Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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        LATEST NEWS UPDATES | What the Durban deal means    </title>
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-The Telegraph


&nbsp;


The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:





Kyoto protocol extension





After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had..."/>
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-The Telegraph


&nbsp;


The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:





Kyoto protocol extension





After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had..." />
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                            <div style="text-align: justify">-The Telegraph</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify">The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Kyoto protocol extension</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had loomed as drafting a new UN treaty is extremely time-consuming.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Sunday&rsquo;s deal extends Kyoto, whose first phase of emissions cuts run from 2008 to the end of 2012. The second commitment period will run from January 1, 2013, until the end of 2017.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">There was agreement on extending Kyoto for five years, but lawyers are going to have to work out how to align this with existing EU legislation.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Legal form</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates agreed to start negotiations for a new legally binding treaty to be decided by 2015 and to come into force by 2020.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The process for doing so, called the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, would &ldquo;develop a new protocol, another legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force that will be applicable to all Parties to the UN climate convention,&rdquo; under a working group.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The exact nature of what &ldquo;legal instrument&rdquo; or &ldquo;agreed outcome&rdquo; has not yet been decided.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Ambition</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates decided the process towards developing a new legal instrument would &ldquo;raise levels of ambition&rdquo; in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">At the request of the EU and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the delegates agreed to launch a work plan to identify options for closing the &ldquo;ambition gap&rdquo; between countries&rsquo; current emissions reduction pledges for 2020 and the goal of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">However, the Durban negotiations did not manage to extend the emissions cut pledges made in both Copenhagen in 2009 and in 2010 at Cancun.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Transparency</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban package brings into operation new arrangements for making more transparent the actions taken by both developed and developing countries to address their emissions. This is a key measure for building trust between parties.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Finance</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Poor nations are most in need of finance to help pay for adapting to global warming and introducing low emission energy and industrial processes.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Against the backdrop of a sovereign debt crisis, developed nations are also ill-placed to commit money beyond short-term financing that runs out at the end of next year.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban talks made headway on agreeing the design of Green Climate Fund to channel up to $100 billion a year by 2020 to poorer nations, but achieved little on establishing where the money will come from to fill it.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">A proposal last week to generate cash from charging international shipping for the carbon emissions it generates faced such opposition it did not survive in the final text.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>New market mechanisms</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Talks agreed to define new market mechanisms under a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol, but pushed forward a decision to develop rules for them until next year.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates decided the mechanisms would operate under the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties and &ldquo;bear in mind different circumstances of developed and developing countries&rdquo;.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The EU wants any new market mechanisms to cut greenhouse gas emissions outside of Kyoto anchored in international law, in order to avoid fragmentation of the international carbon market.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Parties will now work on developing a framework for new mechanisms over the next 12 months with a view to making recommendations at a summit in Qatar at the end of 2012.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The rules must ensure environmental integrity of new markets, seek to avoid double counting and ensure that a net decrease in CO2 emissions is achieved.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Carbon capture and storage</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban talks ended six years of debate over whether and how the technology of carbon capture and storage could qualify for carbon offsets under the Clean Development Mechanism.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Kyoto scheme rewards governments or companies who invest in clean energy projects in developing countries with carbon credits, which they can trade and sell for profit.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The new rules force project developers to put five per cent of the carbon credits earned in a reserve, to be awarded to them only after site monitors have proved that no carbon dioxide has leaked from the underground store 20 years after the end of the crediting period.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates agreed to consider private funding and market-based mechanisms as options to finance the programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, paving the way for billions of dollars of private investment.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Details will be discussed in the course of next year and it may still take years until the programme takes off on a big scale.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Joint implementation</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban meeting failed to breathe new life into Kyoto&rsquo;s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism, as negotiators once again dodged a decision on whether to allow emission reduction projects to earn carbon credits under the scheme beyond 2012.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Like in Cancun last year, delegates agreed to delay a decision on whether to decouple the future of JI from that of Kyoto until next year&rsquo;s talks.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The postponement caused concern among some negotiators that a few nations with vast Kyoto emissions right inventories, would as a precaution ramp up offset issuance ahead of that.</div>                                                           
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    <br><a href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/nation/story_14870303.jsp" class="re" target="_blank">The Telegraph, 12 December, 2011, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/nation/story_14870303.jsp</a><div class="clear"></div>
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-The Telegraph


&nbsp;


The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:





Kyoto protocol extension





After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had..."/>
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-The Telegraph


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Kyoto protocol extension





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                    <section class="cat-box recent-box innerCatRecent">
    <h1 class="cat-box-title">What the Durban deal means</h1>
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                            <div style="text-align: justify">-The Telegraph</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify">The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Kyoto protocol extension</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had loomed as drafting a new UN treaty is extremely time-consuming.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Sunday&rsquo;s deal extends Kyoto, whose first phase of emissions cuts run from 2008 to the end of 2012. The second commitment period will run from January 1, 2013, until the end of 2017.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">There was agreement on extending Kyoto for five years, but lawyers are going to have to work out how to align this with existing EU legislation.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Legal form</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates agreed to start negotiations for a new legally binding treaty to be decided by 2015 and to come into force by 2020.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The process for doing so, called the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, would &ldquo;develop a new protocol, another legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force that will be applicable to all Parties to the UN climate convention,&rdquo; under a working group.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The exact nature of what &ldquo;legal instrument&rdquo; or &ldquo;agreed outcome&rdquo; has not yet been decided.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Ambition</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates decided the process towards developing a new legal instrument would &ldquo;raise levels of ambition&rdquo; in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">At the request of the EU and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the delegates agreed to launch a work plan to identify options for closing the &ldquo;ambition gap&rdquo; between countries&rsquo; current emissions reduction pledges for 2020 and the goal of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">However, the Durban negotiations did not manage to extend the emissions cut pledges made in both Copenhagen in 2009 and in 2010 at Cancun.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Transparency</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban package brings into operation new arrangements for making more transparent the actions taken by both developed and developing countries to address their emissions. This is a key measure for building trust between parties.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Finance</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Poor nations are most in need of finance to help pay for adapting to global warming and introducing low emission energy and industrial processes.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Against the backdrop of a sovereign debt crisis, developed nations are also ill-placed to commit money beyond short-term financing that runs out at the end of next year.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban talks made headway on agreeing the design of Green Climate Fund to channel up to $100 billion a year by 2020 to poorer nations, but achieved little on establishing where the money will come from to fill it.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">A proposal last week to generate cash from charging international shipping for the carbon emissions it generates faced such opposition it did not survive in the final text.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>New market mechanisms</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Talks agreed to define new market mechanisms under a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol, but pushed forward a decision to develop rules for them until next year.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates decided the mechanisms would operate under the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties and &ldquo;bear in mind different circumstances of developed and developing countries&rdquo;.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The EU wants any new market mechanisms to cut greenhouse gas emissions outside of Kyoto anchored in international law, in order to avoid fragmentation of the international carbon market.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Parties will now work on developing a framework for new mechanisms over the next 12 months with a view to making recommendations at a summit in Qatar at the end of 2012.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The rules must ensure environmental integrity of new markets, seek to avoid double counting and ensure that a net decrease in CO2 emissions is achieved.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Carbon capture and storage</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban talks ended six years of debate over whether and how the technology of carbon capture and storage could qualify for carbon offsets under the Clean Development Mechanism.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Kyoto scheme rewards governments or companies who invest in clean energy projects in developing countries with carbon credits, which they can trade and sell for profit.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The new rules force project developers to put five per cent of the carbon credits earned in a reserve, to be awarded to them only after site monitors have proved that no carbon dioxide has leaked from the underground store 20 years after the end of the crediting period.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates agreed to consider private funding and market-based mechanisms as options to finance the programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, paving the way for billions of dollars of private investment.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Details will be discussed in the course of next year and it may still take years until the programme takes off on a big scale.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Joint implementation</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban meeting failed to breathe new life into Kyoto&rsquo;s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism, as negotiators once again dodged a decision on whether to allow emission reduction projects to earn carbon credits under the scheme beyond 2012.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Like in Cancun last year, delegates agreed to delay a decision on whether to decouple the future of JI from that of Kyoto until next year&rsquo;s talks.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The postponement caused concern among some negotiators that a few nations with vast Kyoto emissions right inventories, would as a precaution ramp up offset issuance ahead of that.</div>                                                           
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    <br><a href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/nation/story_14870303.jsp" class="re" target="_blank">The Telegraph, 12 December, 2011, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/nation/story_14870303.jsp</a><div class="clear"></div>
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        LATEST NEWS UPDATES | What the Durban deal means    </title>
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-The Telegraph


&nbsp;


The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:





Kyoto protocol extension





After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had..."/>
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-The Telegraph


&nbsp;


The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:





Kyoto protocol extension





After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had..." />
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">What the Durban deal means</h1>
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		 Published on</span><span class="text-date"> Dec 12, 2011</span>
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                            <div style="text-align: justify">-The Telegraph</div><div style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify">The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks:</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Kyoto protocol extension</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had loomed as drafting a new UN treaty is extremely time-consuming.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Sunday&rsquo;s deal extends Kyoto, whose first phase of emissions cuts run from 2008 to the end of 2012. The second commitment period will run from January 1, 2013, until the end of 2017.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">There was agreement on extending Kyoto for five years, but lawyers are going to have to work out how to align this with existing EU legislation.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Legal form</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates agreed to start negotiations for a new legally binding treaty to be decided by 2015 and to come into force by 2020.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The process for doing so, called the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, would &ldquo;develop a new protocol, another legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force that will be applicable to all Parties to the UN climate convention,&rdquo; under a working group.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The exact nature of what &ldquo;legal instrument&rdquo; or &ldquo;agreed outcome&rdquo; has not yet been decided.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Ambition</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates decided the process towards developing a new legal instrument would &ldquo;raise levels of ambition&rdquo; in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">At the request of the EU and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the delegates agreed to launch a work plan to identify options for closing the &ldquo;ambition gap&rdquo; between countries&rsquo; current emissions reduction pledges for 2020 and the goal of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">However, the Durban negotiations did not manage to extend the emissions cut pledges made in both Copenhagen in 2009 and in 2010 at Cancun.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Transparency</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban package brings into operation new arrangements for making more transparent the actions taken by both developed and developing countries to address their emissions. This is a key measure for building trust between parties.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Finance</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Poor nations are most in need of finance to help pay for adapting to global warming and introducing low emission energy and industrial processes.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Against the backdrop of a sovereign debt crisis, developed nations are also ill-placed to commit money beyond short-term financing that runs out at the end of next year.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban talks made headway on agreeing the design of Green Climate Fund to channel up to $100 billion a year by 2020 to poorer nations, but achieved little on establishing where the money will come from to fill it.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">A proposal last week to generate cash from charging international shipping for the carbon emissions it generates faced such opposition it did not survive in the final text.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>New market mechanisms</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Talks agreed to define new market mechanisms under a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol, but pushed forward a decision to develop rules for them until next year.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates decided the mechanisms would operate under the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties and &ldquo;bear in mind different circumstances of developed and developing countries&rdquo;.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The EU wants any new market mechanisms to cut greenhouse gas emissions outside of Kyoto anchored in international law, in order to avoid fragmentation of the international carbon market.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Parties will now work on developing a framework for new mechanisms over the next 12 months with a view to making recommendations at a summit in Qatar at the end of 2012.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The rules must ensure environmental integrity of new markets, seek to avoid double counting and ensure that a net decrease in CO2 emissions is achieved.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Carbon capture and storage</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban talks ended six years of debate over whether and how the technology of carbon capture and storage could qualify for carbon offsets under the Clean Development Mechanism.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Kyoto scheme rewards governments or companies who invest in clean energy projects in developing countries with carbon credits, which they can trade and sell for profit.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The new rules force project developers to put five per cent of the carbon credits earned in a reserve, to be awarded to them only after site monitors have proved that no carbon dioxide has leaked from the underground store 20 years after the end of the crediting period.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Delegates agreed to consider private funding and market-based mechanisms as options to finance the programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, paving the way for billions of dollars of private investment.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Details will be discussed in the course of next year and it may still take years until the programme takes off on a big scale.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify"><em>Joint implementation</em></div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The Durban meeting failed to breathe new life into Kyoto&rsquo;s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism, as negotiators once again dodged a decision on whether to allow emission reduction projects to earn carbon credits under the scheme beyond 2012.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">Like in Cancun last year, delegates agreed to delay a decision on whether to decouple the future of JI from that of Kyoto until next year&rsquo;s talks.</div><div style="text-align: justify"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify">The postponement caused concern among some negotiators that a few nations with vast Kyoto emissions right inventories, would as a precaution ramp up offset issuance ahead of that.</div>                                                           
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    <br><a href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/nation/story_14870303.jsp" class="re" target="_blank">The Telegraph, 12 December, 2011, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/nation/story_14870303.jsp</a><div class="clear"></div>
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What the Durban deal means

Published on Dec 12, 2011   Modified on Dec 12, 2011

-The Telegraph   The main points agreed upon in the Durban talks: Kyoto protocol extension After the failure of Copenhagen in 2009 to come up with a new, internationally-binding deal and only incremental progress a year later in Cancun, a partial legal vacuum had loomed as drafting a new UN treaty is extremely time-consuming. Sunday’s deal extends Kyoto, whose first phase of emissions cuts run from 2008 to the end of 2012. The second commitment period will run from January 1, 2013, until the end of 2017. There was agreement on extending Kyoto for five years, but lawyers are going to have to work out how to align this with existing EU legislation. Legal form Delegates agreed to start negotiations for a new legally binding treaty to be decided by 2015 and to come into force by 2020. The process for doing so, called the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, would “develop a new protocol, another legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force that will be applicable to all Parties to the UN climate convention,” under a working group. The exact nature of what “legal instrument” or “agreed outcome” has not yet been decided. Ambition Delegates decided the process towards developing a new legal instrument would “raise levels of ambition” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. At the request of the EU and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), the delegates agreed to launch a work plan to identify options for closing the “ambition gap” between countries’ current emissions reduction pledges for 2020 and the goal of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius. However, the Durban negotiations did not manage to extend the emissions cut pledges made in both Copenhagen in 2009 and in 2010 at Cancun. Transparency The Durban package brings into operation new arrangements for making more transparent the actions taken by both developed and developing countries to address their emissions. This is a key measure for building trust between parties. Finance Poor nations are most in need of finance to help pay for adapting to global warming and introducing low emission energy and industrial processes. Against the backdrop of a sovereign debt crisis, developed nations are also ill-placed to commit money beyond short-term financing that runs out at the end of next year. The Durban talks made headway on agreeing the design of Green Climate Fund to channel up to $100 billion a year by 2020 to poorer nations, but achieved little on establishing where the money will come from to fill it. A proposal last week to generate cash from charging international shipping for the carbon emissions it generates faced such opposition it did not survive in the final text. New market mechanisms Talks agreed to define new market mechanisms under a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol, but pushed forward a decision to develop rules for them until next year. Delegates decided the mechanisms would operate under the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties and “bear in mind different circumstances of developed and developing countries”. The EU wants any new market mechanisms to cut greenhouse gas emissions outside of Kyoto anchored in international law, in order to avoid fragmentation of the international carbon market. Parties will now work on developing a framework for new mechanisms over the next 12 months with a view to making recommendations at a summit in Qatar at the end of 2012. The rules must ensure environmental integrity of new markets, seek to avoid double counting and ensure that a net decrease in CO2 emissions is achieved. Carbon capture and storage The Durban talks ended six years of debate over whether and how the technology of carbon capture and storage could qualify for carbon offsets under the Clean Development Mechanism. The Kyoto scheme rewards governments or companies who invest in clean energy projects in developing countries with carbon credits, which they can trade and sell for profit. The new rules force project developers to put five per cent of the carbon credits earned in a reserve, to be awarded to them only after site monitors have proved that no carbon dioxide has leaked from the underground store 20 years after the end of the crediting period. Reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation Delegates agreed to consider private funding and market-based mechanisms as options to finance the programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, paving the way for billions of dollars of private investment. Details will be discussed in the course of next year and it may still take years until the programme takes off on a big scale. Joint implementation The Durban meeting failed to breathe new life into Kyoto’s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism, as negotiators once again dodged a decision on whether to allow emission reduction projects to earn carbon credits under the scheme beyond 2012. Like in Cancun last year, delegates agreed to delay a decision on whether to decouple the future of JI from that of Kyoto until next year’s talks. The postponement caused concern among some negotiators that a few nations with vast Kyoto emissions right inventories, would as a precaution ramp up offset issuance ahead of that.

The Telegraph, 12 December, 2011, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111212/jsp/nation/story_14870303.jsp

Tagged with: climate change

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