Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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                            <div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">During the last 2-3 months, one has seen complaints related to sexual <a href="https://metoorising.withgoogle.com/" title="https://metoorising.withgoogle.com/">harassment surfacing</a> on social media as part of the #MeToo campaign. Many people have questioned why the victims were so late to reveal the harassment they faced in the past. Sceptics have also asked why the victims of sexual harassment did not seek either legal or police help.<br /><br />If you have similar doubts in mind, then you should read carefully the results of the National Family Health Survey-4 (<a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">NFHS-4</a>) pertaining to violence that women face.<br /><br />The latest available data of NFHS-4 indicates that only 14.4 percent of women in the age cohort 15-49 years, who experienced physical or sexual violence, have sought help, and 75.9 percent have neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence they experienced. Although 9.8 percent of victims at the national-level told someone about the physical or sexual violence they experienced, they did not ask for any help. The percentage of women who sought assistance after facing violence was nearly 24 percent in 2005-06, according to <a href="http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml" title="http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml">NFHS-3</a>. It means that a large chunk of offenders go scot-free after committing those crimes.<br /><br />It could be observed from table-1 that when the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is missing, in such cases 27.5 percent of female victims aged 15-49 years sought help. However, when their own family member/s has committed such a crime, in those cases merely 11.9 percent of female victims sought aid.<br /><br />When the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is the previous husband, roughly a quarter of female victims <em>(viz. 26.4 percent)</em> sought help. However, when the present husband committed any physical or sexual violence, only 12.3 percent female victims asked for assistance. It clearly shows that if the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is living with the victim, in those cases the latter are less likely to seek help.<br /><br /><strong>Table 1: Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they have told anyone about the violence and whether they ever sought help from any source to end the violence according to type of violence and background characteristics, India 2015-16</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Table%201_21.jpg" style="height:233px; width:822px" /><br /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>NFHS-4, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access </em></div><div style="text-align:justify"><em>--</em><br /><br /><strong>Police and legal help</strong><br /><br />It could be seen from chart-1 that female victims aged 15-49 years, who experienced physical and /or sexual violence, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought">mostly seek help of</a> own family <em>(64.9 percent)</em>, followed by husband&rsquo;s family <em>(28.3 percent)</em>, friend <em>(15.7 percent)</em> and neighbour <em>(9.7 percent)</em>. Only 3.5 percent and 1.0 percent of female victims have <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought">sought help of</a> police and lawyers, respectively. Nearly 1.6 percent of female victims, who faced physical and /or sexual violence, have sought assistance of a religious leader.<br /><br />In case of solely sexual violence, 0.9 percent of female victims took help of police and 0.5 percent sought assistance of lawyers in 2015-16. Thus, one could infer that only a tiny fraction of victims of sexual violence approach the police and lawyers. It may be because of a lack of trust in those institutions.<br />&nbsp;<br /><iframe height="932" src="https://e.infogram.com/c3ca29cf-2cd3-4240-898a-757f836da733?src=embed" width="550"></iframe><br /><br />It may be noted by the readers that in <a href="http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml" title="http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml">NFHS-4</a>, information was obtained from never-married women on their experience of violence committed by anyone and from ever-married women on their experience of violence committed by their current and former husbands and by others. All women <em>(married and unmarried)</em> were asked about the experience of sexual violence committed by anyone <em>(other than a current or most recent husband) </em>by asking if at any time in their life, as a child or as an adult, they were forced in any way to have sexual intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts when they did not want to do.<br /><br /><strong>Perpetrators of sexual violence</strong><br /><br />Among ever-married women aged 15-49 years, who experienced sexual violence, 83.1 percent have reported their current husband and 9.3 percent have reported a former husband as offenders. Among the never-married women, who faced sexual violence, the most common perpetrators are &quot;other&quot; relatives <em>(27.3 percent)</em>, followed by a current or former boyfriend <em>(17.8 percent)</em>, their own friend or acquaintance <em>(16.8 percent)</em>, and a family friend <em>(11.4 percent)</em>. Never-married women have also reported sexual violence by strangers <em>(8.9 percent)</em> and teachers <em>(3.4 percent)</em>. Please check table-2 for details.<br /><br /><strong>Table 2: Among women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage who report specific persons committing sexual violence according to current marital status and age at first experience of sexual violence, India 2015-16</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Table%202_13.jpg" style="height:436px; width:616px" /></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br /><em><strong>Note:</strong> na = Not applicable<br /><br />* Includes women who report having ever experienced sexual violence committed only by their current husband if currently married or most recent husband if widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted. For these women, the age at first experience of sexual violence is not known.</em><br /><br /><em><strong>Source:</strong> NFHS-4, </em><em>please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access</em></div><div style="text-align:justify">--</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Although <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg">5.5 percent of women</a> in 2015-16 reported having experienced sexual violence <em>(by anyone as a child or as an adult)</em> ever in their lifetime, that figure was close to 9 percent in 2005-06.</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">The NFHS-4 data shows that women&rsquo;s experience of sexual violence increases with <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">women&rsquo;s age</a>, from 2.5 percent among women aged 15-19 years to around 7 percent among women aged 30-49 years.<br /><br />One gets from NFHS-4 that the experience of sexual violence falls sharply <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">with schooling</a> from 8.4 percent among women with no schooling to 3.0 percent among women with 12 or more years of schooling. Similarly, women&rsquo;s experience of sexual violence declines with wealth from 9.0 percent among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 3.2 percent among women in the highest wealth quintile.<br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">Widowed, divorced</a>, separated, or deserted women <em>(12.1 percent)</em> are far more likely than never married women <em>(1.6 percent)</em>, currently married women <em>(6.4 percent)</em> or married but <em>gauna</em> not performed women <em>(1.6 percent)</em> to report having experienced sexual violence.<br /><br /><strong><em>References</em></strong><br /><br />Report of National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), released in December, 2017, International Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong>&nbsp;</div>                                                           
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                            <div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">During the last 2-3 months, one has seen complaints related to sexual <a href="https://metoorising.withgoogle.com/" title="https://metoorising.withgoogle.com/">harassment surfacing</a> on social media as part of the #MeToo campaign. Many people have questioned why the victims were so late to reveal the harassment they faced in the past. Sceptics have also asked why the victims of sexual harassment did not seek either legal or police help.<br /><br />If you have similar doubts in mind, then you should read carefully the results of the National Family Health Survey-4 (<a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">NFHS-4</a>) pertaining to violence that women face.<br /><br />The latest available data of NFHS-4 indicates that only 14.4 percent of women in the age cohort 15-49 years, who experienced physical or sexual violence, have sought help, and 75.9 percent have neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence they experienced. Although 9.8 percent of victims at the national-level told someone about the physical or sexual violence they experienced, they did not ask for any help. The percentage of women who sought assistance after facing violence was nearly 24 percent in 2005-06, according to <a href="http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml" title="http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml">NFHS-3</a>. It means that a large chunk of offenders go scot-free after committing those crimes.<br /><br />It could be observed from table-1 that when the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is missing, in such cases 27.5 percent of female victims aged 15-49 years sought help. However, when their own family member/s has committed such a crime, in those cases merely 11.9 percent of female victims sought aid.<br /><br />When the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is the previous husband, roughly a quarter of female victims <em>(viz. 26.4 percent)</em> sought help. However, when the present husband committed any physical or sexual violence, only 12.3 percent female victims asked for assistance. It clearly shows that if the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is living with the victim, in those cases the latter are less likely to seek help.<br /><br /><strong>Table 1: Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they have told anyone about the violence and whether they ever sought help from any source to end the violence according to type of violence and background characteristics, India 2015-16</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Table%201_21.jpg" style="height:233px; width:822px" /><br /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>NFHS-4, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access </em></div><div style="text-align:justify"><em>--</em><br /><br /><strong>Police and legal help</strong><br /><br />It could be seen from chart-1 that female victims aged 15-49 years, who experienced physical and /or sexual violence, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought">mostly seek help of</a> own family <em>(64.9 percent)</em>, followed by husband&rsquo;s family <em>(28.3 percent)</em>, friend <em>(15.7 percent)</em> and neighbour <em>(9.7 percent)</em>. Only 3.5 percent and 1.0 percent of female victims have <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought">sought help of</a> police and lawyers, respectively. Nearly 1.6 percent of female victims, who faced physical and /or sexual violence, have sought assistance of a religious leader.<br /><br />In case of solely sexual violence, 0.9 percent of female victims took help of police and 0.5 percent sought assistance of lawyers in 2015-16. Thus, one could infer that only a tiny fraction of victims of sexual violence approach the police and lawyers. It may be because of a lack of trust in those institutions.<br />&nbsp;<br /><iframe height="932" src="https://e.infogram.com/c3ca29cf-2cd3-4240-898a-757f836da733?src=embed" width="550"></iframe><br /><br />It may be noted by the readers that in <a href="http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml" title="http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml">NFHS-4</a>, information was obtained from never-married women on their experience of violence committed by anyone and from ever-married women on their experience of violence committed by their current and former husbands and by others. All women <em>(married and unmarried)</em> were asked about the experience of sexual violence committed by anyone <em>(other than a current or most recent husband) </em>by asking if at any time in their life, as a child or as an adult, they were forced in any way to have sexual intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts when they did not want to do.<br /><br /><strong>Perpetrators of sexual violence</strong><br /><br />Among ever-married women aged 15-49 years, who experienced sexual violence, 83.1 percent have reported their current husband and 9.3 percent have reported a former husband as offenders. Among the never-married women, who faced sexual violence, the most common perpetrators are &quot;other&quot; relatives <em>(27.3 percent)</em>, followed by a current or former boyfriend <em>(17.8 percent)</em>, their own friend or acquaintance <em>(16.8 percent)</em>, and a family friend <em>(11.4 percent)</em>. Never-married women have also reported sexual violence by strangers <em>(8.9 percent)</em> and teachers <em>(3.4 percent)</em>. Please check table-2 for details.<br /><br /><strong>Table 2: Among women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage who report specific persons committing sexual violence according to current marital status and age at first experience of sexual violence, India 2015-16</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Table%202_13.jpg" style="height:436px; width:616px" /></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br /><em><strong>Note:</strong> na = Not applicable<br /><br />* Includes women who report having ever experienced sexual violence committed only by their current husband if currently married or most recent husband if widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted. For these women, the age at first experience of sexual violence is not known.</em><br /><br /><em><strong>Source:</strong> NFHS-4, </em><em>please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access</em></div><div style="text-align:justify">--</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Although <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg">5.5 percent of women</a> in 2015-16 reported having experienced sexual violence <em>(by anyone as a child or as an adult)</em> ever in their lifetime, that figure was close to 9 percent in 2005-06.</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">The NFHS-4 data shows that women&rsquo;s experience of sexual violence increases with <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">women&rsquo;s age</a>, from 2.5 percent among women aged 15-19 years to around 7 percent among women aged 30-49 years.<br /><br />One gets from NFHS-4 that the experience of sexual violence falls sharply <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">with schooling</a> from 8.4 percent among women with no schooling to 3.0 percent among women with 12 or more years of schooling. Similarly, women&rsquo;s experience of sexual violence declines with wealth from 9.0 percent among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 3.2 percent among women in the highest wealth quintile.<br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">Widowed, divorced</a>, separated, or deserted women <em>(12.1 percent)</em> are far more likely than never married women <em>(1.6 percent)</em>, currently married women <em>(6.4 percent)</em> or married but <em>gauna</em> not performed women <em>(1.6 percent)</em> to report having experienced sexual violence.<br /><br /><strong><em>References</em></strong><br /><br />Report of National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), released in December, 2017, International Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong>&nbsp;</div>                                                           
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                            <div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">During the last 2-3 months, one has seen complaints related to sexual <a href="https://metoorising.withgoogle.com/" title="https://metoorising.withgoogle.com/">harassment surfacing</a> on social media as part of the #MeToo campaign. Many people have questioned why the victims were so late to reveal the harassment they faced in the past. Sceptics have also asked why the victims of sexual harassment did not seek either legal or police help.<br /><br />If you have similar doubts in mind, then you should read carefully the results of the National Family Health Survey-4 (<a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">NFHS-4</a>) pertaining to violence that women face.<br /><br />The latest available data of NFHS-4 indicates that only 14.4 percent of women in the age cohort 15-49 years, who experienced physical or sexual violence, have sought help, and 75.9 percent have neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence they experienced. Although 9.8 percent of victims at the national-level told someone about the physical or sexual violence they experienced, they did not ask for any help. The percentage of women who sought assistance after facing violence was nearly 24 percent in 2005-06, according to <a href="http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml" title="http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs3.shtml">NFHS-3</a>. It means that a large chunk of offenders go scot-free after committing those crimes.<br /><br />It could be observed from table-1 that when the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is missing, in such cases 27.5 percent of female victims aged 15-49 years sought help. However, when their own family member/s has committed such a crime, in those cases merely 11.9 percent of female victims sought aid.<br /><br />When the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is the previous husband, roughly a quarter of female victims <em>(viz. 26.4 percent)</em> sought help. However, when the present husband committed any physical or sexual violence, only 12.3 percent female victims asked for assistance. It clearly shows that if the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is living with the victim, in those cases the latter are less likely to seek help.<br /><br /><strong>Table 1: Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they have told anyone about the violence and whether they ever sought help from any source to end the violence according to type of violence and background characteristics, India 2015-16</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Table%201_21.jpg" style="height:233px; width:822px" /><br /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>NFHS-4, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access </em></div><div style="text-align:justify"><em>--</em><br /><br /><strong>Police and legal help</strong><br /><br />It could be seen from chart-1 that female victims aged 15-49 years, who experienced physical and /or sexual violence, <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought">mostly seek help of</a> own family <em>(64.9 percent)</em>, followed by husband&rsquo;s family <em>(28.3 percent)</em>, friend <em>(15.7 percent)</em> and neighbour <em>(9.7 percent)</em>. Only 3.5 percent and 1.0 percent of female victims have <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Sources%20from%20where%20help%20was%20sought.jpg" title="Sources from where help was sought">sought help of</a> police and lawyers, respectively. Nearly 1.6 percent of female victims, who faced physical and /or sexual violence, have sought assistance of a religious leader.<br /><br />In case of solely sexual violence, 0.9 percent of female victims took help of police and 0.5 percent sought assistance of lawyers in 2015-16. Thus, one could infer that only a tiny fraction of victims of sexual violence approach the police and lawyers. It may be because of a lack of trust in those institutions.<br />&nbsp;<br /><iframe height="932" src="https://e.infogram.com/c3ca29cf-2cd3-4240-898a-757f836da733?src=embed" width="550"></iframe><br /><br />It may be noted by the readers that in <a href="http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml" title="http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml">NFHS-4</a>, information was obtained from never-married women on their experience of violence committed by anyone and from ever-married women on their experience of violence committed by their current and former husbands and by others. All women <em>(married and unmarried)</em> were asked about the experience of sexual violence committed by anyone <em>(other than a current or most recent husband) </em>by asking if at any time in their life, as a child or as an adult, they were forced in any way to have sexual intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts when they did not want to do.<br /><br /><strong>Perpetrators of sexual violence</strong><br /><br />Among ever-married women aged 15-49 years, who experienced sexual violence, 83.1 percent have reported their current husband and 9.3 percent have reported a former husband as offenders. Among the never-married women, who faced sexual violence, the most common perpetrators are &quot;other&quot; relatives <em>(27.3 percent)</em>, followed by a current or former boyfriend <em>(17.8 percent)</em>, their own friend or acquaintance <em>(16.8 percent)</em>, and a family friend <em>(11.4 percent)</em>. Never-married women have also reported sexual violence by strangers <em>(8.9 percent)</em> and teachers <em>(3.4 percent)</em>. Please check table-2 for details.<br /><br /><strong>Table 2: Among women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage who report specific persons committing sexual violence according to current marital status and age at first experience of sexual violence, India 2015-16</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Table%202_13.jpg" style="height:436px; width:616px" /></div><div style="text-align:justify"><br /><em><strong>Note:</strong> na = Not applicable<br /><br />* Includes women who report having ever experienced sexual violence committed only by their current husband if currently married or most recent husband if widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted. For these women, the age at first experience of sexual violence is not known.</em><br /><br /><em><strong>Source:</strong> NFHS-4, </em><em>please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access</em></div><div style="text-align:justify">--</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Although <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg">5.5 percent of women</a> in 2015-16 reported having experienced sexual violence <em>(by anyone as a child or as an adult)</em> ever in their lifetime, that figure was close to 9 percent in 2005-06.</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">The NFHS-4 data shows that women&rsquo;s experience of sexual violence increases with <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">women&rsquo;s age</a>, from 2.5 percent among women aged 15-19 years to around 7 percent among women aged 30-49 years.<br /><br />One gets from NFHS-4 that the experience of sexual violence falls sharply <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">with schooling</a> from 8.4 percent among women with no schooling to 3.0 percent among women with 12 or more years of schooling. Similarly, women&rsquo;s experience of sexual violence declines with wealth from 9.0 percent among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 3.2 percent among women in the highest wealth quintile.<br /><br /><a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Experience%20of%20sexual%20violence.jpg" title="Experience of sexual violence">Widowed, divorced</a>, separated, or deserted women <em>(12.1 percent)</em> are far more likely than never married women <em>(1.6 percent)</em>, currently married women <em>(6.4 percent)</em> or married but <em>gauna</em> not performed women <em>(1.6 percent)</em> to report having experienced sexual violence.<br /><br /><strong><em>References</em></strong><br /><br />Report of National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), released in December, 2017, International Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/311Report-of-National-Family-Health-Survey-4-released-in-December-2017.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong>&nbsp;</div>                                                           
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For assistance, police and lawyers are the least desired by female victims of sexual violence

Published on Nov 26, 2018   Modified on Jul 2, 2021

During the last 2-3 months, one has seen complaints related to sexual harassment surfacing on social media as part of the #MeToo campaign. Many people have questioned why the victims were so late to reveal the harassment they faced in the past. Sceptics have also asked why the victims of sexual harassment did not seek either legal or police help. If you have similar doubts in mind, then you should read carefully the results of the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) pertaining to violence that women face. The latest available data of NFHS-4 indicates that only 14.4 percent of women in the age cohort 15-49 years, who experienced physical or sexual violence, have sought help, and 75.9 percent have neither sought help nor told anyone about the violence they experienced. Although 9.8 percent of victims at the national-level told someone about the physical or sexual violence they experienced, they did not ask for any help. The percentage of women who sought assistance after facing violence was nearly 24 percent in 2005-06, according to NFHS-3. It means that a large chunk of offenders go scot-free after committing those crimes. It could be observed from table-1 that when the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is missing, in such cases 27.5 percent of female victims aged 15-49 years sought help. However, when their own family member/s has committed such a crime, in those cases merely 11.9 percent of female victims sought aid. When the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is the previous husband, roughly a quarter of female victims (viz. 26.4 percent) sought help. However, when the present husband committed any physical or sexual violence, only 12.3 percent female victims asked for assistance. It clearly shows that if the perpetrator of physical or sexual violence is living with the victim, in those cases the latter are less likely to seek help. Table 1: Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they have told anyone about the violence and whether they ever sought help from any source to end the violence according to type of violence and background characteristics, India 2015-16 Source: NFHS-4, please click here to access -- Police and legal help It could be seen from chart-1 that female victims aged 15-49 years, who experienced physical and /or sexual violence, mostly seek help of own family (64.9 percent), followed by husband’s family (28.3 percent), friend (15.7 percent) and neighbour (9.7 percent). Only 3.5 percent and 1.0 percent of female victims have sought help of police and lawyers, respectively. Nearly 1.6 percent of female victims, who faced physical and /or sexual violence, have sought assistance of a religious leader. In case of solely sexual violence, 0.9 percent of female victims took help of police and 0.5 percent sought assistance of lawyers in 2015-16. Thus, one could infer that only a tiny fraction of victims of sexual violence approach the police and lawyers. It may be because of a lack of trust in those institutions.   It may be noted by the readers that in NFHS-4, information was obtained from never-married women on their experience of violence committed by anyone and from ever-married women on their experience of violence committed by their current and former husbands and by others. All women (married and unmarried) were asked about the experience of sexual violence committed by anyone (other than a current or most recent husband) by asking if at any time in their life, as a child or as an adult, they were forced in any way to have sexual intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts when they did not want to do. Perpetrators of sexual violence Among ever-married women aged 15-49 years, who experienced sexual violence, 83.1 percent have reported their current husband and 9.3 percent have reported a former husband as offenders. Among the never-married women, who faced sexual violence, the most common perpetrators are "other" relatives (27.3 percent), followed by a current or former boyfriend (17.8 percent), their own friend or acquaintance (16.8 percent), and a family friend (11.4 percent). Never-married women have also reported sexual violence by strangers (8.9 percent) and teachers (3.4 percent). Please check table-2 for details. Table 2: Among women age 15-49 who have experienced sexual violence, percentage who report specific persons committing sexual violence according to current marital status and age at first experience of sexual violence, India 2015-16 Note: na = Not applicable * Includes women who report having ever experienced sexual violence committed only by their current husband if currently married or most recent husband if widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted. For these women, the age at first experience of sexual violence is not known. Source: NFHS-4, please click here to access --   Although 5.5 percent of women in 2015-16 reported having experienced sexual violence (by anyone as a child or as an adult) ever in their lifetime, that figure was close to 9 percent in 2005-06.   The NFHS-4 data shows that women’s experience of sexual violence increases with women’s age, from 2.5 percent among women aged 15-19 years to around 7 percent among women aged 30-49 years. One gets from NFHS-4 that the experience of sexual violence falls sharply with schooling from 8.4 percent among women with no schooling to 3.0 percent among women with 12 or more years of schooling. Similarly, women’s experience of sexual violence declines with wealth from 9.0 percent among women in the lowest wealth quintile to 3.2 percent among women in the highest wealth quintile. Widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted women (12.1 percent) are far more likely than never married women (1.6 percent), currently married women (6.4 percent) or married but gauna not performed women (1.6 percent) to report having experienced sexual violence. References Report of National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), released in December, 2017, International Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please click here to access      Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi

Tagged with: #MeToo Crime against Women Gender Inequality Marital Rape Rape Sexual Abuse Sexual Assault Sexual Harassment Sexual Violence social media

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