Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

                trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);

            } else {
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        NEWS ALERTS | Marginal &amp; small holdings saw increased fragmentation &amp; contracted size between 2010-11 and 2015-16, indicates latest Agriculture Census    </title>
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Marginal &amp; small holdings saw increased fragmentation &amp; contracted size between 2010-11 and 2015-16, indicates latest Agriculture Census</h1>
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                            <div style="text-align:justify">Just a few days ahead of the Kisan Mukti March in Delhi NCR, the provisional results of the <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">Agriculture Census</a> 2015-16 became available in the <a href="http://agricoop.nic.in/publication/agriculture-census" title="http://agricoop.nic.in/publication/agriculture-census">public domain</a>. The report, among other things, highlights the long-term problems affecting Indian agriculture including fragmentation of land holdings <em>(particularly the marginal and small ones)</em> and shrinking average size of farm land.</div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />The provisional results of the latest <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">Agriculture Census</a> reveal that at the national level the average size of operational holdings reduced from 1.15 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.08 lakh hectare in 2015-16, which implies declining economic viability as well as sustainability of farming.<br /><br />From chart-1, it could be discerned that the average size of marginal holdings decreased from 0.39 hectare to 0.38 hectare between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas for small holdings it fell down from 1.42 hectare to 1.41 hectare. In case of large holdings, the average size reduced from 17.38 hectare to 17.10 hectare between the two Agri-censuses.<br /><br /><iframe height="1122" src="https://e.infogram.com/51874f88-4b20-48b7-aab6-9d22faefbcb8?src=embed" width="550"></iframe><br /><br />The total number of operational holdings in the country went up from 138.3 million in 2010-11 to 145.7 million 2015-16 viz. by 5.33 percent. It indicates increased fragmentation of land holdings. Please check table-1.<br /><br />Between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the growth in the number of operational holdings of marginal size <em>(7.6 percent) </em>was the highest, followed by the growth in the number of small size holdings <em>(4.0 percent)</em>, semi-medium size holdings <em>(-0.9 percent)</em>, medium size holdings <em>(-6.6 percent)</em> and large holdings <em>(-14.6 percent)</em>. In other words, it is the marginal size holdings that got fragmented more vis-&agrave;-vis holdings of other sizes between 2010-11 and 2015-16. Kindly consult table-1 for details.<br /><br /><strong>Table 1: Number of operational holdings, in &#39;000 (from 1970-71 to 2015-16) &ndash; All social groups&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="Table 1" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Table%201_22.jpg" style="height:324px; width:572px" /></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;<br /><em><strong>Note: </strong>* excluding Jharkhand<br /><strong>Source:</strong> Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />--&nbsp; </em><br /><br />The latest Agriculture Census also shows that there is a fall in the operated area from 159.59 million-hectare in 2010-11 to 157.14 million-hectare in 2015-16, which is a decrease by 1.53 percent. It is worth noting that the operated area includes both cultivated and uncultivated areas, provided part of it is put to agricultural production during the reference period.<br /><br /><strong>Prominence of marginal and small holdings</strong><br /><br />The share of marginal holdings in total number of operational holdings climbed up from 67.10 percent to 68.52 percent between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas the share of small holdings <em>(17.91 percent in 2010-11; 17.69 percent in 2015-16)</em>, semi-medium holdings <em>(10.04 percent in 2010-11; 9.45 percent in 2015-16)</em>, medium holdings <em>(4.25 percent in 2010-11; 3.76 percent in 2015-16)</em> and large holdings <em>(0.70 percent in 2010-11; 0.57 percent in 2015-16)</em> fell during that span.<br /><br />Although the share of marginal holdings <em>(22.50 percent in 2010-11; 24.16 percent in 2015-16) </em>and small holdings <em>(22.08 percent in 2010-11; 23.19 percent in 2015-16) </em>in the country&#39;s total area operated increased between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the share of medium holdings <em>(21.20 percent in 2010-11; 19.96 percent in 2015-16)</em> and large holdings <em>(10.59 percent in 2010-11; 9.04 percent in 2015-16)</em> fell during that span. The share of semi-medium holdings <em>(23.63 percent in 2010-11; 23.65 percent in 2015-16) </em>in total area operated almost remained the same between 2010-11 and 2015-16.<br /><br /><strong>Agricultural holding among SCs &amp; STs</strong><br /><br />It is worth noting that although the average size of operational holding for the overall population was 1.08 hectare in 2015-16, for persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), that was 0.78 hectare and 1.41 hectare, respectively.<br /><br />The average size of operational holding for STs fell from 1.52 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.41 hectare in 2015-16. Similarly, the average size of operational holding for SCs went down from 0.80 hectare in 2010-11 to 0.78 hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />Although SCs comprise 16.6 percent of the country&#39;s population as per the <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf">Census 2011</a>, their share in the total number of operational holdings was 11.91 percent in 2015-16. On the contrary, STs comprise 8.6 percent of India&#39;s population and their share in the total number of operational holdings was 8.72 percent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br /><strong>Agricultural holding across gender</strong><br /><br />At the national level, the average size per holding for male was 1.10 hectare and female was 0.90 hectare. Gender differences in average size per holding was noticeable for marginal holdings <em>(Male: 0.38 hectare; Female: 0.35 hectare)</em>; small holdings <em>(Male: 1.42 hectare; Female: 1.39 hectare)</em>; semi-medium holdings <em>(Male: 2.70 hectare; Female: 2.65 hectare)</em>; medium holdings <em>(Male: 5.72 hectare; Female: 5.66 hectare)</em>; and large holdings <em>(Male: 16.06 hectare; Female: 15.76 hectare)</em>.<br /><br />In India the total number of agricultural holdings for male was 125.25 million and female was 20.22 million. The operated area for male holding was 137.43 million hectare and female holding was 18.19 million-hectare.<br /><br /><strong>Land situation in states &amp; UTs</strong><br /><br />If we exclude the North eastern and the smaller states, then the highest fall in the average size per operational holding in absolute terms between 2010-11 and 2015-16 happened for Rajasthan <em>(0.34 hectare)</em>, followed by Madhya Pradesh <em>(0.21 hectare)</em>, Karnataka <em>(0.2 hectare)</em>, Punjab <em>(0.15 hectare)</em>, Gujarat <em>(0.15 hectare)</em>, Telangana <em>(0.12 hectare)</em>, Andhra Pradesh <em>(0.12 hectare)</em> and Chhattisgarh <em>(0.11 hectare)</em>. Please check table-2.<br /><br /><strong>Table 2: Average Size per Operational Holding for All Social Groups (2010-11 &amp; 2015-16), in hectare</strong><br /><br /><img alt="Table 2" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Table%202_14.jpg" style="height:593px; width:656px" /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />--&nbsp; </em><br /><br />The provisional results show that among the states, the highest growth in the number of operational holdings in 2015-16 as compared to 2010-11 took place in case of Madhya Pradesh <em>(12.74 percent)</em>, followed by Andhra Pradesh <em>(11.85 percent)</em>, Rajasthan <em>(11.12 percent)</em>, Kerala <em>(11.02 percent)</em>, Meghalaya <em>(10.90 percent)</em>, Karnataka <em>(10.78 percent)</em> and Nagaland <em>(10.50 percent)</em>.<br /><br />Fourteen out of 36 states/ UTs viz. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal accounted for nearly 91.03 percent of total number of operational holdings and roughly 88.08 percent of total area operated in the country.<br /><br />It needs to be mentioned here that all land, which is used wholly or partly for agricultural production and is operated as one technical unit by one person alone or with others without regard to the title, legal form, size or location, is termed as operational holding as per the Agriculture Census.<br /><br /><strong>Individual, joint and institutional holding </strong><br /><br />At the national level, the average size per individual holding was 1.03 hectare, joint holding was 1.31 hectare and institutional holding was 5.76 hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />In India, the number of individual operational holding was 124.56 million, joint holding was 20.9 million and institutional holding was 0.3 million in 2015-16.<br /><br />At the country level, the area operated in case of individual holding was 128.19 million-hectare, joint holding was 27.43 million-hectare and institutional holding was 1.53 million-hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />Readers may note that if the holding is being operated either by one person or by a group of persons who are the members of the same household, such holding is considered by Agriculture Census as an individual holding. If two or more persons belonging to different households share jointly as partners in the economic and technical responsibility for the operation of an agricultural holding, such holding is considered as joint holding. Holdings such as government farms, farms of sugarcane factories, cooperative farms, lands managed by trusts are treated as institutional holdings by the Agriculture Census.</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>About Agriculture Census</strong><br /><br />The Agriculture Census in India is conducted at five yearly intervals so as to collect data on structural aspects of operational holdings in the country. The Agriculture Census programme is carried out in three phases at five yearly intervals with the cooperation of states/ UTs.<br /><br />The reference period for Agriculture Census is the crop year <em>(viz. July-June)</em>. The first comprehensive Agriculture Census in the country was conducted with reference year 1970-71. So far, nine Agriculture Censuses have been conducted in the country. The current Agriculture Census with reference year 2015-16 is the tenth in the series.<br /><br />During Phase-I of the Agriculture Census, data on primary characteristics like number of operational holdings and area operated by different size classes <em>(marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large)</em>, social groups <em>(SC, ST, Others)</em>, gender <em>(male/ female)</em>, types of holding <em>(individual, joint and institutional)</em>, is collected. This operation covers all villages in land record states and 20 percent of the villages in non-land record States.<br /><br />In Phase-II of the Census, holding schedule is canvassed in selected 20 percent villages in each tehsil for collecting detailed data on characteristics of operational holdings such as land use, irrigation status, tenancy particulars, cropping pattern, etc. Phase &ndash; III of the Census, popularly known as Input Survey, relates to the collection of data on the pattern of input use by operational holdings. This survey is conducted in 7 percent of villages selected in each tehsil of the state/ UTs.<br /><br /><strong><em>References</em></strong><br /><br />Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />Union Primary Census Abstract-2011, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="Primary Census Abstract 2011" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="Primary Census Abstract 2011">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Goa sees sharpest dip in farm sizes, Sikkim follows -Kiran Pandey, Down to Earth, 23 November, 2018, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/goa-sees-sharpest-dip-in-farm-sizes-sikkim-follows-kiran-pandey-4686004.html" title="https://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/goa-sees-sharpest-dip-in-farm-sizes-sikkim-follows-kiran-pandey-4686004.html">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Average size of farms falls to 1.08 ha in 2015-16, The Hindu Business Line, 1 October, 2018, please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/average-size-of-farms-falls-to-108-ha-in-2015-16/article25099190.ece" title="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/average-size-of-farms-falls-to-108-ha-in-2015-16/article25099190.ece">click here</a> to access&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong></div>                                                           
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     <meta property="og:description" content="Just a few days ahead of the Kisan Mukti March in Delhi NCR, the provisional results of the Agriculture Census 2015-16 became available in the public domain. The report, among other things, highlights the long-term problems affecting Indian agriculture including..." />
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                            <div style="text-align:justify">Just a few days ahead of the Kisan Mukti March in Delhi NCR, the provisional results of the <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">Agriculture Census</a> 2015-16 became available in the <a href="http://agricoop.nic.in/publication/agriculture-census" title="http://agricoop.nic.in/publication/agriculture-census">public domain</a>. The report, among other things, highlights the long-term problems affecting Indian agriculture including fragmentation of land holdings <em>(particularly the marginal and small ones)</em> and shrinking average size of farm land.</div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />The provisional results of the latest <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">Agriculture Census</a> reveal that at the national level the average size of operational holdings reduced from 1.15 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.08 lakh hectare in 2015-16, which implies declining economic viability as well as sustainability of farming.<br /><br />From chart-1, it could be discerned that the average size of marginal holdings decreased from 0.39 hectare to 0.38 hectare between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas for small holdings it fell down from 1.42 hectare to 1.41 hectare. In case of large holdings, the average size reduced from 17.38 hectare to 17.10 hectare between the two Agri-censuses.<br /><br /><iframe height="1122" src="https://e.infogram.com/51874f88-4b20-48b7-aab6-9d22faefbcb8?src=embed" width="550"></iframe><br /><br />The total number of operational holdings in the country went up from 138.3 million in 2010-11 to 145.7 million 2015-16 viz. by 5.33 percent. It indicates increased fragmentation of land holdings. Please check table-1.<br /><br />Between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the growth in the number of operational holdings of marginal size <em>(7.6 percent) </em>was the highest, followed by the growth in the number of small size holdings <em>(4.0 percent)</em>, semi-medium size holdings <em>(-0.9 percent)</em>, medium size holdings <em>(-6.6 percent)</em> and large holdings <em>(-14.6 percent)</em>. In other words, it is the marginal size holdings that got fragmented more vis-&agrave;-vis holdings of other sizes between 2010-11 and 2015-16. Kindly consult table-1 for details.<br /><br /><strong>Table 1: Number of operational holdings, in &#39;000 (from 1970-71 to 2015-16) &ndash; All social groups&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="Table 1" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Table%201_22.jpg" style="height:324px; width:572px" /></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;<br /><em><strong>Note: </strong>* excluding Jharkhand<br /><strong>Source:</strong> Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />--&nbsp; </em><br /><br />The latest Agriculture Census also shows that there is a fall in the operated area from 159.59 million-hectare in 2010-11 to 157.14 million-hectare in 2015-16, which is a decrease by 1.53 percent. It is worth noting that the operated area includes both cultivated and uncultivated areas, provided part of it is put to agricultural production during the reference period.<br /><br /><strong>Prominence of marginal and small holdings</strong><br /><br />The share of marginal holdings in total number of operational holdings climbed up from 67.10 percent to 68.52 percent between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas the share of small holdings <em>(17.91 percent in 2010-11; 17.69 percent in 2015-16)</em>, semi-medium holdings <em>(10.04 percent in 2010-11; 9.45 percent in 2015-16)</em>, medium holdings <em>(4.25 percent in 2010-11; 3.76 percent in 2015-16)</em> and large holdings <em>(0.70 percent in 2010-11; 0.57 percent in 2015-16)</em> fell during that span.<br /><br />Although the share of marginal holdings <em>(22.50 percent in 2010-11; 24.16 percent in 2015-16) </em>and small holdings <em>(22.08 percent in 2010-11; 23.19 percent in 2015-16) </em>in the country&#39;s total area operated increased between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the share of medium holdings <em>(21.20 percent in 2010-11; 19.96 percent in 2015-16)</em> and large holdings <em>(10.59 percent in 2010-11; 9.04 percent in 2015-16)</em> fell during that span. The share of semi-medium holdings <em>(23.63 percent in 2010-11; 23.65 percent in 2015-16) </em>in total area operated almost remained the same between 2010-11 and 2015-16.<br /><br /><strong>Agricultural holding among SCs &amp; STs</strong><br /><br />It is worth noting that although the average size of operational holding for the overall population was 1.08 hectare in 2015-16, for persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), that was 0.78 hectare and 1.41 hectare, respectively.<br /><br />The average size of operational holding for STs fell from 1.52 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.41 hectare in 2015-16. Similarly, the average size of operational holding for SCs went down from 0.80 hectare in 2010-11 to 0.78 hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />Although SCs comprise 16.6 percent of the country&#39;s population as per the <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf">Census 2011</a>, their share in the total number of operational holdings was 11.91 percent in 2015-16. On the contrary, STs comprise 8.6 percent of India&#39;s population and their share in the total number of operational holdings was 8.72 percent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br /><strong>Agricultural holding across gender</strong><br /><br />At the national level, the average size per holding for male was 1.10 hectare and female was 0.90 hectare. Gender differences in average size per holding was noticeable for marginal holdings <em>(Male: 0.38 hectare; Female: 0.35 hectare)</em>; small holdings <em>(Male: 1.42 hectare; Female: 1.39 hectare)</em>; semi-medium holdings <em>(Male: 2.70 hectare; Female: 2.65 hectare)</em>; medium holdings <em>(Male: 5.72 hectare; Female: 5.66 hectare)</em>; and large holdings <em>(Male: 16.06 hectare; Female: 15.76 hectare)</em>.<br /><br />In India the total number of agricultural holdings for male was 125.25 million and female was 20.22 million. The operated area for male holding was 137.43 million hectare and female holding was 18.19 million-hectare.<br /><br /><strong>Land situation in states &amp; UTs</strong><br /><br />If we exclude the North eastern and the smaller states, then the highest fall in the average size per operational holding in absolute terms between 2010-11 and 2015-16 happened for Rajasthan <em>(0.34 hectare)</em>, followed by Madhya Pradesh <em>(0.21 hectare)</em>, Karnataka <em>(0.2 hectare)</em>, Punjab <em>(0.15 hectare)</em>, Gujarat <em>(0.15 hectare)</em>, Telangana <em>(0.12 hectare)</em>, Andhra Pradesh <em>(0.12 hectare)</em> and Chhattisgarh <em>(0.11 hectare)</em>. Please check table-2.<br /><br /><strong>Table 2: Average Size per Operational Holding for All Social Groups (2010-11 &amp; 2015-16), in hectare</strong><br /><br /><img alt="Table 2" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Table%202_14.jpg" style="height:593px; width:656px" /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />--&nbsp; </em><br /><br />The provisional results show that among the states, the highest growth in the number of operational holdings in 2015-16 as compared to 2010-11 took place in case of Madhya Pradesh <em>(12.74 percent)</em>, followed by Andhra Pradesh <em>(11.85 percent)</em>, Rajasthan <em>(11.12 percent)</em>, Kerala <em>(11.02 percent)</em>, Meghalaya <em>(10.90 percent)</em>, Karnataka <em>(10.78 percent)</em> and Nagaland <em>(10.50 percent)</em>.<br /><br />Fourteen out of 36 states/ UTs viz. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal accounted for nearly 91.03 percent of total number of operational holdings and roughly 88.08 percent of total area operated in the country.<br /><br />It needs to be mentioned here that all land, which is used wholly or partly for agricultural production and is operated as one technical unit by one person alone or with others without regard to the title, legal form, size or location, is termed as operational holding as per the Agriculture Census.<br /><br /><strong>Individual, joint and institutional holding </strong><br /><br />At the national level, the average size per individual holding was 1.03 hectare, joint holding was 1.31 hectare and institutional holding was 5.76 hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />In India, the number of individual operational holding was 124.56 million, joint holding was 20.9 million and institutional holding was 0.3 million in 2015-16.<br /><br />At the country level, the area operated in case of individual holding was 128.19 million-hectare, joint holding was 27.43 million-hectare and institutional holding was 1.53 million-hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />Readers may note that if the holding is being operated either by one person or by a group of persons who are the members of the same household, such holding is considered by Agriculture Census as an individual holding. If two or more persons belonging to different households share jointly as partners in the economic and technical responsibility for the operation of an agricultural holding, such holding is considered as joint holding. Holdings such as government farms, farms of sugarcane factories, cooperative farms, lands managed by trusts are treated as institutional holdings by the Agriculture Census.</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>About Agriculture Census</strong><br /><br />The Agriculture Census in India is conducted at five yearly intervals so as to collect data on structural aspects of operational holdings in the country. The Agriculture Census programme is carried out in three phases at five yearly intervals with the cooperation of states/ UTs.<br /><br />The reference period for Agriculture Census is the crop year <em>(viz. July-June)</em>. The first comprehensive Agriculture Census in the country was conducted with reference year 1970-71. So far, nine Agriculture Censuses have been conducted in the country. The current Agriculture Census with reference year 2015-16 is the tenth in the series.<br /><br />During Phase-I of the Agriculture Census, data on primary characteristics like number of operational holdings and area operated by different size classes <em>(marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large)</em>, social groups <em>(SC, ST, Others)</em>, gender <em>(male/ female)</em>, types of holding <em>(individual, joint and institutional)</em>, is collected. This operation covers all villages in land record states and 20 percent of the villages in non-land record States.<br /><br />In Phase-II of the Census, holding schedule is canvassed in selected 20 percent villages in each tehsil for collecting detailed data on characteristics of operational holdings such as land use, irrigation status, tenancy particulars, cropping pattern, etc. Phase &ndash; III of the Census, popularly known as Input Survey, relates to the collection of data on the pattern of input use by operational holdings. This survey is conducted in 7 percent of villages selected in each tehsil of the state/ UTs.<br /><br /><strong><em>References</em></strong><br /><br />Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />Union Primary Census Abstract-2011, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="Primary Census Abstract 2011" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="Primary Census Abstract 2011">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Goa sees sharpest dip in farm sizes, Sikkim follows -Kiran Pandey, Down to Earth, 23 November, 2018, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/goa-sees-sharpest-dip-in-farm-sizes-sikkim-follows-kiran-pandey-4686004.html" title="https://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/goa-sees-sharpest-dip-in-farm-sizes-sikkim-follows-kiran-pandey-4686004.html">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Average size of farms falls to 1.08 ha in 2015-16, The Hindu Business Line, 1 October, 2018, please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/average-size-of-farms-falls-to-108-ha-in-2015-16/article25099190.ece" title="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/average-size-of-farms-falls-to-108-ha-in-2015-16/article25099190.ece">click here</a> to access&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong></div>                                                           
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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Marginal &amp; small holdings saw increased fragmentation &amp; contracted size between 2010-11 and 2015-16, indicates latest Agriculture Census</h1>
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                            <div style="text-align:justify">Just a few days ahead of the Kisan Mukti March in Delhi NCR, the provisional results of the <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">Agriculture Census</a> 2015-16 became available in the <a href="http://agricoop.nic.in/publication/agriculture-census" title="http://agricoop.nic.in/publication/agriculture-census">public domain</a>. The report, among other things, highlights the long-term problems affecting Indian agriculture including fragmentation of land holdings <em>(particularly the marginal and small ones)</em> and shrinking average size of farm land.</div><div style="text-align:justify"><br />The provisional results of the latest <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">Agriculture Census</a> reveal that at the national level the average size of operational holdings reduced from 1.15 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.08 lakh hectare in 2015-16, which implies declining economic viability as well as sustainability of farming.<br /><br />From chart-1, it could be discerned that the average size of marginal holdings decreased from 0.39 hectare to 0.38 hectare between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas for small holdings it fell down from 1.42 hectare to 1.41 hectare. In case of large holdings, the average size reduced from 17.38 hectare to 17.10 hectare between the two Agri-censuses.<br /><br /><iframe height="1122" src="https://e.infogram.com/51874f88-4b20-48b7-aab6-9d22faefbcb8?src=embed" width="550"></iframe><br /><br />The total number of operational holdings in the country went up from 138.3 million in 2010-11 to 145.7 million 2015-16 viz. by 5.33 percent. It indicates increased fragmentation of land holdings. Please check table-1.<br /><br />Between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the growth in the number of operational holdings of marginal size <em>(7.6 percent) </em>was the highest, followed by the growth in the number of small size holdings <em>(4.0 percent)</em>, semi-medium size holdings <em>(-0.9 percent)</em>, medium size holdings <em>(-6.6 percent)</em> and large holdings <em>(-14.6 percent)</em>. In other words, it is the marginal size holdings that got fragmented more vis-&agrave;-vis holdings of other sizes between 2010-11 and 2015-16. Kindly consult table-1 for details.<br /><br /><strong>Table 1: Number of operational holdings, in &#39;000 (from 1970-71 to 2015-16) &ndash; All social groups&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</strong></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="Table 1" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Table%201_22.jpg" style="height:324px; width:572px" /></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;<br /><em><strong>Note: </strong>* excluding Jharkhand<br /><strong>Source:</strong> Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />--&nbsp; </em><br /><br />The latest Agriculture Census also shows that there is a fall in the operated area from 159.59 million-hectare in 2010-11 to 157.14 million-hectare in 2015-16, which is a decrease by 1.53 percent. It is worth noting that the operated area includes both cultivated and uncultivated areas, provided part of it is put to agricultural production during the reference period.<br /><br /><strong>Prominence of marginal and small holdings</strong><br /><br />The share of marginal holdings in total number of operational holdings climbed up from 67.10 percent to 68.52 percent between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas the share of small holdings <em>(17.91 percent in 2010-11; 17.69 percent in 2015-16)</em>, semi-medium holdings <em>(10.04 percent in 2010-11; 9.45 percent in 2015-16)</em>, medium holdings <em>(4.25 percent in 2010-11; 3.76 percent in 2015-16)</em> and large holdings <em>(0.70 percent in 2010-11; 0.57 percent in 2015-16)</em> fell during that span.<br /><br />Although the share of marginal holdings <em>(22.50 percent in 2010-11; 24.16 percent in 2015-16) </em>and small holdings <em>(22.08 percent in 2010-11; 23.19 percent in 2015-16) </em>in the country&#39;s total area operated increased between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the share of medium holdings <em>(21.20 percent in 2010-11; 19.96 percent in 2015-16)</em> and large holdings <em>(10.59 percent in 2010-11; 9.04 percent in 2015-16)</em> fell during that span. The share of semi-medium holdings <em>(23.63 percent in 2010-11; 23.65 percent in 2015-16) </em>in total area operated almost remained the same between 2010-11 and 2015-16.<br /><br /><strong>Agricultural holding among SCs &amp; STs</strong><br /><br />It is worth noting that although the average size of operational holding for the overall population was 1.08 hectare in 2015-16, for persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), that was 0.78 hectare and 1.41 hectare, respectively.<br /><br />The average size of operational holding for STs fell from 1.52 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.41 hectare in 2015-16. Similarly, the average size of operational holding for SCs went down from 0.80 hectare in 2010-11 to 0.78 hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />Although SCs comprise 16.6 percent of the country&#39;s population as per the <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf">Census 2011</a>, their share in the total number of operational holdings was 11.91 percent in 2015-16. On the contrary, STs comprise 8.6 percent of India&#39;s population and their share in the total number of operational holdings was 8.72 percent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br /><strong>Agricultural holding across gender</strong><br /><br />At the national level, the average size per holding for male was 1.10 hectare and female was 0.90 hectare. Gender differences in average size per holding was noticeable for marginal holdings <em>(Male: 0.38 hectare; Female: 0.35 hectare)</em>; small holdings <em>(Male: 1.42 hectare; Female: 1.39 hectare)</em>; semi-medium holdings <em>(Male: 2.70 hectare; Female: 2.65 hectare)</em>; medium holdings <em>(Male: 5.72 hectare; Female: 5.66 hectare)</em>; and large holdings <em>(Male: 16.06 hectare; Female: 15.76 hectare)</em>.<br /><br />In India the total number of agricultural holdings for male was 125.25 million and female was 20.22 million. The operated area for male holding was 137.43 million hectare and female holding was 18.19 million-hectare.<br /><br /><strong>Land situation in states &amp; UTs</strong><br /><br />If we exclude the North eastern and the smaller states, then the highest fall in the average size per operational holding in absolute terms between 2010-11 and 2015-16 happened for Rajasthan <em>(0.34 hectare)</em>, followed by Madhya Pradesh <em>(0.21 hectare)</em>, Karnataka <em>(0.2 hectare)</em>, Punjab <em>(0.15 hectare)</em>, Gujarat <em>(0.15 hectare)</em>, Telangana <em>(0.12 hectare)</em>, Andhra Pradesh <em>(0.12 hectare)</em> and Chhattisgarh <em>(0.11 hectare)</em>. Please check table-2.<br /><br /><strong>Table 2: Average Size per Operational Holding for All Social Groups (2010-11 &amp; 2015-16), in hectare</strong><br /><br /><img alt="Table 2" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Table%202_14.jpg" style="height:593px; width:656px" /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />--&nbsp; </em><br /><br />The provisional results show that among the states, the highest growth in the number of operational holdings in 2015-16 as compared to 2010-11 took place in case of Madhya Pradesh <em>(12.74 percent)</em>, followed by Andhra Pradesh <em>(11.85 percent)</em>, Rajasthan <em>(11.12 percent)</em>, Kerala <em>(11.02 percent)</em>, Meghalaya <em>(10.90 percent)</em>, Karnataka <em>(10.78 percent)</em> and Nagaland <em>(10.50 percent)</em>.<br /><br />Fourteen out of 36 states/ UTs viz. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal accounted for nearly 91.03 percent of total number of operational holdings and roughly 88.08 percent of total area operated in the country.<br /><br />It needs to be mentioned here that all land, which is used wholly or partly for agricultural production and is operated as one technical unit by one person alone or with others without regard to the title, legal form, size or location, is termed as operational holding as per the Agriculture Census.<br /><br /><strong>Individual, joint and institutional holding </strong><br /><br />At the national level, the average size per individual holding was 1.03 hectare, joint holding was 1.31 hectare and institutional holding was 5.76 hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />In India, the number of individual operational holding was 124.56 million, joint holding was 20.9 million and institutional holding was 0.3 million in 2015-16.<br /><br />At the country level, the area operated in case of individual holding was 128.19 million-hectare, joint holding was 27.43 million-hectare and institutional holding was 1.53 million-hectare in 2015-16.<br /><br />Readers may note that if the holding is being operated either by one person or by a group of persons who are the members of the same household, such holding is considered by Agriculture Census as an individual holding. If two or more persons belonging to different households share jointly as partners in the economic and technical responsibility for the operation of an agricultural holding, such holding is considered as joint holding. Holdings such as government farms, farms of sugarcane factories, cooperative farms, lands managed by trusts are treated as institutional holdings by the Agriculture Census.</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>About Agriculture Census</strong><br /><br />The Agriculture Census in India is conducted at five yearly intervals so as to collect data on structural aspects of operational holdings in the country. The Agriculture Census programme is carried out in three phases at five yearly intervals with the cooperation of states/ UTs.<br /><br />The reference period for Agriculture Census is the crop year <em>(viz. July-June)</em>. The first comprehensive Agriculture Census in the country was conducted with reference year 1970-71. So far, nine Agriculture Censuses have been conducted in the country. The current Agriculture Census with reference year 2015-16 is the tenth in the series.<br /><br />During Phase-I of the Agriculture Census, data on primary characteristics like number of operational holdings and area operated by different size classes <em>(marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large)</em>, social groups <em>(SC, ST, Others)</em>, gender <em>(male/ female)</em>, types of holding <em>(individual, joint and institutional)</em>, is collected. This operation covers all villages in land record states and 20 percent of the villages in non-land record States.<br /><br />In Phase-II of the Census, holding schedule is canvassed in selected 20 percent villages in each tehsil for collecting detailed data on characteristics of operational holdings such as land use, irrigation status, tenancy particulars, cropping pattern, etc. Phase &ndash; III of the Census, popularly known as Input Survey, relates to the collection of data on the pattern of input use by operational holdings. This survey is conducted in 7 percent of villages selected in each tehsil of the state/ UTs.<br /><br /><strong><em>References</em></strong><br /><br />Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers&#39; Welfare, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf" title="https://www.im4change.org/docs/325All%20India%20Report%20on%20Number%20and%20Area%20of%20Operational%20Holdings.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />Union Primary Census Abstract-2011, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="Primary Census Abstract 2011" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Primary%20Census%20Abstract%202011.pdf" title="Primary Census Abstract 2011">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Goa sees sharpest dip in farm sizes, Sikkim follows -Kiran Pandey, Down to Earth, 23 November, 2018, please <a href="https://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/goa-sees-sharpest-dip-in-farm-sizes-sikkim-follows-kiran-pandey-4686004.html" title="https://www.im4change.org/latest-news-updates/goa-sees-sharpest-dip-in-farm-sizes-sikkim-follows-kiran-pandey-4686004.html">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Average size of farms falls to 1.08 ha in 2015-16, The Hindu Business Line, 1 October, 2018, please <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/average-size-of-farms-falls-to-108-ha-in-2015-16/article25099190.ece" title="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/average-size-of-farms-falls-to-108-ha-in-2015-16/article25099190.ece">click here</a> to access&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi</strong></div>                                                           
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Home हिन्दी

Marginal & small holdings saw increased fragmentation & contracted size between 2010-11 and 2015-16, indicates latest Agriculture Census

Published on Dec 13, 2018   Modified on May 31, 2021

Just a few days ahead of the Kisan Mukti March in Delhi NCR, the provisional results of the Agriculture Census 2015-16 became available in the public domain. The report, among other things, highlights the long-term problems affecting Indian agriculture including fragmentation of land holdings (particularly the marginal and small ones) and shrinking average size of farm land. The provisional results of the latest Agriculture Census reveal that at the national level the average size of operational holdings reduced from 1.15 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.08 lakh hectare in 2015-16, which implies declining economic viability as well as sustainability of farming. From chart-1, it could be discerned that the average size of marginal holdings decreased from 0.39 hectare to 0.38 hectare between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas for small holdings it fell down from 1.42 hectare to 1.41 hectare. In case of large holdings, the average size reduced from 17.38 hectare to 17.10 hectare between the two Agri-censuses. The total number of operational holdings in the country went up from 138.3 million in 2010-11 to 145.7 million 2015-16 viz. by 5.33 percent. It indicates increased fragmentation of land holdings. Please check table-1. Between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the growth in the number of operational holdings of marginal size (7.6 percent) was the highest, followed by the growth in the number of small size holdings (4.0 percent), semi-medium size holdings (-0.9 percent), medium size holdings (-6.6 percent) and large holdings (-14.6 percent). In other words, it is the marginal size holdings that got fragmented more vis-à-vis holdings of other sizes between 2010-11 and 2015-16. Kindly consult table-1 for details. Table 1: Number of operational holdings, in '000 (from 1970-71 to 2015-16) – All social groups          Note: * excluding Jharkhand Source: Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access --  The latest Agriculture Census also shows that there is a fall in the operated area from 159.59 million-hectare in 2010-11 to 157.14 million-hectare in 2015-16, which is a decrease by 1.53 percent. It is worth noting that the operated area includes both cultivated and uncultivated areas, provided part of it is put to agricultural production during the reference period. Prominence of marginal and small holdings The share of marginal holdings in total number of operational holdings climbed up from 67.10 percent to 68.52 percent between 2010-11 and 2015-16, whereas the share of small holdings (17.91 percent in 2010-11; 17.69 percent in 2015-16), semi-medium holdings (10.04 percent in 2010-11; 9.45 percent in 2015-16), medium holdings (4.25 percent in 2010-11; 3.76 percent in 2015-16) and large holdings (0.70 percent in 2010-11; 0.57 percent in 2015-16) fell during that span. Although the share of marginal holdings (22.50 percent in 2010-11; 24.16 percent in 2015-16) and small holdings (22.08 percent in 2010-11; 23.19 percent in 2015-16) in the country's total area operated increased between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the share of medium holdings (21.20 percent in 2010-11; 19.96 percent in 2015-16) and large holdings (10.59 percent in 2010-11; 9.04 percent in 2015-16) fell during that span. The share of semi-medium holdings (23.63 percent in 2010-11; 23.65 percent in 2015-16) in total area operated almost remained the same between 2010-11 and 2015-16. Agricultural holding among SCs & STs It is worth noting that although the average size of operational holding for the overall population was 1.08 hectare in 2015-16, for persons belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), that was 0.78 hectare and 1.41 hectare, respectively. The average size of operational holding for STs fell from 1.52 hectare in 2010-11 to 1.41 hectare in 2015-16. Similarly, the average size of operational holding for SCs went down from 0.80 hectare in 2010-11 to 0.78 hectare in 2015-16. Although SCs comprise 16.6 percent of the country's population as per the Census 2011, their share in the total number of operational holdings was 11.91 percent in 2015-16. On the contrary, STs comprise 8.6 percent of India's population and their share in the total number of operational holdings was 8.72 percent.          Agricultural holding across gender At the national level, the average size per holding for male was 1.10 hectare and female was 0.90 hectare. Gender differences in average size per holding was noticeable for marginal holdings (Male: 0.38 hectare; Female: 0.35 hectare); small holdings (Male: 1.42 hectare; Female: 1.39 hectare); semi-medium holdings (Male: 2.70 hectare; Female: 2.65 hectare); medium holdings (Male: 5.72 hectare; Female: 5.66 hectare); and large holdings (Male: 16.06 hectare; Female: 15.76 hectare). In India the total number of agricultural holdings for male was 125.25 million and female was 20.22 million. The operated area for male holding was 137.43 million hectare and female holding was 18.19 million-hectare. Land situation in states & UTs If we exclude the North eastern and the smaller states, then the highest fall in the average size per operational holding in absolute terms between 2010-11 and 2015-16 happened for Rajasthan (0.34 hectare), followed by Madhya Pradesh (0.21 hectare), Karnataka (0.2 hectare), Punjab (0.15 hectare), Gujarat (0.15 hectare), Telangana (0.12 hectare), Andhra Pradesh (0.12 hectare) and Chhattisgarh (0.11 hectare). Please check table-2. Table 2: Average Size per Operational Holding for All Social Groups (2010-11 & 2015-16), in hectare Source: Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access --  The provisional results show that among the states, the highest growth in the number of operational holdings in 2015-16 as compared to 2010-11 took place in case of Madhya Pradesh (12.74 percent), followed by Andhra Pradesh (11.85 percent), Rajasthan (11.12 percent), Kerala (11.02 percent), Meghalaya (10.90 percent), Karnataka (10.78 percent) and Nagaland (10.50 percent). Fourteen out of 36 states/ UTs viz. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal accounted for nearly 91.03 percent of total number of operational holdings and roughly 88.08 percent of total area operated in the country. It needs to be mentioned here that all land, which is used wholly or partly for agricultural production and is operated as one technical unit by one person alone or with others without regard to the title, legal form, size or location, is termed as operational holding as per the Agriculture Census. Individual, joint and institutional holding At the national level, the average size per individual holding was 1.03 hectare, joint holding was 1.31 hectare and institutional holding was 5.76 hectare in 2015-16. In India, the number of individual operational holding was 124.56 million, joint holding was 20.9 million and institutional holding was 0.3 million in 2015-16. At the country level, the area operated in case of individual holding was 128.19 million-hectare, joint holding was 27.43 million-hectare and institutional holding was 1.53 million-hectare in 2015-16. Readers may note that if the holding is being operated either by one person or by a group of persons who are the members of the same household, such holding is considered by Agriculture Census as an individual holding. If two or more persons belonging to different households share jointly as partners in the economic and technical responsibility for the operation of an agricultural holding, such holding is considered as joint holding. Holdings such as government farms, farms of sugarcane factories, cooperative farms, lands managed by trusts are treated as institutional holdings by the Agriculture Census.   About Agriculture Census The Agriculture Census in India is conducted at five yearly intervals so as to collect data on structural aspects of operational holdings in the country. The Agriculture Census programme is carried out in three phases at five yearly intervals with the cooperation of states/ UTs. The reference period for Agriculture Census is the crop year (viz. July-June). The first comprehensive Agriculture Census in the country was conducted with reference year 1970-71. So far, nine Agriculture Censuses have been conducted in the country. The current Agriculture Census with reference year 2015-16 is the tenth in the series. During Phase-I of the Agriculture Census, data on primary characteristics like number of operational holdings and area operated by different size classes (marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large), social groups (SC, ST, Others), gender (male/ female), types of holding (individual, joint and institutional), is collected. This operation covers all villages in land record states and 20 percent of the villages in non-land record States. In Phase-II of the Census, holding schedule is canvassed in selected 20 percent villages in each tehsil for collecting detailed data on characteristics of operational holdings such as land use, irrigation status, tenancy particulars, cropping pattern, etc. Phase – III of the Census, popularly known as Input Survey, relates to the collection of data on the pattern of input use by operational holdings. This survey is conducted in 7 percent of villages selected in each tehsil of the state/ UTs. References Agriculture Census 2015-16 (Phase-I): All India Report on Number and Area of Operational Holdings, Provisional Results, Agriculture Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare, please click here to access   Union Primary Census Abstract-2011, please click here to access   Goa sees sharpest dip in farm sizes, Sikkim follows -Kiran Pandey, Down to Earth, 23 November, 2018, please click here to access   Average size of farms falls to 1.08 ha in 2015-16, The Hindu Business Line, 1 October, 2018, please click here to access     Image Courtesy: Himanshu Joshi

Tagged with: land holdings operated area operational holdings scheduled castes Scheduled Castes (SCs) scheduled tribes Scheduled Tribes (STs)

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