Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
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The newly released Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 finds that among the five risk factors behind TB cases in the country, undernourishment posed the greatest risk. Close to 7 lakh TB cases in India could be attributable to undernourishment during 2018.

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The newly released Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 finds that among the five risk factors behind TB cases in the country, undernourishment posed the greatest risk. Close to 7 lakh TB cases in India could be attributable to undernourishment during 2018.

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                            <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><div style="text-align:justify">The newly released <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">Global Tuberculosis Report 2019</a> finds that among the five risk factors behind TB cases in the country, undernourishment posed the greatest risk. <span style="background-color:#ffff00">Close to 7 lakh TB cases in India could be attributable to undernourishment during 2018.</span><br /><br />The other four risk factors behind TB cases were alcohol consumption <em>(around 3 lakh TB cases)</em>, smoking <em>(nearly 2 lakh TB cases)</em>, diabetes <em>(more than 1 lakh TB cases)</em> and HIV <em>(roughly 1 lakh TB cases)</em>. Please consult chart-1.<br /><br />An <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html">article by Dr. Shah Alam Khan</a>, a professor at AIIMS in New Delhi, which was published in The Indian Express dated 26th October, 2019, says that malnutrition, poverty and poor sanitation needs to be addressed first to get rid of TB in the country. It may be noted that in 2019 India <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html?pgno=2#2019-global-hunger-index-the-challenge-of-hunger-and-climate-change-released-in-october-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html?pgno=2#2019-global-hunger-index-the-challenge-of-hunger-and-climate-change-released-in-october-2019">ranks 102nd among 117 countries</a> in terms of Global Hunger Index (GHI).<br /><br /><strong>Chart 1: India&rsquo;s TB profile according to Global TB Report 2019 </strong><br /><br /><img alt="Chart 1 India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chart%201%20India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO.png" style="height:1820px; width:1314px" /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Global TB Report 2019: India Profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/data/GTBreportCountryProfiles.pdf?ua=1" title="https://www.who.int/tb/data/GTBreportCountryProfiles.pdf?ua=1">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</em><br />---<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">The total number of persons who fell ill with TB was estimated to be 26.9 lakh in 2018, which comprised 19.9 lakh people with TB notified and 7.0 lakh people either not notified or not diagnosed</span>, shows the <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">Global TB Report 2019</a>. Out of the 26.9 lakh TB patients in 2018, 56 percent were men, 31 percent were women and 13 percent were children. Please check chart-1 for details.<br /><br />It may be noted that the <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">2019 India TB report</a> mentions that TB is a notifiable disease <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="TB Notification Govt Order dated 07 May 2012" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="TB Notification Govt Order dated 07 May 2012">vide 2012 as per declaration of Government of India order</a>. Reporting of TB cases is believed to have expanded the ambit of TB surveillance covering all public as well as private health facilities. The healthcare providers shall notify every TB case to local authorities such as District Health Officers/ Chief Medical Officers of a district and Municipal Health Officer of a municipal corporation, as per that order. The notification should be done every month. The surveillance begins with the notification, and completes with acting on the information gathered. In <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf">March 2018, the notification</a> was published in the Gazette of India, making it mandatory for private providers to notify TB patients and the public health system to act upon it.<br /><br />The <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">report by World Health Organization</a> (WHO) says that the country has witnessed 4.49 lakh TB deaths in 2018, including 9,700 deaths among people with HIV. As stated above, one of the risk factors behind TB cases is HIV. Please see chart-1.</div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><div style="text-align:justify"><br />It has been observed by the <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">recent report</a> that on an average 1.3 lakh people fell ill with drug-resistant TB, out of which 58,347 were laboratory confirmed. Almost 46,569 drug-resistant TB patients started second-line treatment.<br /><br />In 2018, on an average there were 92,000 people living with HIV who fell ill with TB. Almost 49,047 such cases were notified. There were 44,080 such notified cases where antiretroviral treatment could be started.<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">Although the TB incidence rate <em>(in terms of cases per lakh population)</em> has fallen over the years between 2000 and 2018, the number of notified TB cases <em>(new and relapse)</em> per lakh population has increased during that span with fluctuations in between. It means that the gap between estimated TB cases and notified TB cases in the country has contracted over the last 18 years.<span style="background-color:#ffffff">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">From chart-2 it could be inferred that TB incidence in India <em>(viz. 26.9 lakh)</em> as a proportion of TB incidence globally <em>(viz. 100 lakh) </em>was nearly 27 percent in 2018.</span><br /><br /><strong>Chart 2: India&rsquo;s TB profile in details according to Global TB Report 2019 </strong></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="Chart 2 India TB profile in details according to Global TB Report 2019 JPG" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chart%202%20India%20TB%20profile%20in%20details%20according%20to%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20JPG.jpg" style="height:2385px; width:774px" /><br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source:</strong> Global TB Report 2019: India &amp; World Profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">click here</a> to access&nbsp; </em><br />---<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">Chart-2 indicates that against India&#39;s TB incidence rate of 199 cases per lakh population, the global TB incidence rate was 132 cases per lakh population in 2018.</span><br /><br />Against India&#39;s HIV-positive TB incidence rate of 6.8 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 11 cases per lakh population.<br /><br />Against India&#39;s multidrug-resistant TB or rifampicin-resistant TB incidence rate <em>(MDR/RR-TB incidence)</em> of 9.6 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 6.4 cases per lakh population.<br /><br />The estimated proportion of new TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 2.8 percent in 2018, while that proportion globally was 3.4 percent.<br /><br />The estimated proportion of previously treated TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 14 percent in 2018, while that proportion at the global level was 18 percent.<br /><br />The TB treatment coverage <em>(notified/ estimated incidence)</em> in 2018 for India was 74 percent, whereas the same globally was 69 percent.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />The country&#39;s TB budget in 2019 was US$ 583 million. Nearly 77 percent of the funding is done domestically and the rest <em>(viz. 23 percent)</em> is dependent on international funding.<br /><br /><em><strong>References</strong></em><br /><br />Global TB Report 2019: India&rsquo;s TB profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO%20for%20uploading.pdf" title="India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO for uploading" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO%20for%20uploading.pdf" title="India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO for uploading">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Global TB Report 2019: India&rsquo;s TB profile in details, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Country%20profiles%20for%2030%20High%20TB%20burden%20countries.pdf" title="Country profiles for 30 High TB burden countries" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Country%20profiles%20for%2030%20High%20TB%20burden%20countries.pdf" title="Country profiles for 30 High TB burden countries">click here</a> to access<br /><br />Global TB Report 2019, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />Global Tuberculosis report 2019, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />2019 India TB report, released in September 2019, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">click here</a> and <a href="https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf" title="https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf">here</a> to access<br /><br />2019 Global Hunger Index: The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change, released in October, 2019, produced by Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide jointly, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2019%20GHI.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2019%20GHI.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />TB notification Gazette of India dated 16 March, 2018, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">TB Notification Government of India Order dated 07 May, 2012, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">India&#39;s TB report must be seen in light of the country&#39;s slide in Hunger Index -Shah Alam Khan, The Indian Express, 26 October, 2019, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: UNDP India</strong></div>                                                           
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The newly released Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 finds that among the five risk factors behind TB cases in the country, undernourishment posed the greatest risk. Close to 7 lakh TB cases in India could be attributable to undernourishment during 2018.

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                            <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><div style="text-align:justify">The newly released <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">Global Tuberculosis Report 2019</a> finds that among the five risk factors behind TB cases in the country, undernourishment posed the greatest risk. <span style="background-color:#ffff00">Close to 7 lakh TB cases in India could be attributable to undernourishment during 2018.</span><br /><br />The other four risk factors behind TB cases were alcohol consumption <em>(around 3 lakh TB cases)</em>, smoking <em>(nearly 2 lakh TB cases)</em>, diabetes <em>(more than 1 lakh TB cases)</em> and HIV <em>(roughly 1 lakh TB cases)</em>. Please consult chart-1.<br /><br />An <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html">article by Dr. Shah Alam Khan</a>, a professor at AIIMS in New Delhi, which was published in The Indian Express dated 26th October, 2019, says that malnutrition, poverty and poor sanitation needs to be addressed first to get rid of TB in the country. It may be noted that in 2019 India <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html?pgno=2#2019-global-hunger-index-the-challenge-of-hunger-and-climate-change-released-in-october-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html?pgno=2#2019-global-hunger-index-the-challenge-of-hunger-and-climate-change-released-in-october-2019">ranks 102nd among 117 countries</a> in terms of Global Hunger Index (GHI).<br /><br /><strong>Chart 1: India&rsquo;s TB profile according to Global TB Report 2019 </strong><br /><br /><img alt="Chart 1 India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chart%201%20India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO.png" style="height:1820px; width:1314px" /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Global TB Report 2019: India Profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/data/GTBreportCountryProfiles.pdf?ua=1" title="https://www.who.int/tb/data/GTBreportCountryProfiles.pdf?ua=1">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</em><br />---<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">The total number of persons who fell ill with TB was estimated to be 26.9 lakh in 2018, which comprised 19.9 lakh people with TB notified and 7.0 lakh people either not notified or not diagnosed</span>, shows the <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">Global TB Report 2019</a>. Out of the 26.9 lakh TB patients in 2018, 56 percent were men, 31 percent were women and 13 percent were children. Please check chart-1 for details.<br /><br />It may be noted that the <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">2019 India TB report</a> mentions that TB is a notifiable disease <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="TB Notification Govt Order dated 07 May 2012" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="TB Notification Govt Order dated 07 May 2012">vide 2012 as per declaration of Government of India order</a>. Reporting of TB cases is believed to have expanded the ambit of TB surveillance covering all public as well as private health facilities. The healthcare providers shall notify every TB case to local authorities such as District Health Officers/ Chief Medical Officers of a district and Municipal Health Officer of a municipal corporation, as per that order. The notification should be done every month. The surveillance begins with the notification, and completes with acting on the information gathered. In <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf">March 2018, the notification</a> was published in the Gazette of India, making it mandatory for private providers to notify TB patients and the public health system to act upon it.<br /><br />The <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">report by World Health Organization</a> (WHO) says that the country has witnessed 4.49 lakh TB deaths in 2018, including 9,700 deaths among people with HIV. As stated above, one of the risk factors behind TB cases is HIV. Please see chart-1.</div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><div style="text-align:justify"><br />It has been observed by the <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">recent report</a> that on an average 1.3 lakh people fell ill with drug-resistant TB, out of which 58,347 were laboratory confirmed. Almost 46,569 drug-resistant TB patients started second-line treatment.<br /><br />In 2018, on an average there were 92,000 people living with HIV who fell ill with TB. Almost 49,047 such cases were notified. There were 44,080 such notified cases where antiretroviral treatment could be started.<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">Although the TB incidence rate <em>(in terms of cases per lakh population)</em> has fallen over the years between 2000 and 2018, the number of notified TB cases <em>(new and relapse)</em> per lakh population has increased during that span with fluctuations in between. It means that the gap between estimated TB cases and notified TB cases in the country has contracted over the last 18 years.<span style="background-color:#ffffff">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">From chart-2 it could be inferred that TB incidence in India <em>(viz. 26.9 lakh)</em> as a proportion of TB incidence globally <em>(viz. 100 lakh) </em>was nearly 27 percent in 2018.</span><br /><br /><strong>Chart 2: India&rsquo;s TB profile in details according to Global TB Report 2019 </strong></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="Chart 2 India TB profile in details according to Global TB Report 2019 JPG" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chart%202%20India%20TB%20profile%20in%20details%20according%20to%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20JPG.jpg" style="height:2385px; width:774px" /><br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source:</strong> Global TB Report 2019: India &amp; World Profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">click here</a> to access&nbsp; </em><br />---<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">Chart-2 indicates that against India&#39;s TB incidence rate of 199 cases per lakh population, the global TB incidence rate was 132 cases per lakh population in 2018.</span><br /><br />Against India&#39;s HIV-positive TB incidence rate of 6.8 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 11 cases per lakh population.<br /><br />Against India&#39;s multidrug-resistant TB or rifampicin-resistant TB incidence rate <em>(MDR/RR-TB incidence)</em> of 9.6 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 6.4 cases per lakh population.<br /><br />The estimated proportion of new TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 2.8 percent in 2018, while that proportion globally was 3.4 percent.<br /><br />The estimated proportion of previously treated TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 14 percent in 2018, while that proportion at the global level was 18 percent.<br /><br />The TB treatment coverage <em>(notified/ estimated incidence)</em> in 2018 for India was 74 percent, whereas the same globally was 69 percent.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />The country&#39;s TB budget in 2019 was US$ 583 million. Nearly 77 percent of the funding is done domestically and the rest <em>(viz. 23 percent)</em> is dependent on international funding.<br /><br /><em><strong>References</strong></em><br /><br />Global TB Report 2019: India&rsquo;s TB profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO%20for%20uploading.pdf" title="India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO for uploading" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO%20for%20uploading.pdf" title="India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO for uploading">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Global TB Report 2019: India&rsquo;s TB profile in details, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Country%20profiles%20for%2030%20High%20TB%20burden%20countries.pdf" title="Country profiles for 30 High TB burden countries" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Country%20profiles%20for%2030%20High%20TB%20burden%20countries.pdf" title="Country profiles for 30 High TB burden countries">click here</a> to access<br /><br />Global TB Report 2019, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />Global Tuberculosis report 2019, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />2019 India TB report, released in September 2019, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">click here</a> and <a href="https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf" title="https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf">here</a> to access<br /><br />2019 Global Hunger Index: The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change, released in October, 2019, produced by Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide jointly, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2019%20GHI.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2019%20GHI.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />TB notification Gazette of India dated 16 March, 2018, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">TB Notification Government of India Order dated 07 May, 2012, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">India&#39;s TB report must be seen in light of the country&#39;s slide in Hunger Index -Shah Alam Khan, The Indian Express, 26 October, 2019, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: UNDP India</strong></div>                                                           
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                            <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><div style="text-align:justify">The newly released <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">Global Tuberculosis Report 2019</a> finds that among the five risk factors behind TB cases in the country, undernourishment posed the greatest risk. <span style="background-color:#ffff00">Close to 7 lakh TB cases in India could be attributable to undernourishment during 2018.</span><br /><br />The other four risk factors behind TB cases were alcohol consumption <em>(around 3 lakh TB cases)</em>, smoking <em>(nearly 2 lakh TB cases)</em>, diabetes <em>(more than 1 lakh TB cases)</em> and HIV <em>(roughly 1 lakh TB cases)</em>. Please consult chart-1.<br /><br />An <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html">article by Dr. Shah Alam Khan</a>, a professor at AIIMS in New Delhi, which was published in The Indian Express dated 26th October, 2019, says that malnutrition, poverty and poor sanitation needs to be addressed first to get rid of TB in the country. It may be noted that in 2019 India <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html?pgno=2#2019-global-hunger-index-the-challenge-of-hunger-and-climate-change-released-in-october-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/hunger-overview-40.html?pgno=2#2019-global-hunger-index-the-challenge-of-hunger-and-climate-change-released-in-october-2019">ranks 102nd among 117 countries</a> in terms of Global Hunger Index (GHI).<br /><br /><strong>Chart 1: India&rsquo;s TB profile according to Global TB Report 2019 </strong><br /><br /><img alt="Chart 1 India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chart%201%20India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO.png" style="height:1820px; width:1314px" /><br /><em><strong>Source: </strong>Global TB Report 2019: India Profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/data/GTBreportCountryProfiles.pdf?ua=1" title="https://www.who.int/tb/data/GTBreportCountryProfiles.pdf?ua=1">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</em><br />---<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">The total number of persons who fell ill with TB was estimated to be 26.9 lakh in 2018, which comprised 19.9 lakh people with TB notified and 7.0 lakh people either not notified or not diagnosed</span>, shows the <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">Global TB Report 2019</a>. Out of the 26.9 lakh TB patients in 2018, 56 percent were men, 31 percent were women and 13 percent were children. Please check chart-1 for details.<br /><br />It may be noted that the <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">2019 India TB report</a> mentions that TB is a notifiable disease <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="TB Notification Govt Order dated 07 May 2012" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="TB Notification Govt Order dated 07 May 2012">vide 2012 as per declaration of Government of India order</a>. Reporting of TB cases is believed to have expanded the ambit of TB surveillance covering all public as well as private health facilities. The healthcare providers shall notify every TB case to local authorities such as District Health Officers/ Chief Medical Officers of a district and Municipal Health Officer of a municipal corporation, as per that order. The notification should be done every month. The surveillance begins with the notification, and completes with acting on the information gathered. In <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf">March 2018, the notification</a> was published in the Gazette of India, making it mandatory for private providers to notify TB patients and the public health system to act upon it.<br /><br />The <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">report by World Health Organization</a> (WHO) says that the country has witnessed 4.49 lakh TB deaths in 2018, including 9,700 deaths among people with HIV. As stated above, one of the risk factors behind TB cases is HIV. Please see chart-1.</div><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><div style="text-align:justify"><br />It has been observed by the <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">recent report</a> that on an average 1.3 lakh people fell ill with drug-resistant TB, out of which 58,347 were laboratory confirmed. Almost 46,569 drug-resistant TB patients started second-line treatment.<br /><br />In 2018, on an average there were 92,000 people living with HIV who fell ill with TB. Almost 49,047 such cases were notified. There were 44,080 such notified cases where antiretroviral treatment could be started.<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">Although the TB incidence rate <em>(in terms of cases per lakh population)</em> has fallen over the years between 2000 and 2018, the number of notified TB cases <em>(new and relapse)</em> per lakh population has increased during that span with fluctuations in between. It means that the gap between estimated TB cases and notified TB cases in the country has contracted over the last 18 years.<span style="background-color:#ffffff">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">From chart-2 it could be inferred that TB incidence in India <em>(viz. 26.9 lakh)</em> as a proportion of TB incidence globally <em>(viz. 100 lakh) </em>was nearly 27 percent in 2018.</span><br /><br /><strong>Chart 2: India&rsquo;s TB profile in details according to Global TB Report 2019 </strong></div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="Chart 2 India TB profile in details according to Global TB Report 2019 JPG" src="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Chart%202%20India%20TB%20profile%20in%20details%20according%20to%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20JPG.jpg" style="height:2385px; width:774px" /><br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><em><strong>Source:</strong> Global TB Report 2019: India &amp; World Profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">click here</a> to access&nbsp; </em><br />---<br /><br /><span style="background-color:#ffff00">Chart-2 indicates that against India&#39;s TB incidence rate of 199 cases per lakh population, the global TB incidence rate was 132 cases per lakh population in 2018.</span><br /><br />Against India&#39;s HIV-positive TB incidence rate of 6.8 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 11 cases per lakh population.<br /><br />Against India&#39;s multidrug-resistant TB or rifampicin-resistant TB incidence rate <em>(MDR/RR-TB incidence)</em> of 9.6 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 6.4 cases per lakh population.<br /><br />The estimated proportion of new TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 2.8 percent in 2018, while that proportion globally was 3.4 percent.<br /><br />The estimated proportion of previously treated TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 14 percent in 2018, while that proportion at the global level was 18 percent.<br /><br />The TB treatment coverage <em>(notified/ estimated incidence)</em> in 2018 for India was 74 percent, whereas the same globally was 69 percent.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br /><br />The country&#39;s TB budget in 2019 was US$ 583 million. Nearly 77 percent of the funding is done domestically and the rest <em>(viz. 23 percent)</em> is dependent on international funding.<br /><br /><em><strong>References</strong></em><br /><br />Global TB Report 2019: India&rsquo;s TB profile, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO%20for%20uploading.pdf" title="India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO for uploading" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Profile%20Global%20TB%20Report%202019%20by%20WHO%20for%20uploading.pdf" title="India Profile Global TB Report 2019 by WHO for uploading">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">Global TB Report 2019: India&rsquo;s TB profile in details, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Country%20profiles%20for%2030%20High%20TB%20burden%20countries.pdf" title="Country profiles for 30 High TB burden countries" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Country%20profiles%20for%2030%20High%20TB%20burden%20countries.pdf" title="Country profiles for 30 High TB burden countries">click here</a> to access<br /><br />Global TB Report 2019, World Health Organization, please <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1" title="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />Global Tuberculosis report 2019, please <a href="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/" title="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />2019 India TB report, released in September 2019, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please <a href="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019" title="https://im4change.org/hunger-hdi/public-health-51.html?pgno=2#2019-india-tb-report-released-in-september-2019">click here</a> and <a href="https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf" title="https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf">here</a> to access<br /><br />2019 Global Hunger Index: The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change, released in October, 2019, produced by Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide jointly, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2019%20GHI.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/2019%20GHI.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;<br />TB notification Gazette of India dated 16 March, 2018, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20notification%20Gazette%20of%20India%20dated%2019%20March%202018.pdf">click here</a> to access<br />&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">TB Notification Government of India Order dated 07 May, 2012, please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/TB%20Notification%20Govt%20Order%20dated%2007%20May%202012.pdf">click here</a> to access</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">India&#39;s TB report must be seen in light of the country&#39;s slide in Hunger Index -Shah Alam Khan, The Indian Express, 26 October, 2019, please <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html" title="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/india039s-tb-report-must-be-seen-in-light-of-the-country039s-slide-in-hunger-index-shah-alam-khan-4688315.html">click here</a> to access&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Image Courtesy: UNDP India</strong></div>                                                           
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One in every four TB cases is from India, show a recent international report

Published on Nov 7, 2019   Modified on May 31, 2021

The newly released Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 finds that among the five risk factors behind TB cases in the country, undernourishment posed the greatest risk. Close to 7 lakh TB cases in India could be attributable to undernourishment during 2018. The other four risk factors behind TB cases were alcohol consumption (around 3 lakh TB cases), smoking (nearly 2 lakh TB cases), diabetes (more than 1 lakh TB cases) and HIV (roughly 1 lakh TB cases). Please consult chart-1. An article by Dr. Shah Alam Khan, a professor at AIIMS in New Delhi, which was published in The Indian Express dated 26th October, 2019, says that malnutrition, poverty and poor sanitation needs to be addressed first to get rid of TB in the country. It may be noted that in 2019 India ranks 102nd among 117 countries in terms of Global Hunger Index (GHI). Chart 1: India’s TB profile according to Global TB Report 2019 Source: Global TB Report 2019: India Profile, World Health Organization, please click here to access  --- The total number of persons who fell ill with TB was estimated to be 26.9 lakh in 2018, which comprised 19.9 lakh people with TB notified and 7.0 lakh people either not notified or not diagnosed, shows the Global TB Report 2019. Out of the 26.9 lakh TB patients in 2018, 56 percent were men, 31 percent were women and 13 percent were children. Please check chart-1 for details. It may be noted that the 2019 India TB report mentions that TB is a notifiable disease vide 2012 as per declaration of Government of India order. Reporting of TB cases is believed to have expanded the ambit of TB surveillance covering all public as well as private health facilities. The healthcare providers shall notify every TB case to local authorities such as District Health Officers/ Chief Medical Officers of a district and Municipal Health Officer of a municipal corporation, as per that order. The notification should be done every month. The surveillance begins with the notification, and completes with acting on the information gathered. In March 2018, the notification was published in the Gazette of India, making it mandatory for private providers to notify TB patients and the public health system to act upon it. The report by World Health Organization (WHO) says that the country has witnessed 4.49 lakh TB deaths in 2018, including 9,700 deaths among people with HIV. As stated above, one of the risk factors behind TB cases is HIV. Please see chart-1.   It has been observed by the recent report that on an average 1.3 lakh people fell ill with drug-resistant TB, out of which 58,347 were laboratory confirmed. Almost 46,569 drug-resistant TB patients started second-line treatment. In 2018, on an average there were 92,000 people living with HIV who fell ill with TB. Almost 49,047 such cases were notified. There were 44,080 such notified cases where antiretroviral treatment could be started. Although the TB incidence rate (in terms of cases per lakh population) has fallen over the years between 2000 and 2018, the number of notified TB cases (new and relapse) per lakh population has increased during that span with fluctuations in between. It means that the gap between estimated TB cases and notified TB cases in the country has contracted over the last 18 years.    From chart-2 it could be inferred that TB incidence in India (viz. 26.9 lakh) as a proportion of TB incidence globally (viz. 100 lakh) was nearly 27 percent in 2018. Chart 2: India’s TB profile in details according to Global TB Report 2019       Source: Global TB Report 2019: India & World Profile, World Health Organization, please click here to access  --- Chart-2 indicates that against India's TB incidence rate of 199 cases per lakh population, the global TB incidence rate was 132 cases per lakh population in 2018. Against India's HIV-positive TB incidence rate of 6.8 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 11 cases per lakh population. Against India's multidrug-resistant TB or rifampicin-resistant TB incidence rate (MDR/RR-TB incidence) of 9.6 cases per lakh population on an average, the same globally was 6.4 cases per lakh population. The estimated proportion of new TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 2.8 percent in 2018, while that proportion globally was 3.4 percent. The estimated proportion of previously treated TB cases with MDR/RR-TB for India was 14 percent in 2018, while that proportion at the global level was 18 percent. The TB treatment coverage (notified/ estimated incidence) in 2018 for India was 74 percent, whereas the same globally was 69 percent.    The country's TB budget in 2019 was US$ 583 million. Nearly 77 percent of the funding is done domestically and the rest (viz. 23 percent) is dependent on international funding. References Global TB Report 2019: India’s TB profile, World Health Organization, please click here to access   Global TB Report 2019: India’s TB profile in details, World Health Organization, please click here to access Global TB Report 2019, World Health Organization, please click here to access   Global Tuberculosis report 2019, please click here to access   2019 India TB report, released in September 2019, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, please click here and here to access 2019 Global Hunger Index: The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change, released in October, 2019, produced by Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide jointly, please click here to access   TB notification Gazette of India dated 16 March, 2018, please click here to access   TB Notification Government of India Order dated 07 May, 2012, please click here to access   India's TB report must be seen in light of the country's slide in Hunger Index -Shah Alam Khan, The Indian Express, 26 October, 2019, please click here to access      Image Courtesy: UNDP India

Tagged with: global tb report MDR-TB Multi-drug-resistant Tuberculosis TB Tuberculosis

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