Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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        NEWS ALERTS | Locust invasions in a number of Indian states have arisen out of climate change induced extreme rainfalls in desert areas    </title>
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In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have..."/>
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In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have..." />
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Locust invasions in a number of Indian states have arisen out of climate change induced extreme rainfalls in desert areas</h1>
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                            <p style="text-align:justify"><br />In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have caused massive crop damage, depletion in the stock of cattle fodder and destruction of green vegetation in these states.</p><p style="text-align:justify">As on 25th May, 2020, over half of Rajasthan&rsquo;s <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">33 districts</a> were affected by locust invasion, which destroyed crops spread over 5 lakh hectares of area, according to an <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">official estimate</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Desert locusts are considered as a major threat to a nation&#39;s food security because an adult creature can consume roughly its own weight in fresh food each day, which is about two grams every day, according to the <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html">Food and Agriculture Organisation</a> (FAO). A one-square kilometre size swarm contains about 40 million locusts, which can consume the same amount of food in one day as about 35,000 human beings. This is based on a person eating an average of 2.3 kg of food per day, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">Desert Locust Situation Update</a> of FAO dated 27th May, 2020 states that the &quot;spring-bred immature adult groups and swarms that arrived in Rajasthan from the west continued to move east in the eastern portion of the state and to the central states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. As of 26 May, at least one swarm had reached the northeast of Bhopal. Much of these movements were associated with strong westerly winds from Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal. Control operations are underway. Several successive waves of invasions can be expected until July in Rajasthan with eastward surges across northern India as far as Bihar and Orissa followed by westward movements and a return to Rajasthan on the changing winds associated with the monsoon. These movements will cease as swarms begin to breed and become less mobile. Swarms are less likely to reach south India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.&quot;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar%281%29.jpg" /></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</em><br />---</p><p style="text-align:justify">The movement of desert locusts from the Indo-Pakistan border of Rajasthan to states like Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana can be clearly observed from the <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar.jpg" title="/upload/files/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar.jpg">above map</a>.&nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Citing the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">Desert Locust Situation Update</a> of FAO dated 27th May, 2020, a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">press release</a> by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare states that in Pakistan and Iran adults are forming groups and small swarms in spring breeding areas of Balochistan, Indus Valley (Pakistan) and southern coast and parts of Sistan-Baluchistan. These infestations are expected to move to the summer breeding areas along the Indo-Pakistan border from Cholistan to Tharparkar.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Present round of locust attacks</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">The <a href="http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/locust-control-research/locust-bulletin" title="http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/locust-control-research/locust-bulletin">Locust Bulletin</a>, which is published fortnightly by the Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, shows that for almost a month <em>(combining <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">first</a> and <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf">second</a> half of March 2020)</em> no desert locust activities were found during the routine and special surveys. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Prior to that, low density maturing/ mature adult groups of desert locusts were observed in Sriganganagar of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab during the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf">second half of February 2020</a>. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The situation has changed dramatically since the first half of April this year. During the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf">first fortnight of April this year</a>, low density I &amp; II instar gregarious/ transient hoppers were found in Jaisalmer and Suratgarh of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab near the Indo-Pak border areas.</p><p style="text-align:justify">By the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf">first half of May this year</a>, adult desert locust groups started migrating from breeding areas of Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in Pakistan to India&#39;s border. Simultaneously, immature adult groups/ swarms were seen in Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Phalodi, Bikaner, Nagaur and Ganganagar.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please note that mature adult groups were found to be laying eggs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan in the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">first half of March</a> that are expected to hatch during the second half of March and later form hopper groups and small bands.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg" style="height:563px; width:1037px" /></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</em><br />---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=554&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=554&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">FAO&#39;s forecast</a><span style="background-color:#ffff00"> indicates that successive waves of swarms would come to Rajasthan and Gujarat in 2020. Please check the arrows that are coming into India from different source areas in the </span><a href="/upload/files/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg" title="/upload/files/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg">map above</a><span style="background-color:#ffff00">. Swarms would come to India from spring breeding areas of south west Pakistan, followed by arrival of swarms from breeding areas of southern Iran. Smaller-sized adult locust groups might also come from northern Oman to Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is expected that more locusts would fly across the Indian Ocean from the Horn of Africa to Gujarat and Rajasthan, starting from July this year.</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Breeding season of desert locusts in India</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">It may be noted by readers that the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">desert locust</a> is an omnivorous, migratory pest, which can fly hundreds of kilometres collectively. It is a trans-border pest and attack crops in large swarms. Found in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, locusts inhabit some 60 countries and can cover one-fifth of earth&#39;s land surface. The economic livelihood of one-tenth of the world&#39;s human population may be threatened by desert locusts. Locust swarms found in the desert generally come to India from Africa, Gulf or South West Asia during the summer monsoon season and go back towards Iran, Gulf and African countries for spring breeding.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Generally, ecological conditions are often favourable for <a href="/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf" title="/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf">desert locust breeding in India</a> between July and September-October, depending on the duration and intensity of the <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/swac/countries/india/en/" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/swac/countries/india/en/">southwest monsoon</a>. Following the monsoon season, vegetation dries out in the absence of rainfall. In the remaining part of the year <em>(i.e. between December and May)</em>, dry and unfavourable conditions prevail and temperatures, especially during the night, are low.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Migratory locust populations can be found during the summer period in the desert areas of western India, mainly in western Rajasthan and to a smaller extent in Gujarat, roughly between June and November. Summer breeding of locusts coincide with the arrival of the southwest monsoon, which normally takes place during the second half of June or in early July.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Due to the late arrival of southwest monsoon and its prolonged stay in the country last year, favourable breeding conditions for desert locusts in western parts of India prevailed beyond October. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">Some experts believe</a> that the monsoon never retreated last year. Locust attacks happened in Rajasthan in December 2019. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">Pre-monsoon</a>, <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">unseasonal rainfall</a> due to increased frequency of <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">western disturbances</a> created a favourable condition for desert locusts to migrate to western parts of Rajasthan from April this year. Desert <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">vegetation</a> after the rainfalls helped locusts to breed and grow.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Connection between climate change induced cyclones and locust attacks</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Due to a positive <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html">Indian Ocean Dipole</a> (IOD), one finds relatively warmer water in the western part of the ocean <em>(i.e. near east Africa)</em> and relatively cooler water in its south-eastern part <em>(i.e. around Australia)</em>. Rising temperatures due to global warming has amplified the IOD and made the western part of Indian Ocean particularly warm, according to a <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">news report by TheWire.in</a> dated 26th May, 2020. The positive IOD is, therefore, responsible for heavy storms/ cyclones and extreme rainfalls in the eastern parts of Africa and the desert areas of Arabian Peninsula, which provides a conducive environment for locusts to breed and multiply. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">Positive IOD</a> also means <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">droughts</a> in south-east Asia and Australia apart from <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">bushfires</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">It may be noted that the frequency of extreme weather events like cyclones and unseasonal rainfalls has increased in recent years thanks to climate change. A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">webinar</a> on desert locusts, which was organised by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">Down to Earth</a> on 29th May, 2020, shows that the right conditions for locust breeding is found because of rainfall in desert areas. Such rainfalls are unexpected and prolonged, which create the right conditions for locust multiplication. Vegetation, which grows after erratic rainfalls, sustains the locust population by providing them food supply. Higher temperatures help locusts for movement and growth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Very severe cyclonic storm Luban hit the Arabian Peninsula in October 2018, after cyclone Mekunu in May that year. Cyclone Pawan affected Somalia in December 2019. Somalia was also hit by the cyclonic storm Sagar in May 2018. As a result of cyclones Mekunu and Luban, lakes were formed in the desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula, such as Rub al-Khali. So, locusts found the right breeding environment and from being solitary, they became gregarious due to the exponential rise in their population. Later one group migrated to East Africa and another migrated to Iran, followed by Pakistan and then India in 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fwVRVObfs2Q" width="640"></iframe></p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Locust control operations</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">A <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">government document</a> mentions that as of 28th May, 2020, a total of 377 spots covering 53,997 hectares area have been treated under locust control operations since 11th April, 2020. So far, the total number of districts that have been covered for locust control are 22 in Rajasthan, 24 in Madhya Pradesh, two in Gujarat, one in Punjab, two in Uttar Pradesh, and three in Maharashtra.</p><p style="text-align:justify">During 2019-20 too, the country witnessed locust attacks. <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">Between 21st May, 2019 and 17th February, 2020</a>, a total area of 4.03 lakh hectares was treated to make that locust free and the locust population was successfully controlled. The State Agriculture Departments of Rajasthan and Gujarat also played their parts during the locust control operations in cropped areas. During 2019-20, control operations were undertaken in 3.94 lakh hectares area in 11 districts of Rajasthan, 9,505 hectares area in two districts of Gujarat and 50 hectares area in one district of Punjab.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Nearly <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">12 locust plagues</a> were observed in India till 1962. Since then <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">no locust plague</a> has occurred in the country. Almost <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">13 locust upsurges were recorded</a> between 1964 and 1997. Small-scale localised locust breeding were reported and effectively controlled in the years 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2010.</p><p style="text-align:justify">In India, more than 2 lakh square kilometers area comes under <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">Scheduled Desert Area</a>. Locust Warning Organisation and 10 Locust Circle Offices (LCO) of the Government of India, situated in Rajasthan <em>(Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer, Jalore, Churu, Nagaur, Suratgarh)</em> and Gujarat <em>(Palanpur and Bhuj)</em>, are responsible for monitoring, survey and control of desert locusts in Scheduled Desert Area in coordination with the state governments.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Since there are <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html">side-effects</a> of spraying chemical pesticides on human health and the environment, experts have suggested taking help of bio-pesticides, Integrated Pest Management, etc. in order to control desert locust populations.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>References:</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts, Food and Agriculture Organisation, please <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">FAO Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in South-West Asia (SWAC), please <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">FAO Desert Locust Situation Update dated 27th May 2020, please <a href="/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th May 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th April 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 16th to 31st March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 16th to 29th February, 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">An overview on locust control and research, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press release: Locust control operations conducted today at 15 locations in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, dated 29th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press release: Amidst a wave of locust swarms sweeping across northern India, control operations stepped up in the affected states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, dated 27th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press Information Bureau&rsquo;s Daily Bulletin on COVID-19, dated 25th May, 2020, please <a href="/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Down to Earth Webinar on Locust Attacks, Centre for Science and Environment, dated 29th May, 2020, please <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust control: &lsquo;govt. ignoring non-chemical measures&rsquo;, The Hindu, 1 June, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html">click here</a> to access &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Climate Change Tracker: Why did the locust swarm come to India? -Bibek Bhattacharya, Livemint.com, 28 May, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Climate Change Brings the Worst Locust Attack in Decades to India -Kabir Agarwal and Shruti Jain, TheWire.in, 26 May, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">click here</a> to read more</p><p style="text-align:justify">Indian Ocean Dipole: What is it and why is it linked to floods and bushfires? BBC, 7 December, 2019, please <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: FAO, please <a href="http://www.fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/1255790/" title="http://www.fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/1255790/">click here</a> to access</strong></p>                                                           
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                            <p style="text-align:justify"><br />In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have caused massive crop damage, depletion in the stock of cattle fodder and destruction of green vegetation in these states.</p><p style="text-align:justify">As on 25th May, 2020, over half of Rajasthan&rsquo;s <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">33 districts</a> were affected by locust invasion, which destroyed crops spread over 5 lakh hectares of area, according to an <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">official estimate</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Desert locusts are considered as a major threat to a nation&#39;s food security because an adult creature can consume roughly its own weight in fresh food each day, which is about two grams every day, according to the <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html">Food and Agriculture Organisation</a> (FAO). A one-square kilometre size swarm contains about 40 million locusts, which can consume the same amount of food in one day as about 35,000 human beings. This is based on a person eating an average of 2.3 kg of food per day, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">Desert Locust Situation Update</a> of FAO dated 27th May, 2020 states that the &quot;spring-bred immature adult groups and swarms that arrived in Rajasthan from the west continued to move east in the eastern portion of the state and to the central states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. As of 26 May, at least one swarm had reached the northeast of Bhopal. Much of these movements were associated with strong westerly winds from Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal. Control operations are underway. Several successive waves of invasions can be expected until July in Rajasthan with eastward surges across northern India as far as Bihar and Orissa followed by westward movements and a return to Rajasthan on the changing winds associated with the monsoon. These movements will cease as swarms begin to breed and become less mobile. Swarms are less likely to reach south India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.&quot;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar%281%29.jpg" /></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</em><br />---</p><p style="text-align:justify">The movement of desert locusts from the Indo-Pakistan border of Rajasthan to states like Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana can be clearly observed from the <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar.jpg" title="/upload/files/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar.jpg">above map</a>.&nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Citing the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">Desert Locust Situation Update</a> of FAO dated 27th May, 2020, a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">press release</a> by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare states that in Pakistan and Iran adults are forming groups and small swarms in spring breeding areas of Balochistan, Indus Valley (Pakistan) and southern coast and parts of Sistan-Baluchistan. These infestations are expected to move to the summer breeding areas along the Indo-Pakistan border from Cholistan to Tharparkar.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Present round of locust attacks</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">The <a href="http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/locust-control-research/locust-bulletin" title="http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/locust-control-research/locust-bulletin">Locust Bulletin</a>, which is published fortnightly by the Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, shows that for almost a month <em>(combining <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">first</a> and <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf">second</a> half of March 2020)</em> no desert locust activities were found during the routine and special surveys. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Prior to that, low density maturing/ mature adult groups of desert locusts were observed in Sriganganagar of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab during the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf">second half of February 2020</a>. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The situation has changed dramatically since the first half of April this year. During the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf">first fortnight of April this year</a>, low density I &amp; II instar gregarious/ transient hoppers were found in Jaisalmer and Suratgarh of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab near the Indo-Pak border areas.</p><p style="text-align:justify">By the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf">first half of May this year</a>, adult desert locust groups started migrating from breeding areas of Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in Pakistan to India&#39;s border. Simultaneously, immature adult groups/ swarms were seen in Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Phalodi, Bikaner, Nagaur and Ganganagar.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please note that mature adult groups were found to be laying eggs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan in the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">first half of March</a> that are expected to hatch during the second half of March and later form hopper groups and small bands.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg" style="height:563px; width:1037px" /></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</em><br />---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=554&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=554&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">FAO&#39;s forecast</a><span style="background-color:#ffff00"> indicates that successive waves of swarms would come to Rajasthan and Gujarat in 2020. Please check the arrows that are coming into India from different source areas in the </span><a href="/upload/files/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg" title="/upload/files/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg">map above</a><span style="background-color:#ffff00">. Swarms would come to India from spring breeding areas of south west Pakistan, followed by arrival of swarms from breeding areas of southern Iran. Smaller-sized adult locust groups might also come from northern Oman to Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is expected that more locusts would fly across the Indian Ocean from the Horn of Africa to Gujarat and Rajasthan, starting from July this year.</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Breeding season of desert locusts in India</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">It may be noted by readers that the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">desert locust</a> is an omnivorous, migratory pest, which can fly hundreds of kilometres collectively. It is a trans-border pest and attack crops in large swarms. Found in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, locusts inhabit some 60 countries and can cover one-fifth of earth&#39;s land surface. The economic livelihood of one-tenth of the world&#39;s human population may be threatened by desert locusts. Locust swarms found in the desert generally come to India from Africa, Gulf or South West Asia during the summer monsoon season and go back towards Iran, Gulf and African countries for spring breeding.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Generally, ecological conditions are often favourable for <a href="/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf" title="/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf">desert locust breeding in India</a> between July and September-October, depending on the duration and intensity of the <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/swac/countries/india/en/" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/swac/countries/india/en/">southwest monsoon</a>. Following the monsoon season, vegetation dries out in the absence of rainfall. In the remaining part of the year <em>(i.e. between December and May)</em>, dry and unfavourable conditions prevail and temperatures, especially during the night, are low.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Migratory locust populations can be found during the summer period in the desert areas of western India, mainly in western Rajasthan and to a smaller extent in Gujarat, roughly between June and November. Summer breeding of locusts coincide with the arrival of the southwest monsoon, which normally takes place during the second half of June or in early July.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Due to the late arrival of southwest monsoon and its prolonged stay in the country last year, favourable breeding conditions for desert locusts in western parts of India prevailed beyond October. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">Some experts believe</a> that the monsoon never retreated last year. Locust attacks happened in Rajasthan in December 2019. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">Pre-monsoon</a>, <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">unseasonal rainfall</a> due to increased frequency of <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">western disturbances</a> created a favourable condition for desert locusts to migrate to western parts of Rajasthan from April this year. Desert <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">vegetation</a> after the rainfalls helped locusts to breed and grow.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Connection between climate change induced cyclones and locust attacks</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Due to a positive <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html">Indian Ocean Dipole</a> (IOD), one finds relatively warmer water in the western part of the ocean <em>(i.e. near east Africa)</em> and relatively cooler water in its south-eastern part <em>(i.e. around Australia)</em>. Rising temperatures due to global warming has amplified the IOD and made the western part of Indian Ocean particularly warm, according to a <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">news report by TheWire.in</a> dated 26th May, 2020. The positive IOD is, therefore, responsible for heavy storms/ cyclones and extreme rainfalls in the eastern parts of Africa and the desert areas of Arabian Peninsula, which provides a conducive environment for locusts to breed and multiply. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">Positive IOD</a> also means <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">droughts</a> in south-east Asia and Australia apart from <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">bushfires</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">It may be noted that the frequency of extreme weather events like cyclones and unseasonal rainfalls has increased in recent years thanks to climate change. A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">webinar</a> on desert locusts, which was organised by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">Down to Earth</a> on 29th May, 2020, shows that the right conditions for locust breeding is found because of rainfall in desert areas. Such rainfalls are unexpected and prolonged, which create the right conditions for locust multiplication. Vegetation, which grows after erratic rainfalls, sustains the locust population by providing them food supply. Higher temperatures help locusts for movement and growth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Very severe cyclonic storm Luban hit the Arabian Peninsula in October 2018, after cyclone Mekunu in May that year. Cyclone Pawan affected Somalia in December 2019. Somalia was also hit by the cyclonic storm Sagar in May 2018. As a result of cyclones Mekunu and Luban, lakes were formed in the desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula, such as Rub al-Khali. So, locusts found the right breeding environment and from being solitary, they became gregarious due to the exponential rise in their population. Later one group migrated to East Africa and another migrated to Iran, followed by Pakistan and then India in 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fwVRVObfs2Q" width="640"></iframe></p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Locust control operations</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">A <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">government document</a> mentions that as of 28th May, 2020, a total of 377 spots covering 53,997 hectares area have been treated under locust control operations since 11th April, 2020. So far, the total number of districts that have been covered for locust control are 22 in Rajasthan, 24 in Madhya Pradesh, two in Gujarat, one in Punjab, two in Uttar Pradesh, and three in Maharashtra.</p><p style="text-align:justify">During 2019-20 too, the country witnessed locust attacks. <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">Between 21st May, 2019 and 17th February, 2020</a>, a total area of 4.03 lakh hectares was treated to make that locust free and the locust population was successfully controlled. The State Agriculture Departments of Rajasthan and Gujarat also played their parts during the locust control operations in cropped areas. During 2019-20, control operations were undertaken in 3.94 lakh hectares area in 11 districts of Rajasthan, 9,505 hectares area in two districts of Gujarat and 50 hectares area in one district of Punjab.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Nearly <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">12 locust plagues</a> were observed in India till 1962. Since then <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">no locust plague</a> has occurred in the country. Almost <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">13 locust upsurges were recorded</a> between 1964 and 1997. Small-scale localised locust breeding were reported and effectively controlled in the years 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2010.</p><p style="text-align:justify">In India, more than 2 lakh square kilometers area comes under <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">Scheduled Desert Area</a>. Locust Warning Organisation and 10 Locust Circle Offices (LCO) of the Government of India, situated in Rajasthan <em>(Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer, Jalore, Churu, Nagaur, Suratgarh)</em> and Gujarat <em>(Palanpur and Bhuj)</em>, are responsible for monitoring, survey and control of desert locusts in Scheduled Desert Area in coordination with the state governments.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Since there are <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html">side-effects</a> of spraying chemical pesticides on human health and the environment, experts have suggested taking help of bio-pesticides, Integrated Pest Management, etc. in order to control desert locust populations.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>References:</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts, Food and Agriculture Organisation, please <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">FAO Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in South-West Asia (SWAC), please <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">FAO Desert Locust Situation Update dated 27th May 2020, please <a href="/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th May 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th April 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 16th to 31st March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 16th to 29th February, 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">An overview on locust control and research, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press release: Locust control operations conducted today at 15 locations in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, dated 29th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press release: Amidst a wave of locust swarms sweeping across northern India, control operations stepped up in the affected states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, dated 27th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press Information Bureau&rsquo;s Daily Bulletin on COVID-19, dated 25th May, 2020, please <a href="/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Down to Earth Webinar on Locust Attacks, Centre for Science and Environment, dated 29th May, 2020, please <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust control: &lsquo;govt. ignoring non-chemical measures&rsquo;, The Hindu, 1 June, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html">click here</a> to access &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Climate Change Tracker: Why did the locust swarm come to India? -Bibek Bhattacharya, Livemint.com, 28 May, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Climate Change Brings the Worst Locust Attack in Decades to India -Kabir Agarwal and Shruti Jain, TheWire.in, 26 May, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">click here</a> to read more</p><p style="text-align:justify">Indian Ocean Dipole: What is it and why is it linked to floods and bushfires? BBC, 7 December, 2019, please <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: FAO, please <a href="http://www.fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/1255790/" title="http://www.fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/1255790/">click here</a> to access</strong></p>                                                           
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        NEWS ALERTS | Locust invasions in a number of Indian states have arisen out of climate change induced extreme rainfalls in desert areas    </title>
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In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have..."/>
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In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have..." />
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Locust invasions in a number of Indian states have arisen out of climate change induced extreme rainfalls in desert areas</h1>
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                            <p style="text-align:justify"><br />In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have caused massive crop damage, depletion in the stock of cattle fodder and destruction of green vegetation in these states.</p><p style="text-align:justify">As on 25th May, 2020, over half of Rajasthan&rsquo;s <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">33 districts</a> were affected by locust invasion, which destroyed crops spread over 5 lakh hectares of area, according to an <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">official estimate</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Desert locusts are considered as a major threat to a nation&#39;s food security because an adult creature can consume roughly its own weight in fresh food each day, which is about two grams every day, according to the <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html">Food and Agriculture Organisation</a> (FAO). A one-square kilometre size swarm contains about 40 million locusts, which can consume the same amount of food in one day as about 35,000 human beings. This is based on a person eating an average of 2.3 kg of food per day, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).</p><p style="text-align:justify">The <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">Desert Locust Situation Update</a> of FAO dated 27th May, 2020 states that the &quot;spring-bred immature adult groups and swarms that arrived in Rajasthan from the west continued to move east in the eastern portion of the state and to the central states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. As of 26 May, at least one swarm had reached the northeast of Bhopal. Much of these movements were associated with strong westerly winds from Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal. Control operations are underway. Several successive waves of invasions can be expected until July in Rajasthan with eastward surges across northern India as far as Bihar and Orissa followed by westward movements and a return to Rajasthan on the changing winds associated with the monsoon. These movements will cease as swarms begin to breed and become less mobile. Swarms are less likely to reach south India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.&quot;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar%281%29.jpg" /></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</em><br />---</p><p style="text-align:justify">The movement of desert locusts from the Indo-Pakistan border of Rajasthan to states like Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana can be clearly observed from the <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar.jpg" title="/upload/files/Locust%20attack%20in%20Bihar.jpg">above map</a>.&nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Citing the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">Desert Locust Situation Update</a> of FAO dated 27th May, 2020, a <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">press release</a> by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare states that in Pakistan and Iran adults are forming groups and small swarms in spring breeding areas of Balochistan, Indus Valley (Pakistan) and southern coast and parts of Sistan-Baluchistan. These infestations are expected to move to the summer breeding areas along the Indo-Pakistan border from Cholistan to Tharparkar.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Present round of locust attacks</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">The <a href="http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/locust-control-research/locust-bulletin" title="http://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/locust-control-research/locust-bulletin">Locust Bulletin</a>, which is published fortnightly by the Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, shows that for almost a month <em>(combining <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">first</a> and <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf">second</a> half of March 2020)</em> no desert locust activities were found during the routine and special surveys. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Prior to that, low density maturing/ mature adult groups of desert locusts were observed in Sriganganagar of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab during the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf">second half of February 2020</a>. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The situation has changed dramatically since the first half of April this year. During the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf">first fortnight of April this year</a>, low density I &amp; II instar gregarious/ transient hoppers were found in Jaisalmer and Suratgarh of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab near the Indo-Pak border areas.</p><p style="text-align:justify">By the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf">first half of May this year</a>, adult desert locust groups started migrating from breeding areas of Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in Pakistan to India&#39;s border. Simultaneously, immature adult groups/ swarms were seen in Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Phalodi, Bikaner, Nagaur and Ganganagar.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Please note that mature adult groups were found to be laying eggs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan in the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">first half of March</a> that are expected to hatch during the second half of March and later form hopper groups and small bands.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/upload/images/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg" style="height:563px; width:1037px" /></p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source: </strong>Food and Agriculture Organisation</em><br />---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=554&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=554&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">FAO&#39;s forecast</a><span style="background-color:#ffff00"> indicates that successive waves of swarms would come to Rajasthan and Gujarat in 2020. Please check the arrows that are coming into India from different source areas in the </span><a href="/upload/files/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg" title="/upload/files/FAO%20global%20forecast%20May-July%202020.jpg">map above</a><span style="background-color:#ffff00">. Swarms would come to India from spring breeding areas of south west Pakistan, followed by arrival of swarms from breeding areas of southern Iran. Smaller-sized adult locust groups might also come from northern Oman to Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is expected that more locusts would fly across the Indian Ocean from the Horn of Africa to Gujarat and Rajasthan, starting from July this year.</span></p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Breeding season of desert locusts in India</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">It may be noted by readers that the <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">desert locust</a> is an omnivorous, migratory pest, which can fly hundreds of kilometres collectively. It is a trans-border pest and attack crops in large swarms. Found in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, locusts inhabit some 60 countries and can cover one-fifth of earth&#39;s land surface. The economic livelihood of one-tenth of the world&#39;s human population may be threatened by desert locusts. Locust swarms found in the desert generally come to India from Africa, Gulf or South West Asia during the summer monsoon season and go back towards Iran, Gulf and African countries for spring breeding.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Generally, ecological conditions are often favourable for <a href="/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf" title="/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf">desert locust breeding in India</a> between July and September-October, depending on the duration and intensity of the <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/swac/countries/india/en/" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/swac/countries/india/en/">southwest monsoon</a>. Following the monsoon season, vegetation dries out in the absence of rainfall. In the remaining part of the year <em>(i.e. between December and May)</em>, dry and unfavourable conditions prevail and temperatures, especially during the night, are low.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Migratory locust populations can be found during the summer period in the desert areas of western India, mainly in western Rajasthan and to a smaller extent in Gujarat, roughly between June and November. Summer breeding of locusts coincide with the arrival of the southwest monsoon, which normally takes place during the second half of June or in early July.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Due to the late arrival of southwest monsoon and its prolonged stay in the country last year, favourable breeding conditions for desert locusts in western parts of India prevailed beyond October. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">Some experts believe</a> that the monsoon never retreated last year. Locust attacks happened in Rajasthan in December 2019. &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">Pre-monsoon</a>, <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">unseasonal rainfall</a> due to increased frequency of <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">western disturbances</a> created a favourable condition for desert locusts to migrate to western parts of Rajasthan from April this year. Desert <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">vegetation</a> after the rainfalls helped locusts to breed and grow.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Connection between climate change induced cyclones and locust attacks</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Due to a positive <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html">Indian Ocean Dipole</a> (IOD), one finds relatively warmer water in the western part of the ocean <em>(i.e. near east Africa)</em> and relatively cooler water in its south-eastern part <em>(i.e. around Australia)</em>. Rising temperatures due to global warming has amplified the IOD and made the western part of Indian Ocean particularly warm, according to a <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">news report by TheWire.in</a> dated 26th May, 2020. The positive IOD is, therefore, responsible for heavy storms/ cyclones and extreme rainfalls in the eastern parts of Africa and the desert areas of Arabian Peninsula, which provides a conducive environment for locusts to breed and multiply. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">Positive IOD</a> also means <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">droughts</a> in south-east Asia and Australia apart from <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">bushfires</a>.</p><p style="text-align:justify">It may be noted that the frequency of extreme weather events like cyclones and unseasonal rainfalls has increased in recent years thanks to climate change. A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">webinar</a> on desert locusts, which was organised by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">Down to Earth</a> on 29th May, 2020, shows that the right conditions for locust breeding is found because of rainfall in desert areas. Such rainfalls are unexpected and prolonged, which create the right conditions for locust multiplication. Vegetation, which grows after erratic rainfalls, sustains the locust population by providing them food supply. Higher temperatures help locusts for movement and growth.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Very severe cyclonic storm Luban hit the Arabian Peninsula in October 2018, after cyclone Mekunu in May that year. Cyclone Pawan affected Somalia in December 2019. Somalia was also hit by the cyclonic storm Sagar in May 2018. As a result of cyclones Mekunu and Luban, lakes were formed in the desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula, such as Rub al-Khali. So, locusts found the right breeding environment and from being solitary, they became gregarious due to the exponential rise in their population. Later one group migrated to East Africa and another migrated to Iran, followed by Pakistan and then India in 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fwVRVObfs2Q" width="640"></iframe></p><p style="text-align:justify">---</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Locust control operations</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">A <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">government document</a> mentions that as of 28th May, 2020, a total of 377 spots covering 53,997 hectares area have been treated under locust control operations since 11th April, 2020. So far, the total number of districts that have been covered for locust control are 22 in Rajasthan, 24 in Madhya Pradesh, two in Gujarat, one in Punjab, two in Uttar Pradesh, and three in Maharashtra.</p><p style="text-align:justify">During 2019-20 too, the country witnessed locust attacks. <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">Between 21st May, 2019 and 17th February, 2020</a>, a total area of 4.03 lakh hectares was treated to make that locust free and the locust population was successfully controlled. The State Agriculture Departments of Rajasthan and Gujarat also played their parts during the locust control operations in cropped areas. During 2019-20, control operations were undertaken in 3.94 lakh hectares area in 11 districts of Rajasthan, 9,505 hectares area in two districts of Gujarat and 50 hectares area in one district of Punjab.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Nearly <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">12 locust plagues</a> were observed in India till 1962. Since then <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">no locust plague</a> has occurred in the country. Almost <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">13 locust upsurges were recorded</a> between 1964 and 1997. Small-scale localised locust breeding were reported and effectively controlled in the years 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2010.</p><p style="text-align:justify">In India, more than 2 lakh square kilometers area comes under <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">Scheduled Desert Area</a>. Locust Warning Organisation and 10 Locust Circle Offices (LCO) of the Government of India, situated in Rajasthan <em>(Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer, Jalore, Churu, Nagaur, Suratgarh)</em> and Gujarat <em>(Palanpur and Bhuj)</em>, are responsible for monitoring, survey and control of desert locusts in Scheduled Desert Area in coordination with the state governments.</p><p style="text-align:justify">Since there are <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html">side-effects</a> of spraying chemical pesticides on human health and the environment, experts have suggested taking help of bio-pesticides, Integrated Pest Management, etc. in order to control desert locust populations.</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>References:</strong></em></p><p style="text-align:justify">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts, Food and Agriculture Organisation, please <a href="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html" title="http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">FAO Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in South-West Asia (SWAC), please <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf" title="https://im4change.org/upload/files/SWAC_%20India.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">FAO Desert Locust Situation Update dated 27th May 2020, please <a href="/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/FAO%20Desert%20Locust%20situation%20update%20dated%2027%20May%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th May 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20May%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th April 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20April%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 16th to 31st March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%2016th%20to%2031st%20March%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2C%201st%20to%2015th%20March%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust Bulletin, 16th to 29th February, 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20Bulletin%2016th%20to%2029th%20February%2C%202020.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">An overview on locust control and research, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/an_overview_on_locust_control_amp_research%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press release: Locust control operations conducted today at 15 locations in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, dated 29th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2029th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press release: Amidst a wave of locust swarms sweeping across northern India, control operations stepped up in the affected states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, dated 27th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers&#39; Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please <a href="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Locust%20control%20operations%2027th%20May%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Press Information Bureau&rsquo;s Daily Bulletin on COVID-19, dated 25th May, 2020, please <a href="/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf" title="/upload/files/Press%20Information%20Bureau%E2%80%99s%20Daily%20Bulletin%20on%20COVID-19%20dated%2025th%20May%2C%202020%281%29.pdf">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Down to Earth Webinar on Locust Attacks, Centre for Science and Environment, dated 29th May, 2020, please <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=385&amp;v=fwVRVObfs2Q&amp;feature=emb_logo">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Locust control: &lsquo;govt. ignoring non-chemical measures&rsquo;, The Hindu, 1 June, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/government-use-chemical-pesticides-for-locust-control.html">click here</a> to access &nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">Climate Change Tracker: Why did the locust swarm come to India? -Bibek Bhattacharya, Livemint.com, 28 May, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-behind-arrival-of-locust-swarms-to-India.html">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">Climate Change Brings the Worst Locust Attack in Decades to India -Kabir Agarwal and Shruti Jain, TheWire.in, 26 May, 2020, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/climate-change-brings-the-worst-locust-attack-in-decades-to-india.html">click here</a> to read more</p><p style="text-align:justify">Indian Ocean Dipole: What is it and why is it linked to floods and bushfires? BBC, 7 December, 2019, please <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971" title="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50602971">click here</a> to access</p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: FAO, please <a href="http://www.fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/1255790/" title="http://www.fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/1255790/">click here</a> to access</strong></p>                                                           
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Locust invasions in a number of Indian states have arisen out of climate change induced extreme rainfalls in desert areas

Published on Jun 2, 2020   Modified on May 16, 2021

In the midst of COVID-19 lockdown, desert locust swarms have been seen in parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh in the second half of May 2020. The recent attacks by desert locust swarms have caused massive crop damage, depletion in the stock of cattle fodder and destruction of green vegetation in these states. As on 25th May, 2020, over half of Rajasthan’s 33 districts were affected by locust invasion, which destroyed crops spread over 5 lakh hectares of area, according to an official estimate. Desert locusts are considered as a major threat to a nation's food security because an adult creature can consume roughly its own weight in fresh food each day, which is about two grams every day, according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). A one-square kilometre size swarm contains about 40 million locusts, which can consume the same amount of food in one day as about 35,000 human beings. This is based on a person eating an average of 2.3 kg of food per day, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The Desert Locust Situation Update of FAO dated 27th May, 2020 states that the "spring-bred immature adult groups and swarms that arrived in Rajasthan from the west continued to move east in the eastern portion of the state and to the central states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. As of 26 May, at least one swarm had reached the northeast of Bhopal. Much of these movements were associated with strong westerly winds from Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal. Control operations are underway. Several successive waves of invasions can be expected until July in Rajasthan with eastward surges across northern India as far as Bihar and Orissa followed by westward movements and a return to Rajasthan on the changing winds associated with the monsoon. These movements will cease as swarms begin to breed and become less mobile. Swarms are less likely to reach south India, Nepal, and Bangladesh." Source: Food and Agriculture Organisation --- The movement of desert locusts from the Indo-Pakistan border of Rajasthan to states like Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana can be clearly observed from the above map.    Citing the Desert Locust Situation Update of FAO dated 27th May, 2020, a press release by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare states that in Pakistan and Iran adults are forming groups and small swarms in spring breeding areas of Balochistan, Indus Valley (Pakistan) and southern coast and parts of Sistan-Baluchistan. These infestations are expected to move to the summer breeding areas along the Indo-Pakistan border from Cholistan to Tharparkar. Present round of locust attacks The Locust Bulletin, which is published fortnightly by the Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, shows that for almost a month (combining first and second half of March 2020) no desert locust activities were found during the routine and special surveys.   Prior to that, low density maturing/ mature adult groups of desert locusts were observed in Sriganganagar of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab during the second half of February 2020.   The situation has changed dramatically since the first half of April this year. During the first fortnight of April this year, low density I & II instar gregarious/ transient hoppers were found in Jaisalmer and Suratgarh of Rajasthan and Fazilka of Punjab near the Indo-Pak border areas. By the first half of May this year, adult desert locust groups started migrating from breeding areas of Baluchistan and the Indus Valley in Pakistan to India's border. Simultaneously, immature adult groups/ swarms were seen in Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Phalodi, Bikaner, Nagaur and Ganganagar. Please note that mature adult groups were found to be laying eggs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan in the first half of March that are expected to hatch during the second half of March and later form hopper groups and small bands. Source: Food and Agriculture Organisation --- FAO's forecast indicates that successive waves of swarms would come to Rajasthan and Gujarat in 2020. Please check the arrows that are coming into India from different source areas in the map above. Swarms would come to India from spring breeding areas of south west Pakistan, followed by arrival of swarms from breeding areas of southern Iran. Smaller-sized adult locust groups might also come from northern Oman to Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is expected that more locusts would fly across the Indian Ocean from the Horn of Africa to Gujarat and Rajasthan, starting from July this year. Breeding season of desert locusts in India It may be noted by readers that the desert locust is an omnivorous, migratory pest, which can fly hundreds of kilometres collectively. It is a trans-border pest and attack crops in large swarms. Found in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, locusts inhabit some 60 countries and can cover one-fifth of earth's land surface. The economic livelihood of one-tenth of the world's human population may be threatened by desert locusts. Locust swarms found in the desert generally come to India from Africa, Gulf or South West Asia during the summer monsoon season and go back towards Iran, Gulf and African countries for spring breeding. Generally, ecological conditions are often favourable for desert locust breeding in India between July and September-October, depending on the duration and intensity of the southwest monsoon. Following the monsoon season, vegetation dries out in the absence of rainfall. In the remaining part of the year (i.e. between December and May), dry and unfavourable conditions prevail and temperatures, especially during the night, are low. Migratory locust populations can be found during the summer period in the desert areas of western India, mainly in western Rajasthan and to a smaller extent in Gujarat, roughly between June and November. Summer breeding of locusts coincide with the arrival of the southwest monsoon, which normally takes place during the second half of June or in early July. Due to the late arrival of southwest monsoon and its prolonged stay in the country last year, favourable breeding conditions for desert locusts in western parts of India prevailed beyond October. Some experts believe that the monsoon never retreated last year. Locust attacks happened in Rajasthan in December 2019.   Pre-monsoon, unseasonal rainfall due to increased frequency of western disturbances created a favourable condition for desert locusts to migrate to western parts of Rajasthan from April this year. Desert vegetation after the rainfalls helped locusts to breed and grow. Connection between climate change induced cyclones and locust attacks Due to a positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), one finds relatively warmer water in the western part of the ocean (i.e. near east Africa) and relatively cooler water in its south-eastern part (i.e. around Australia). Rising temperatures due to global warming has amplified the IOD and made the western part of Indian Ocean particularly warm, according to a news report by TheWire.in dated 26th May, 2020. The positive IOD is, therefore, responsible for heavy storms/ cyclones and extreme rainfalls in the eastern parts of Africa and the desert areas of Arabian Peninsula, which provides a conducive environment for locusts to breed and multiply. Positive IOD also means droughts in south-east Asia and Australia apart from bushfires. It may be noted that the frequency of extreme weather events like cyclones and unseasonal rainfalls has increased in recent years thanks to climate change. A webinar on desert locusts, which was organised by Down to Earth on 29th May, 2020, shows that the right conditions for locust breeding is found because of rainfall in desert areas. Such rainfalls are unexpected and prolonged, which create the right conditions for locust multiplication. Vegetation, which grows after erratic rainfalls, sustains the locust population by providing them food supply. Higher temperatures help locusts for movement and growth. Very severe cyclonic storm Luban hit the Arabian Peninsula in October 2018, after cyclone Mekunu in May that year. Cyclone Pawan affected Somalia in December 2019. Somalia was also hit by the cyclonic storm Sagar in May 2018. As a result of cyclones Mekunu and Luban, lakes were formed in the desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula, such as Rub al-Khali. So, locusts found the right breeding environment and from being solitary, they became gregarious due to the exponential rise in their population. Later one group migrated to East Africa and another migrated to Iran, followed by Pakistan and then India in 2019. --- --- Locust control operations A government document mentions that as of 28th May, 2020, a total of 377 spots covering 53,997 hectares area have been treated under locust control operations since 11th April, 2020. So far, the total number of districts that have been covered for locust control are 22 in Rajasthan, 24 in Madhya Pradesh, two in Gujarat, one in Punjab, two in Uttar Pradesh, and three in Maharashtra. During 2019-20 too, the country witnessed locust attacks. Between 21st May, 2019 and 17th February, 2020, a total area of 4.03 lakh hectares was treated to make that locust free and the locust population was successfully controlled. The State Agriculture Departments of Rajasthan and Gujarat also played their parts during the locust control operations in cropped areas. During 2019-20, control operations were undertaken in 3.94 lakh hectares area in 11 districts of Rajasthan, 9,505 hectares area in two districts of Gujarat and 50 hectares area in one district of Punjab. Nearly 12 locust plagues were observed in India till 1962. Since then no locust plague has occurred in the country. Almost 13 locust upsurges were recorded between 1964 and 1997. Small-scale localised locust breeding were reported and effectively controlled in the years 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2010. In India, more than 2 lakh square kilometers area comes under Scheduled Desert Area. Locust Warning Organisation and 10 Locust Circle Offices (LCO) of the Government of India, situated in Rajasthan (Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer, Jalore, Churu, Nagaur, Suratgarh) and Gujarat (Palanpur and Bhuj), are responsible for monitoring, survey and control of desert locusts in Scheduled Desert Area in coordination with the state governments. Since there are side-effects of spraying chemical pesticides on human health and the environment, experts have suggested taking help of bio-pesticides, Integrated Pest Management, etc. in order to control desert locust populations.   References: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about locusts, Food and Agriculture Organisation, please click here to access FAO Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in South-West Asia (SWAC), please click here to access FAO Desert Locust Situation Update dated 27th May 2020, please click here to access  Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th May 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th April 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access  Locust Bulletin, 16th to 31st March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access Locust Bulletin, 1st to 15th March 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access  Locust Bulletin, 16th to 29th February, 2020, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access An overview on locust control and research, Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access Press release: Locust control operations conducted today at 15 locations in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, dated 29th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please click here to access Press release: Amidst a wave of locust swarms sweeping across northern India, control operations stepped up in the affected states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, dated 27th May, 2020, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Press Information Bureau, please click here to access Press Information Bureau’s Daily Bulletin on COVID-19, dated 25th May, 2020, please click here to access Down to Earth Webinar on Locust Attacks, Centre for Science and Environment, dated 29th May, 2020, please click here to access Locust control: ‘govt. ignoring non-chemical measures’, The Hindu, 1 June, 2020, please click here to access   Climate Change Tracker: Why did the locust swarm come to India? -Bibek Bhattacharya, Livemint.com, 28 May, 2020, please click here to access Climate Change Brings the Worst Locust Attack in Decades to India -Kabir Agarwal and Shruti Jain, TheWire.in, 26 May, 2020, please click here to read more Indian Ocean Dipole: What is it and why is it linked to floods and bushfires? BBC, 7 December, 2019, please click here to access   Image Courtesy: FAO, please click here to access

Tagged with: Animal Fodder Cattle Fodder Chemical Pesticides Crop Damage Desert Locust Locust Attack Locust Attacks Locust Swarms Pest Attack Pest Attacks

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