Much like the tsunami waves that devastated many coastal areas five years ago, the closing weeks of 2009 saw an ill wind sweeping across many of our democratic institutions, highlighting that beneath the veneer of the nation’s aspirations towards great power status was a crumbling institutional core. To look at the fourth estate first. The preface to the Press Council of India’s “Norms of Journalistic Conduct” has a section that...
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Primary Schooling by Amartya Sen
PRIMARY SCHOOLING: I Pratichi Trust (India) was established a decade ago, along with its sister across the border, Pratichi Trust (Bangladesh) [1]. The Bangladesh centre has been concentrating on the social progress of girls and young women there (it has worked particularly on supporting and training young women journalists reporting from rural Bangladesh), whereas here in India, the work of the Trust has been mainly focused on advancing primary education...
More »Learning from successes and failures by Amartya Sen
A report card from Pratichi Trust on the primary schooling scene in West Bengal Pratichi Trust (India) was established a decade ago, along with Pratichi Trust (Bangladesh). The latter has been concentrating on the social progress of girls and young women: it has worked particularly on supporting and training young women journalists reporting from rural Bangladesh. In India, the work has mainly focussed on advancing primary education and elementary health care,...
More »Road to Copenhagen by R Ramachandran
It has been a bumpy ride, with developed countries failing to make definite commitments and India hinting at a shift of stance. THE last leg of the climate change talks held in Barcelona, Spain, on November 2-6 in the run-up to the all-important 15th Conference of the Parties (COP-15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen in December did not result in any dramatic development...
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is that the number of rape cases has increased ten fold in the past four and a half decades. </font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Based on country data available, up to 70 percent of women experience physical or sexual violence from men in their lifetime — the majority from husbands, intimate partners or someone they know. Among women aged 15–44, acts of violence cause more death and disability than cancer, malaria, traffic accidents and war combined. Perhaps the most pervasive human rights violation that we know today, violence against women devastates lives, fractures communities, and stalls development. It takes many forms and occurs in many places — domestic violence in the home, sexual abuse of girls in schools, sexual harassment at work, rape by husbands or strangers, in refugee camps or as a tactic of war. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Marking the 10th anniversary of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called for increased action to deal with the global pandemic of violence against women and girls. On 6 November 2009, United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) launched the global advocacy initiative Say NO – UNiTE to end violence against women, which will stimulate, count and showcase actions on ending violence against women. The innovative platform will spotlight global efforts and demonstrate the groundswell of support and actions on the issue. In India, a survey showed that for each incidence of violence, women lost an average of 7 working days. Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. According to the latest National Crime Records Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code-IPC and Special and Local Laws-SLL) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 1,64,765 during 2006, thus recording an increase of 12.5% during 2007. The number of rape cases has increased by nearly ten folds from 2,487 in 1953 to 20,737 in 2007. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Femicide – the murder of women because they are women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, one-third of women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an intimate partner.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In India, 22 women were killed each day in dowry-related murders in 2007.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Guatemala, two women are murdered, on average, each day.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Trafficking</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Women and girls constitute 80 percent of the estimated 800,000 people trafficked annually, with the majority (79 percent) trafficked for sexual exploitation.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Harmful practices</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 100 to 140 million girls and women in the world have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting, with more than 3 million girls in Africa annually at risk of the practice.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• More than 60 million girls worldwide are child brides, married before the age of 18, primarily in South Asia (31.1 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (14.1 million). </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual violence against women and girls</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• An estimated 150 million girls under 18 suffered some form of sexual violence in 2002 alone.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• As many as 1 in 4 women experience physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy, which increases the likelihood of having a miscarriage, stillbirth and abortion. Up to 53 percent of women physically abused by their intimate partners are being kicked or punched in the abdomen.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In São Paulo, Brazil, a woman is assaulted every 15 seconds.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Ecuador, adolescent girls reporting sexual violence in school identified teachers as the perpetrators in 37 percent of cases.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Rape as a method of warfare</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls were raped in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, at least 200,000 cases of sexual violence, mostly involving women and girls, have been documented since 1996, though the actual numbers are considered to be much higher.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Cost of violence against women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Domestic violence alone cost approximately US$1.16 billion in Canada and US$5.8 billion in the United States. In Australia, violence against women and children costs an estimated US$11.38 billion per year.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual harassment</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries experience unwanted sexual advancements, physical contact or other forms of sexual harassment at their workplace.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12–16 experienced some form of sexual harassment in public schools.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Further readings</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font><a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Violence Against Women Fachtsheet # 239, World Health Organization (WHO),<br />
Available at </font><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
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'title' => 'Violence against women rising',
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is that the number of rape cases has increased ten fold in the past four and a half decades. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Based on country data available, up to 70 percent of women experience physical or sexual violence from men in their lifetime — the majority from husbands, intimate partners or someone they know. Among women aged 15–44, acts of violence cause more death and disability than cancer, malaria, traffic accidents and war combined. Perhaps the most pervasive human rights violation that we know today, violence against women devastates lives, fractures communities, and stalls development. It takes many forms and occurs in many places — domestic violence in the home, sexual abuse of girls in schools, sexual harassment at work, rape by husbands or strangers, in refugee camps or as a tactic of war. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Marking the 10th anniversary of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called for increased action to deal with the global pandemic of violence against women and girls. On 6 November 2009, United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) launched the global advocacy initiative Say NO – UNiTE to end violence against women, which will stimulate, count and showcase actions on ending violence against women. The innovative platform will spotlight global efforts and demonstrate the groundswell of support and actions on the issue. In India, a survey showed that for each incidence of violence, women lost an average of 7 working days. Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. According to the latest National Crime Records Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code-IPC and Special and Local Laws-SLL) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 1,64,765 during 2006, thus recording an increase of 12.5% during 2007. The number of rape cases has increased by nearly ten folds from 2,487 in 1953 to 20,737 in 2007. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Femicide – the murder of women because they are women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, one-third of women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an intimate partner.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In India, 22 women were killed each day in dowry-related murders in 2007.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Guatemala, two women are murdered, on average, each day.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Trafficking</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Women and girls constitute 80 percent of the estimated 800,000 people trafficked annually, with the majority (79 percent) trafficked for sexual exploitation.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Harmful practices</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 100 to 140 million girls and women in the world have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting, with more than 3 million girls in Africa annually at risk of the practice.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• More than 60 million girls worldwide are child brides, married before the age of 18, primarily in South Asia (31.1 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (14.1 million). </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual violence against women and girls</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• An estimated 150 million girls under 18 suffered some form of sexual violence in 2002 alone.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• As many as 1 in 4 women experience physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy, which increases the likelihood of having a miscarriage, stillbirth and abortion. Up to 53 percent of women physically abused by their intimate partners are being kicked or punched in the abdomen.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In São Paulo, Brazil, a woman is assaulted every 15 seconds.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Ecuador, adolescent girls reporting sexual violence in school identified teachers as the perpetrators in 37 percent of cases.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Rape as a method of warfare</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls were raped in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, at least 200,000 cases of sexual violence, mostly involving women and girls, have been documented since 1996, though the actual numbers are considered to be much higher.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Cost of violence against women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Domestic violence alone cost approximately US$1.16 billion in Canada and US$5.8 billion in the United States. In Australia, violence against women and children costs an estimated US$11.38 billion per year.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual harassment</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries experience unwanted sexual advancements, physical contact or other forms of sexual harassment at their workplace.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12–16 experienced some form of sexual harassment in public schools.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Further readings</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font><a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Violence Against Women Fachtsheet # 239, World Health Organization (WHO),<br />
Available at </font><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
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It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is...'
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It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is...
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'title' => 'Violence against women rising',
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is that the number of rape cases has increased ten fold in the past four and a half decades. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Based on country data available, up to 70 percent of women experience physical or sexual violence from men in their lifetime — the majority from husbands, intimate partners or someone they know. Among women aged 15–44, acts of violence cause more death and disability than cancer, malaria, traffic accidents and war combined. Perhaps the most pervasive human rights violation that we know today, violence against women devastates lives, fractures communities, and stalls development. It takes many forms and occurs in many places — domestic violence in the home, sexual abuse of girls in schools, sexual harassment at work, rape by husbands or strangers, in refugee camps or as a tactic of war. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Marking the 10th anniversary of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called for increased action to deal with the global pandemic of violence against women and girls. On 6 November 2009, United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) launched the global advocacy initiative Say NO – UNiTE to end violence against women, which will stimulate, count and showcase actions on ending violence against women. The innovative platform will spotlight global efforts and demonstrate the groundswell of support and actions on the issue. In India, a survey showed that for each incidence of violence, women lost an average of 7 working days. Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. According to the latest National Crime Records Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code-IPC and Special and Local Laws-SLL) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 1,64,765 during 2006, thus recording an increase of 12.5% during 2007. The number of rape cases has increased by nearly ten folds from 2,487 in 1953 to 20,737 in 2007. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Femicide – the murder of women because they are women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, one-third of women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an intimate partner.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In India, 22 women were killed each day in dowry-related murders in 2007.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Guatemala, two women are murdered, on average, each day.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Trafficking</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Women and girls constitute 80 percent of the estimated 800,000 people trafficked annually, with the majority (79 percent) trafficked for sexual exploitation.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Harmful practices</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 100 to 140 million girls and women in the world have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting, with more than 3 million girls in Africa annually at risk of the practice.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• More than 60 million girls worldwide are child brides, married before the age of 18, primarily in South Asia (31.1 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (14.1 million). </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual violence against women and girls</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• An estimated 150 million girls under 18 suffered some form of sexual violence in 2002 alone.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• As many as 1 in 4 women experience physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy, which increases the likelihood of having a miscarriage, stillbirth and abortion. Up to 53 percent of women physically abused by their intimate partners are being kicked or punched in the abdomen.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In São Paulo, Brazil, a woman is assaulted every 15 seconds.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Ecuador, adolescent girls reporting sexual violence in school identified teachers as the perpetrators in 37 percent of cases.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Rape as a method of warfare</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls were raped in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, at least 200,000 cases of sexual violence, mostly involving women and girls, have been documented since 1996, though the actual numbers are considered to be much higher.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Cost of violence against women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Domestic violence alone cost approximately US$1.16 billion in Canada and US$5.8 billion in the United States. In Australia, violence against women and children costs an estimated US$11.38 billion per year.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual harassment</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries experience unwanted sexual advancements, physical contact or other forms of sexual harassment at their workplace.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12–16 experienced some form of sexual harassment in public schools.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Further readings</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font><a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Violence Against Women Fachtsheet # 239, World Health Organization (WHO),<br />
Available at </font><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
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