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LATEST NEWS UPDATES | No one asks the farmer -Harish Damodaran

No one asks the farmer -Harish Damodaran

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published Published on Oct 18, 2016   modified Modified on Oct 18, 2016
-The Indian Express

The opposition’s main contention is that the GM mustard hybrid incorporates three alien genes — barnase, barstar and bar — rendering it inherently unsafe for human and animal health.

Fifty years ago, Union Minister for Food and Agriculture Chidambaram Subramaniam took the decision to import 18,000 tonnes of seeds of Lerma Rojo 64A and Sonora 64 wheat from Mexico. The seeds arrived just in time for their planting in about 2,40,000 hectares in the 1966-67 rabi season. Simultaneously, a multiplication programme was initiated, so that nearly a million hectare area could come under these high-yielding varieties in the following season. Between 1965-66 and 1967-68, India’s wheat production rose from 10.4 million tonnes (mt) to over 16.5 mt, crossing 20 mt in the next two years. Thus was born the Green Revolution.

Subramaniam encountered a flood of criticism when he proposed what was the largest import of seeds ever undertaken in world history. Planning Commission member V.K.R.V. Rao saw it as a waste of foreign exchange for a country already short of reserves. Senior scientists, too, objected, “partly because of fear and partly because of ego”. Indian farmers, many held, wouldn’t accept the Mexican semi-dwarf wheats, as they might yield less bhusa (straw). “Subramaniam and I were charged with recklessly playing with the lives of millions”, the legendary Norman E. Borlaug was to recall. The new wheat strains bred by him ended up producing more grain as well as bhusa per hectare than the traditional tall, lodging-prone cultivators.

Subramaniam surmounted the heavy opposition only because of the backing he got from Indira Gandhi. She succeeded Lal Bahadur Shastri — who was equally supportive — as prime minister in January 1966, the nod for imports was granted in April, and the seeds came by end-September.

Many years later, Atal Bihari Vajpayee showed similar decisiveness when his government — on March 26, 2002 — approved the commercial cultivation of Monsanto’s genetically modified (GM) Bt cotton. Just as Borlaug’s varieties doubled India’s wheat output in four years — annual grain imports had earlier topped 10 mt — Bt cotton almost trebled domestic production from 136 lakh bales (lb) to 398 lb between 2002-03 and 2013-14, and the country turned from a net importer of roughly 17 lb to a net exporter of over 105 lb. And most important, Indian farmers planted the subversive semi-dwarf wheats and Bt cotton without anybody holding a gun to their heads. They were guided by pure practical wisdom, unlike “academicians in ivory halls”, to use Borlaug’s scathing expression.

Today, we are in a somewhat analogous situation with regard to the commercialisation of GM mustard. The opposition in this case, though, is much more organised than what one would have seen even a decade ago. It includes both “Left” Luddite NGOs and Right “swadeshi” Sangh Parivar elements. Their target, ironically, is a product developed not by a multinational or international research institution, but by scientists at Delhi University’s Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants (CGMCP).

The opposition’s main contention is that the GM mustard hybrid incorporates three alien genes — barnase, barstar and bar — rendering it inherently unsafe for human and animal health. But then, these genes have already been deployed in canola, which belongs to the same Brassicaceae plant family as mustard. The CGMCP scientists have basically modified the barnase-barstar-bar technology, originally used in canola, to create a robust and viable hybridisation system in mustard. It enables crossing of a wide range of Indian and East European origin mustard lines, creating hybrids potentially giving higher yields and also expressing other desired traits relating to disease resistance or oil quality. This is something not achievable through conventional breeding, more so given the narrow genetic base of mustard varieties grown in India.

India is already now importing some 3,50,000 tonnes of canola oil every year, a lot of it GM, and three mt of soyabean oil, which is entirely GM. No NGO till date has blocked a single consignment of imported GM oil or even corn entering any Indian port. How is it that GM technology is fine in imported videshi oil, but not if employed for desi mustard oil? And what kind of swadeshi/Make in India policy is this that allows 15 mt of edible oil worth $10.5 billion to be imported annually, but prevents the country’s own farmers from growing GM mustard hybrids with the potential to yield more?

Critics have tried to rubbish the indigenous publicly-bred GM mustard by saying that the barnase-barstar-bar technology was originally developed by a company now part of the German multinational Bayer AG, and the CGMCP scientists had done nothing new. Well, if it was that simple, would these scientists have been able to obtain six foreign patents — three from the US and one each from Europe, Canada and Australia — for their work in transgenic mustard breeding? Has one NGO or self-proclaimed Swadeshi actually bothered to visit CGMCP’s laboratory in Delhi University’s South Campus, even while flying in and feting French activist-molecular biologist Gilles-Eric Seralini, who believes mustard can “fix nitrogen” (hello, brassicas are not legumes)?

The GM mustard baiters have also made a big song and dance about the bar gene, which makes the plant resistant to the application of the herbicide glufosinate. Herbicides, they say, should not be permitted because they displace farm labourers engaged in manual weeding. By that logic, shouldn’t we also ban washing machines or metro trains, since these reduce employment opportunities for domestic helps and rickshaw pullers? Is it the farmer’s responsibility to guarantee rural employment (rozgar raksha), on top of being charged with the burden of khadya raksha (food security), seema raksha (the soldiers guarding our borders are mostly peasants in uniform) and now gau raksha (making it difficult for him to dispose of old unproductive cattle)?

In this whole debate about GM crops, the one person whose views seem to matter the least is the farmer himself. A farmer, we know very well, will not say whether a new hybrid/variety is good or bad until he has planted them and seen the results. Unfortunately, an environment has been created today where he is being denied the chance to make an informed judgement by those who don’t really farm for a living. Things are worse with an agriculture minister — quite unlike Subramaniam 50 years ago or even Ajit Singh in 2002 — who apparently has more faith in traditional paramparagat krishi, yogic farming and boosting crop yields through music and positive thoughts.

The only man who can stop all this nonsense is Narendra Modi. He should do what Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee did: Put national interest first and let farmers decide. And it must be done fast, as mustard cannot be sown beyond October. The time is truly running out.

The Indian Express, 17 October, 2016, http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/no-one-asks-the-farmers-genetically-modified-gm-seeds-mustard-canola-oil-3086481/


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