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<p style="text-align:justify">There is a common trope, fed especially to generations born after 1991, that economic progress and modernization in India really occurred only after ‘liberalizing’ economic reforms were introduced three decades ago. This is a travesty of the truth. Certainly, conditions for most Indians have improved since that watershed year. Per capita income went up more rapidly than before, life expectancy went up, infant and maternal mortality decreased, income poverty probably went down (though this is hard to tell because of changes in the official estimation of poverty over this period). But this would not have been possible without the foundations set by earlier trends, and in terms of most indicators, the rest of the world did even better.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Some developing countries with a more heterodox strategy that retained significant state control (like China) did much better. In comparative terms, progress in India has been minimal or even non-existent.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">India’s overall Human Development Index (HDI) score (a composite of per capita gross domestic product, or GDP, life expectancy and education indicators) improved from 0.433 in 1991 to 0.645 in 2019 (before the pandemic). But India’s HDI rank slipped from No. 114 to No. 131, a dismal performance even allowing for the increased number of countries. Even this was largely because of per capita income; other indicators remained woeful even compared to poorer countries like Bangladesh. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) shows 28% of India’s population in multidimensional poverty, with another 20% vulnerable to it, much higher proportions than the developing-country average.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The stated goals of the 1991 reforms were higher rates of income growth with more employment generation and diversification into higher value-added activities. Of these, only higher income growth was achieved, but at the expense of massive environmental destruction and without enabling structural change. Employment stagnated and then fell from 2011; industrialization did not take off beyond what was already achieved before 1991; most workers remain stuck in low-paying informal work; women’s employment participation declined significantly. Nutrition indicators are poor, with declining per capita calorie consumption, and worse outcomes for women and young children, even before covid hit. Farming is under threat, and small and micro enterprises that employ the bulk of workers face an extreme crisis.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">So the question is why higher GDP growth did not translate into better conditions for most Indians. The answer lies in the pattern of growth, which was highly unequal and provided benefits mainly to a small minority of people. This increased inequality was not just an unfortunate by-product of the reform process, it was embedded in its very framework. The neoliberal reforms were based on the idea that removing restrictive regulations on different markets and providing incentives and concessions to large capital would lead to increased private investment, which would become the engine of growth, increasing employment, incomes and standards of living. Opening up to global finance was supposed to further add to domestic investment.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://www.networkideas.org/news-analysis/2021/07/the-neoliberal-reforms-of-1991-didnt-work-as-claimed/?fbclid=IwAR2hONLEmLYUpUTvX0C3n8VmLv0SvDbFdTu4XkAP1GcNb_pZAipo-nRJZeU">click here</a> to read more. </p>
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LATEST NEWS UPDATES | The neoliberal reforms of 1991 didn’t work as claimed -Jayati Ghosh </title>
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There is a common trope, fed especially to generations born after 1991, that economic progress and modernization in India really occurred only after ‘liberalizing’ economic reforms were introduced three decades ago. This is a travesty of the truth. Certainly,..."/>
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There is a common trope, fed especially to generations born after 1991, that economic progress and modernization in India really occurred only after ‘liberalizing’ economic reforms were introduced three decades ago. This is a travesty of the truth. Certainly,..." />
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-neoliberal-reforms-of-1991-didn-t-work-as-claimed-jayati-ghosh.html" target="_blank">The neoliberal reforms of 1991 didn’t work as claimed -Jayati Ghosh</a>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Macroscan.com/ Livemint.com
There is a common trope, fed especially to generations born after 1991, that economic progress and modernization in India really occurred only after ‘liberalizing’ economic reforms were introduced three decades ago. This is a travesty of the truth. Certainly, conditions for most Indians have...</p>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-The Hindu
As children in rural India, with little access to gadgets and networks, are pushed into deeper marginalisation, a look at some initiatives that try to change this
Eleven-year-old Chaithanya has not been to school in over a year. On a Sunday morning, she is glued...</p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/as-the-pandemic-makes-digital-teaching-the-norm-these-initiatives-are-bringing-school-to-rural-children-mala-kumar.html"
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/transboundary-bengal-hotspot-for-lightning-strikes-report-jayanta-basu.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Transboundary Bengal hotspot for lightning strikes: Report -Jayanta Basu</strong></a>
<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Down to Earth
West Bengal, along with Bangladesh, received two million on-ground lightning bolts
The region of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh is among the most vulnerable in South Asia to lethal lightning strikes, according to a recent report.
West Bengal received the highest number of lightning...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/is-ethanol-blending-in-petrol-really-green-jasleen-bhatti.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Is ethanol blending in petrol really green? -Jasleen Bhatti</strong></a>
<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Down to Earth
Aggressive sugarcane farming contaminates land, water
The Union government intends to increase the amount of ethanol in the energy mix to lower the country’s dependence on imported oil and carbon footprint, as well as stabilise petrol prices.
India currently blends about 8.5 per cent ethanol...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/supreme-court-says-secrecy-of-vote-a-must-in-any-election-krishnadas-rajagopal.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Supreme Court says secrecy of vote a must in any election -Krishnadas Rajagopal</strong></a>
<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-The Hindu
Nobody can be permitted to dilute right to free and fair polls: Bench.
The Supreme Court on Friday held that in any election, be it to Parliament or State legislature, the maintenance of secrecy of voting is “a must”.
Secrecy is a part of the fundamental...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-neoliberal-reforms-of-1991-didn-t-work-as-claimed-jayati-ghosh.html" target="_blank">The neoliberal reforms of 1991 didn’t work as claimed -Jayati Ghosh</a>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Macroscan.com/ Livemint.com
There is a common trope, fed especially to generations born after 1991, that economic progress and modernization in India really occurred only after ‘liberalizing’ economic reforms were introduced three decades ago. This is a travesty of the truth. Certainly, conditions for most Indians have...</p>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-The Hindu
As children in rural India, with little access to gadgets and networks, are pushed into deeper marginalisation, a look at some initiatives that try to change this
Eleven-year-old Chaithanya has not been to school in over a year. On a Sunday morning, she is glued...</p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/as-the-pandemic-makes-digital-teaching-the-norm-these-initiatives-are-bringing-school-to-rural-children-mala-kumar.html"
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/transboundary-bengal-hotspot-for-lightning-strikes-report-jayanta-basu.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Transboundary Bengal hotspot for lightning strikes: Report -Jayanta Basu</strong></a>
<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Down to Earth
West Bengal, along with Bangladesh, received two million on-ground lightning bolts
The region of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh is among the most vulnerable in South Asia to lethal lightning strikes, according to a recent report.
West Bengal received the highest number of lightning...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/is-ethanol-blending-in-petrol-really-green-jasleen-bhatti.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Is ethanol blending in petrol really green? -Jasleen Bhatti</strong></a>
<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Down to Earth
Aggressive sugarcane farming contaminates land, water
The Union government intends to increase the amount of ethanol in the energy mix to lower the country’s dependence on imported oil and carbon footprint, as well as stabilise petrol prices.
India currently blends about 8.5 per cent ethanol...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/supreme-court-says-secrecy-of-vote-a-must-in-any-election-krishnadas-rajagopal.html" target="_blank"><strong style="" >Supreme Court says secrecy of vote a must in any election -Krishnadas Rajagopal</strong></a>
<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-The Hindu
Nobody can be permitted to dilute right to free and fair polls: Bench.
The Supreme Court on Friday held that in any election, be it to Parliament or State legislature, the maintenance of secrecy of voting is “a must”.
Secrecy is a part of the fundamental...</p>
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<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/the-neoliberal-reforms-of-1991-didn-t-work-as-claimed-jayati-ghosh.html" target="_blank">The neoliberal reforms of 1991 didn’t work as claimed -Jayati Ghosh</a>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Macroscan.com/ Livemint.com
There is a common trope, fed especially to generations born after 1991, that economic progress and modernization in India really occurred only after ‘liberalizing’ economic reforms were introduced three decades ago. This is a travesty of the truth. Certainly, conditions for most Indians have...</p>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-The Hindu
As children in rural India, with little access to gadgets and networks, are pushed into deeper marginalisation, a look at some initiatives that try to change this
Eleven-year-old Chaithanya has not been to school in over a year. On a Sunday morning, she is glued...</p>
<a href="https://im4change.in/latest-news-updates/as-the-pandemic-makes-digital-teaching-the-norm-these-initiatives-are-bringing-school-to-rural-children-mala-kumar.html"
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Down to Earth
West Bengal, along with Bangladesh, received two million on-ground lightning bolts
The region of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh is among the most vulnerable in South Asia to lethal lightning strikes, according to a recent report.
West Bengal received the highest number of lightning...</p>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-Down to Earth
Aggressive sugarcane farming contaminates land, water
The Union government intends to increase the amount of ethanol in the energy mix to lower the country’s dependence on imported oil and carbon footprint, as well as stabilise petrol prices.
India currently blends about 8.5 per cent ethanol...</p>
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<br><small>July 23, 2021</small>
<p style="padding-top: 6px;">-The Hindu
Nobody can be permitted to dilute right to free and fair polls: Bench.
The Supreme Court on Friday held that in any election, be it to Parliament or State legislature, the maintenance of secrecy of voting is “a must”.
Secrecy is a part of the fundamental...</p>
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LATEST NEWS UPDATES | The neoliberal reforms of 1991 didn’t work as claimed -Jayati Ghosh
-Macroscan.com/ Livemint.com
There is a common trope, fed especially to generations born after 1991, that economic progress and modernization in India really occurred only after ‘liberalizing’ economic reforms were introduced three decades ago. This is a travesty of the truth. Certainly, conditions for most Indians have...
-The Hindu
As children in rural India, with little access to gadgets and networks, are pushed into deeper marginalisation, a look at some initiatives that try to change this
Eleven-year-old Chaithanya has not been to school in over a year. On a Sunday morning, she is glued...
-Down to Earth
West Bengal, along with Bangladesh, received two million on-ground lightning bolts
The region of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh is among the most vulnerable in South Asia to lethal lightning strikes, according to a recent report.
West Bengal received the highest number of lightning...
-Down to Earth
Aggressive sugarcane farming contaminates land, water
The Union government intends to increase the amount of ethanol in the energy mix to lower the country’s dependence on imported oil and carbon footprint, as well as stabilise petrol prices.
India currently blends about 8.5 per cent ethanol...
-The Hindu
Nobody can be permitted to dilute right to free and fair polls: Bench.
The Supreme Court on Friday held that in any election, be it to Parliament or State legislature, the maintenance of secrecy of voting is “a must”.
Secrecy is a part of the fundamental...
