on Employment in India (2008 - 2015)
</a>
</div>
<!-- <div class="rightsmlbox1">
<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.im4.im4change" target="_blank">
</a></div> -->
<!-- <section class="cat-box recent-box secMarg">
<h2 class="cat-box-title">Most Visited</h2>
</section> -->
<!-- accordion Starts here -->
<!-- <div id="accordion" class="accordMarg">
</div> -->
<!-- accordion ends here -->
<!-- Widget Tag Cloud Starts here -->
<div id="tag_cloud-2" class="widget widget_tag_cloud">
<section class="cat-box recent-box secMarg">
<h2 class="cat-box-title">MOST VISITED TAGS</h2>
</section>
<div class="widget-top wiPdTp">
<div class="stripe-line"></div>
</div>
<div class="widget-container">
<div class="tagcloud">
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Agriculture"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Agriculture</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Food Security"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Food Security</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Law and Justice"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Law and Justice</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Health"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Health</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Right to Food"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Right to Food</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Corruption"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Corruption</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=farming"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">farming</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Environment"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Environment</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Right to Information"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Right to Information</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=NREGS"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">NREGS</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Human Rights"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Human Rights</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Governance"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Governance</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PDS"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PDS</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=COVID-19"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">COVID-19</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Land Acquisition"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Land Acquisition</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=mgnrega"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">mgnrega</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Farmers"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Farmers</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=transparency"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">transparency</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Gender"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Gender</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Poverty"
target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Poverty</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Farm Laws" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Farm Laws
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Citizenship Amendment Act" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Citizenship Amendment Act
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=CAA NPR NRIC" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">CAA NPR NRIC
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Job Losses" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Job Losses
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Migrant Workers" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Migrant Workers
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=Unemployment" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">Unemployment
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PMGKAY" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PMGKAY
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PM-KISAN" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PM-KISAN
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=PM-CARES" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">PM-CARES
</a>
<a href="https://im4change.in/search?qryStr=LFPR" target="_blank" class="tag-link-4 font4">LFPR
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Widget Tag Cloud Ends here -->
</aside>
<!-- Right Side Section End -->
</div>
<section class="cat-box cats-review-box footerSec">
<h2 class="cat-box-title vSec CatArcha">Video
Archives</h2>
<h2 class="cat-box-title CatArchaTitle">Archives</h2>
<div class="cat-box-content">
<div class="reviews-cat">
<div class="CatArchaDiv1">
<div class="CatArchaDiv2">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/moving-upstream-luni-fellowship.html" target="_blank">
Moving Upstream: Luni – Fellowship </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/135-million-indians-exited-multidimensional-poverty-as-per-government-figures-is-that-the-same-as-poverty-reduction.html" target="_blank">
135 Million Indians Exited “Multidimensional" Poverty as per Government... </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/explainer-why-are-tomato-prices-on-fire.html" target="_blank">
Explainer: Why are Tomato Prices on Fire? </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57/nsso-survey-only-39-1-of-all-households-have-drinking-water-within-dwelling-46-7-of-rural-households-use-firewood-for-cooking.html" target="_blank">
NSSO Survey: Only 39.1% of all Households have Drinking... </a>
</li>
<li class="CatArchalLi1">
<a href="https://im4change.in/news-alerts-57"
class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More...
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/I51LYnP8BOk/1.jpg"
alt=" Im4Change.org हिंदी वेबसाइट का परिचय. Short Video on im4change.org...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Short-Video-on-im4change-Hindi-website-Inclusive-Media-for-Change" target="_blank">
Im4Change.org हिंदी वेबसाइट का परिचय. Short Video on im4change.org... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/kNqha-SwfIY/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 1: Scope of IDEA and AgriStack" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-1- Scope-of-IDEA-and-AgriStack-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 1: Scope of IDEA and AgriStack" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/6kIVjlgZItk/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 2: Farmer Centric Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-2-Farmer-Centric-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 2: Farmer Centric Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="CatArchaWidth">
<img class="CatArchaImg"
src="https://img.youtube.com/vi/2BeHTu0y7xc/1.jpg"
alt=" "Session 3: Future of Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring...">
<p class="CatArchaPPad">
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Session-3-Future-of-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-in-Exploring-Digitalisation-in-Agriculture-29-April-2022" target="_blank">
"Session 3: Future of Digitalisation in Agriculture" in Exploring... </a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="divWidth">
<ul class="divWidthMarg">
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Public-Spending-on-Agriculture-in-India-Source-Foundation-for-Agrarian-Studies"
title="Public Spending on Agriculture in India (Source: Foundation for Agrarian Studies)" target="_blank">
Public Spending on Agriculture in India (Source: Foundation for...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Agrarian-Change-Seminar-Protests-against-the-New-Farm-Laws-in-India-by-Prof-Vikas-Rawal-JNU-Source-Journal-Of-Agrarian-Change"
title="Agrarian Change Seminar: 'Protests against the New Farm Laws in India' by Prof. Vikas Rawal, JNU (Source: Journal Of Agrarian Change) " target="_blank">
Agrarian Change Seminar: 'Protests against the New Farm Laws...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/Webinar-Ramrao-The-Story-of-India-Farm-Crisis-Source-Azim-Premji-University"
title="Webinar: Ramrao - The Story of India's Farm Crisis (Source: Azim Premji University)" target="_blank">
Webinar: Ramrao - The Story of India's Farm Crisis...</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://im4change.in/video/water-and-agricultural-transformation-in-India"
title="Water and Agricultural Transformation in India: A Symbiotic Relationship (Source: IGIDR)" target="_blank">
Water and Agricultural Transformation in India: A Symbiotic Relationship...</a>
</li>
<li class="CatArchalLi1">
<a href="https://im4change.in/videogallery"
class="more-link CatArchalAnch1" target="_blank">
More...
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section> </div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<!-- Footer option Starts here -->
<div class="footer-bottom fade-in animated4">
<div class="container">
<div class="social-icons icon_flat">
<p class="SocialMargTop"> Website Developed by <a target="_blank" title="Web Development"
class="wot right"
href="http://www.ravinderkhurana.com/" rel="nofollow">
RAVINDErkHURANA.com</a></p>
</div>
<div class="alignleft">
<a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/objectives-8.html"
class="link"
title="Objectives">Objectives</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/about-us-9.html"
class="link" title="About Us">About Us</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/media-workshops.php"
class="ucwords">Workshops</a> | <a
target="_blank" href="https://im4change.in/disclaimer/disclaimer-149.html"
title="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> </div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Footer option ends here -->
</div>
<div id="connect">
<a target="_blank"
href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"
title="Share on Facebook">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/Facebook.png?1582080640" alt="share on Facebook" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a><br/>
<a target="_blank"
href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Im4change&url=https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/indias-weight-of-the-world-moment-vani-s-kulkarni-veena-s-kulkarni-and-raghav-gaiha-23157.html"
title="Share on Twitter">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/twitter.png?1582080632" alt="Twitter" class="ImgBorder"/> </a>
<br/>
<a href="/feeds" title="RSS Feed" target="_blank">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/rss.png?1582080632" alt="RSS" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a>
<br/>
<a class="feedback-link" id="feedbackFormLink" href="#">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/feedback.png?1582080630" alt="Feedback" class="ImgBorder"/>
</a> <br/>
<a href="javascript:function iprl5(){var d=document,z=d.createElement('scr'+'ipt'),b=d.body,l=d.location;try{if(!b)throw(0);d.title='(Saving...) '+d.title;z.setAttribute('src',l.protocol+'//www.instapaper.com/j/WKrH3R7ORD5p?u='+encodeURIComponent(l.href)+'&t='+(new Date().getTime()));b.appendChild(z);}catch(e){alert('Please wait until the page has loaded.');}}iprl5();void(0)"
class="bookmarklet" onclick="return explain_bookmarklet();">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/read-it-later.png?1582080632" alt="Read Later" class="ImgBorder"/> </a>
</div>
<!-- Feedback form Starts here -->
<div id="feedbackForm" class="overlay_form" class="ImgBorder">
<h2>Contact Form</h2>
<div id="contactform1">
<div id="formleft">
<form id="submitform" action="/contactus.php" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="submitform" value="submitform"/>
<input type="hidden" name="salt_key" value="a0e0f2c6a0644a70e57ad2c96829709a"/>
<input type="hidden" name="ref" value="feedback"/>
<fieldset>
<label>Name :</label>
<input type="text" name="name" class="tbox" required/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label>Email :</label>
<input type="text" name="email" class="tbox" required/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label>Message :</label>
<textarea rows="5" cols="20" name="message" required></textarea>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
Please enter security code
<div class="clear"></div>
<input type="text" name="vrcode" class="tbox"/>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<input type="submit" class="button" value="Submit"/>
<a href="#" id="closefeedbakcformLink">Close</a>
</fieldset>
</form>
</div>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="donate_popup" class="modal" style="max-width: 800px;">
<table width="100%" border="1">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" align="center">
<b>Support im4change</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="25%" valign="middle">
<img src="https://im4change.in/images/logo2.jpg?1582080632" alt="" width="100%"/> </td>
<td style="padding-left:10px;padding-top:10px;">
<form action="https://im4change.in/donate" method="get">
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tr>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
10
</td>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
100
</td>
<td width="33%" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
1000
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
50
</td>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
500
</td>
<td style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
<input type="text" name="price" placeholder="?" style="font-family: 'Script Font', cursive, Arial;font-size: 20px;font-weight: 700;">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" align="right">
<input type="button" name="Pay" value="Pay"
style="width: 200px;background-color: rgb(205, 35, 36);color: #ffffff;"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div><script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var tievar = {'go_to': 'Go to...'};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script src="/js/tie-scripts.js?1575549704"></script><script src="/js/bootstrap.js?1575549704"></script><script src="/js/jquery.modal.min.js?1578284310"></script><script>
$(document).ready(function() {
// tell the autocomplete function to get its data from our php script
$('#s').autocomplete({
source: "/autocomplete"
});
});
</script>
<script src="/vj-main-sw-register.js" async></script>
<script>function init(){var imgDefer=document.getElementsByTagName('img');for(var i=0;i<imgDefer.length;i++){if(imgDefer[i].getAttribute('data-src')){imgDefer[i].setAttribute('src',imgDefer[i].getAttribute('data-src'))}}}
window.onload=init;</script>
</body>
</html>'
}
$cookies = []
$values = [
(int) 0 => 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
]
$name = 'Content-Type'
$first = true
$value = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
header - [internal], line ??
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emitHeaders() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 181
Cake\Http\ResponseEmitter::emit() - CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 55
Cake\Http\Server::emit() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 141
[main] - ROOT/webroot/index.php, line 39
LATEST NEWS UPDATES | India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha
India’s weight of the world moment -Vani S Kulkarni, Veena S Kulkarni and Raghav Gaiha
Published on Oct 29, 2013
Modified on Oct 29, 2013
-The Hindu
As the country develops economically, its double burden of malnutrition and its health implications will increasingly affect women and those who are socio-economically weak
India has one of the highest burdens of underweight women in the world, with rising obesity levels. Using the World Health Organisation classification based on body mass index, or BMI (the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in metres), there were about 31.5 per cent underweight women in the age group 20-49 years in 1998. The share came down to 26.6 per cent in 2005. In contrast, the share of the overweight (including the obese) rose from 13 per cent to 18.2 per cent.
Transitional shift
The coexistence of the underweight and the overweight is often referred to as the "double burden of malnutrition." Besides, the burden of overweight (and obesity) is expected to shift to households with lower socio-economic status (SES) as India develops economically. Before a nutritional transition, the overweight and the underweight tend to be concentrated in high and low SES groups, respectively. During the transition, however, the overweight burden shifts to low SES groups, while the underweight burden remains high, exposing them to the double burden.
Here we will focus mostly on the ratio of underweight to overweight (including obese) women. While both underweight and overweight are "bads," serious concerns have been expressed about an emerging obesity epidemic and, consequently, a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (for example, a likely epidemic of diabetes in India in the near future). So whether this ratio is less than one (more overweight than underweight women) or greater than one (more underweight than overweight women) needs close scrutiny as the health policy implications differ vastly. This analysis is based on a nationally representative survey, the India Human Development Survey, 2005.
Women & regional ratios
Our estimates show that at the all-India level, the ratio of underweight to overweight women aged 22-49 was 1.21. So, there were 121 underweight women for 100 overweight women in 2005. In the rural areas, there were more than twice as many underweight women as overweight but a little over a third in the urban areas.
The lowest ratio is observed in the southern region and a moderately higher ratio in the northern region, with fewer underweight than overweight women in the former and more underweight than overweight in the latter. The central region had the highest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, followed by the eastern and then the western regions.
Out of the 22 States analysed, nine (for example, Punjab, Delhi, Kerala) had fewer underweight women than overweight ones. Punjab had the lowest number of underweight women relative to the overweight, while Kerala had a slightly higher number. In sharp contrast were six States, including Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh, where the number of underweight women exceeded substantially that of the overweight. In Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Bihar, there were twice as many or more underweight women than the overweight. Orissa stood out as the worst with nearly four times as many underweight women as the overweight.
Economic status and caste
To throw light on the relationship between SES and the ratio of underweight to overweight women, we first examine the association between this ratio and per capita monthly expenditure. The higher the expenditure, the lower was the ratio of underweight to overweight women. In the lowest expenditure group, for example, underweight women were over four times as many as the overweight, while in the highest expenditure range they were barely one-third. So there is an inverse association between this ratio and affluence.
Another measure of economic status is in terms of assets (for example, motorcycle, car, refrigerator, sewing machine, television, cellphone). The association is similar to that obtained using expenditure. Underweight women were four times as many as the overweight in the lowest asset group, while they were a little over one-fifth of the overweight in the highest asset group. Thus the number of underweight women declines sharply as wealth rises.
These monetary measures of economic status are supplemented by caste affiliation. The caste hierarchy manifests itself not just in different levels of economic well-being but also in aspects of social deprivation. Some of the most socio-economically disadvantaged groups comprise the Scheduled Tribes (STs), followed by the Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Other Backward Classes, with the residual group, Others, as the least disadvantaged. The STs are also the socially most excluded group as they are confined largely to remote regions.
Underweight women were just under four times the number of the overweight among the STs, and more than twice as many among the SCs. In sharp contrast, underweight women were two-thirds of the overweight among Others. Thus, the socio-economic patterning of the underweight and the overweight was largely intact.
Age factor
Age matters too. There is an inverse association between the ratio of underweight to overweight women and age-group of women. The ratio was highest in the youngest, aged 22-28, and lowest in the oldest, aged 43-49. In the former, underweight women were three times as many as overweight women but in the latter just two-thirds.
The effect of marital status - ever married women - on the ratio of underweight to overweight women was negative in the urban sample but not significant in others. This implies that ever married women were less likely to be underweight but not so generally. Social obligations play an important role, particularly in eating pattern changes upon marriage that help gain weight. Besides, married people smoke less and exercise less, and are thus likelier to be heavy.
Sanitation
Sanitation and hygiene (for example, an indoor toilet, a safe drinking water facility and a kitchen with ventilation) are associated with lower ratios of underweight to overweight women as the risks of infectious diseases are lower - especially those acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water, or other exposures in the environment.
The risk of overweight/obesity is considerably lower with higher ratios of female-to-male workers, implying that greater opportunities for female employment are associated with greater physical activity and a lowering of the prevalence of overweight among women.
Media exposure is linked to more leisure and more frequent eating, and thus a higher risk of being overweight. Other evidence confirms this result but fails to substantiate these links.
Diet issues
Contrary to assertions that SES is key to the prevalence of underweight and overweight among women, our analysis suggests that the effects of relative food prices through dietary changes are larger. Although we find significant effects of the ratio of cereal to milk and milk product prices, cereal to vegetable prices, and cereal to edible oil prices, the commodity classification is not sufficiently detailed (for example, the nutritional effects of potato and leafy vegetables differ, as also of how they are cooked - boiled or fried). More generally, weight gain seen for specific foods and beverages arises from varying portion sizes, patterns of eating, effects on satiety, or displacement of other foods or beverages. Consumption of starches and refined grains is less satiating, increases hunger signals and total calorie intake, as compared with equivalent calories obtained from less processed food, and higher fibre foods that also contain healthy fats and proteins. Other experimental evidence unravels a relationship between sleep, diet and obesity. Reduced sleep induces preferences for calorie-dense, refined-carbohydrate foods. Weight gain is lowest among persons who sleep six to eight hours a night and is higher among those who sleep less than six hours or more than eight hours.
Diseases
The health implications of being underweight and overweight are grim: underweight women are highly prone to risks of disease, disability and mortality. Besides, children born to them are more likely to be overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity elevate risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, hypertension and adult-onset diabetes. However, given the rising burden of NCDs while that of infectious diseases remains high, and as India increases its focus on the health needs of overweight and obese people, it must address simultaneously the needs of the large number of severely undernourished people in society.
For Indian women, the pervasiveness of the malnutrition burden is matched only by the grimness of their existence and survival prospects.
(Vani S. Kulkarni is research associate, Department of Sociology, Yale University and Veena S. Kulkarni is assistant professor in the Department of Sociology, Criminology and Geography, Arkansas State University. Raghav Gaiha was professor of Public Policy, Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi.)
Write Comments