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'im4change' $adminprix = 'admin' $rn = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) { 'id' => (int) 20358, 'title' => 'Social Justice', 'subheading' => '', 'description' => '<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>KEY TRENDS</strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">• According to National Sample Survey report no. 583: Persons with Disabilities in India, the percentage of persons with disability who received aid/help from Government was 21.8 percent, 1.8 percent received aid/help from organisation other than Government and another 76.4 percent did not receive aid/ help <strong>*8</strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">• As per National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), the Under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR) was 57.2 per 1,000 live births <em>(for the non-STs it was 38.5)</em> <strong>*7</strong> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">• Occupational vulnerability, stated by the Hashim Committee, comes about due to the ‘fact that the large majority of the urban poor are trapped in low end jobs—insecure, low paid, low productivity with debilitating work conditions—mainly in the informal sector.’ Third party interventions in the job market based on commissions, lack of social protection at work, seasonal casual employment (like fishing) and so forth are major reasons for vulnerability. Some of the occupations falling under this category are noted to include ‘daily wage workers, construction labour, petty traders, hawkers, street children, sex-workers, rickshaw-puller[s], domestic workers, etc.’ <strong>*6</strong><br /> <br /> • The proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3 percent), followed by OBC (9 percent), SC (8.5 percent) and ST (6.3 percent) during July 2011 - June 2012 <strong>*5</strong><br /> <br /> • The proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6 percent) and ST (38.3 percent) than among the OBC (32.1 percent) and general class (21 percent) during July 2011 - June 2012 <strong>*5</strong><br /> <br /> • The percentage of households using LPG/PNG was just 9.2 percent among STs as compared to 16.9 percent among SCs and 28.5 percent among all households in 2011 <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • Access to banking services is found to have more than doubled - an increase from 19 percent (in 2001) to 45 percent (in 2011) among STs and from 25 percent (in 2001) to 51 percent (in 2011) among SCs <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • Access to television has increased from 12 percent (in 2001) to 21.8 percent (in 2011) among STs and from 21.2 percent (in 2001) to 39.1 percent (in 2011) among SCs <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • Access to telephone has decreased from 2.5 percent (in 2001) to 1.9 percent (in 2011) among STs and from 3.4 percent (in 2001) to 3.0 percent (in 2011) among SCs <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in rural areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.7 percent, adivasis (STs) is 33.8 percent and Muslims is 25.6 percent while the same among the entire population is 23.7 percent as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data) <strong>*3</strong><br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in urban areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.0 percent, adivasis (STs) is 34.3 percent and Muslims is 37.1 percent while the same among the entire population is 23.2 percent as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data) <strong>*3</strong><br /> <br /> • NSSO data for 2009-10 shows that 92.1 percent of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in rural areas were landless or had landholdings of one hectare or less. This has led to a preponderance of SCs in casual labour. NSSO statistics indicate that in 2009-10, 76.5 percent of Scheduled Tribe (ST) households in rural areas were either landless or had less than 1 hectare of land. The share of tribal households with small and marginal landholdings has been steadily increasing over time <strong>*3</strong><br /> <br /> • Among the poorest 20 percent households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 3.21 percent in 2000 to 4.12 percent in 2012 while among the richest 20 percent households, the same increased from 7.18 percent in 2000 to 8.52 percent in 2012 <strong>*2</strong><br /> <br /> • The share of out-of-pocket in total household spending increased sharply among Muslims (relative to non-Muslims) during 2000-2012 in all three of the indicators of OOP shares - outpatient care, inpatient care and overall - so their OOP spending burden also increased <strong>*2</strong><br /> <br /> • Among the SC/ST households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 5.23 percent in 2000 to 6.57 percent in 2012 while among the Muslim households, the same increased from 5.49 percent in 2000 to 7.02 percent in 2012 <strong>*2</strong><br /> <br /> • Only 22.6 percent ST households have latrine facility within the premises as compared to 46.9 percent households belonging to all social groups. Roughly 74.7 percent ST households practice open defecation as compared to 49.8 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011) <strong>*1</strong> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>8.</strong> NSS report no. 583: Persons with Disabilities in India, NSS 76th round, July 2018 to December 2018, released in November, 2019, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, please <a href="http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_583_Final_0.pdf">click here</a> to access</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>7. </strong>Report of the Expert Committee on Tribal Health: Tribal Health in India -- Bridging the Gap and a Roadmap for the Future (2018), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs, please click <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/39817Tribal-Health-Report-First-Comprehensive-Report-on-Tribal-Health-in-India.pdf">here</a> and <a href="http://tribalhealthreport.in/?Website_Launch_Mail">here</a> to access</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>6.</strong> India Exclusion Report 2015, prepared by Centre for Equity Studies in collaboration with various organizations, (please <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/91763text-final_India-Exclusion-Report-round2Final.pdf">click here</a> to access the report) </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>5.</strong> NSS 68th Round Report: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12 (released in January 2015) (kindly <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">click here</a> to access the report)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>4.</strong> Conditions of SC/ST Households: A Story of Unequal Improvement by RB Bhagat, Economic and Political Weekly, October 12, 2013, Vol xlviiI 62 no. 41 (Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Conditions_of_SCST_Households_1.pdf" title="Conditions of SCST households">click here</a> to download)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>3.</strong> India Exclusion Report 2013-14 (Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf" title="India Exclusion Report 2013 14">click here</a> to download)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>2.</strong> Moving to Universal Coverage? Trends in the Burden of Out-Of-Pocket Payments for Health Care across Social Groups in India, 1999-2000 to 2011-12 by Anup Karan, Sakthivel Selvaraj and Ajay Mahal, Plos One Journal, August 15, 2014 (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Out%20of%20pocket%20expenditure%20on%20health%20by%20various%20social%20groups.pdf">click here</a> to access)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>1.</strong> Tribal Profile at a Glance (May 2013), Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Scheduled%20Tribe%20Population.pdf" title="Tribal Profile at a Glance">click here</a> to download)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><br /> The <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/India%20Discrimination%20Report%202022.pdf">India Discrimination Report 2022</a> focuses on the differential access to labour market (absorption and wages), factor market (access to credit) and endowment market (access to hospitalisation) for different socio-religious and gender groups. The analysis attempts to capture the extent of identity-based discrimination explaining the gaps in access to employment and in wages, credit and health facilities in the context of formation of human capital across different castes, tribal and religious identities and gender.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please click <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/India%20Discrimination%20Report%202022.pdf">here</a> and <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/oxfam-s-india-discrimination-report-women-in-india-earn-less-and-get-fewer-jobs.html">here</a> to access the main findings of the [inside]India Discrimination Report 2022 (released in September 2022)[/inside], which has been published by Oxfam India.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20NDMJ_NCRB_2021_Analysis%20.pdf">click here</a> to access the [inside]Press release by National Coalition for Strengthening SCs and STs (PoA) Act (NCSPA) and National Dalit Movement for Justice (NDMJ) dated 30 August, 2022[/inside]. The press release is based on the analysis of 'Crime in India - 2021' report (released in August 2022), which has been brought out by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong><br /> The 76th round Survey of Persons with Disabilities was spread over 8,992 FSUs (5,378 FSUs in rural areas and 3,614 FSUs in urban areas) covering 1,18,152 households (81,004 in rural areas and 37,148 in urban areas) and enumerating 5,76,569 persons (4,02,589 in rural areas and 1,73,980 in urban areas). In this survey, total number of persons with disability surveyed was 1,06,894 (74,946 in rural areas and 31,948 in urban areas).<br /> <br /> The key findings of the [inside]NSS report no. 583: Persons with Disabilities in India, NSS 76th round, July 2018 to December 2018 (released in November, 2019)[/inside], Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please <a href="http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_583_Final_0.pdf">click here</a> to access) are as follows:<br /> <br /> <strong>A. Prevalence and incidence of disability</strong><br /> <br /> • In India prevalence of disability (percentage of persons with disability in the population) was 2.2 percent. It was 2.3 percent in rural areas and 2.0 percent in the urban areas.<br /> <br /> • The prevalence of disability was higher among males than females. Among males, prevalence of disability was 2.4 percent which was 1.9 percent among females.<br /> <br /> • The incidence of disability in the population, that is the number of persons whose onset of disability (by birth or otherwise) had been during the specified period of 365 days preceding the date of survey per 1,00,000 persons was 86.<br /> <br /> <strong>B. Education level among persons with disabilities</strong><br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 7 years and above, 52.2 percent were literates.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, 19.3 percent had highest educational level secondary and above.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 3 to 35 years, 10.1 percent attended preschool intervention programme.<br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons with disability of age 3 to 35 years who were ever enrolled in ordinary school was 62.9 percent.<br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons of age 3 to 35 years with disability who were ever enrolled in special school among those who were not enrolled in ordinary school or were enrolled in ordinary school but were not currently attending was 4.1 percent.<br /> <br /> <strong>C. Living arrangement, care giver, receipt of aid/ help, certificate of disability</strong><br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons with disability who were living alone was 3.7 percent.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities, 62.1 percent had care giver, for 0.3 percent of the persons with disabilities caregiver was required but not available and for another 37.7 percent of the persons with disabilities no caregiver was required.<br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons with disability who received aid/help from Government was 21.8 percent, 1.8 percent received aid/help from organisation other than Government and another 76.4 percent did not receive aid/ help.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disability, 28.8 percent had certificate of disability.<br /> <br /> <strong>D. Labour Force Participation Rate, Worker Population Ratio in usual status (ps+ss) and Unemployment Rate among persons of age 15 years and above with disabilities</strong><br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, Labour Force Participation Rate in usual status (ps+ss) was 23.8 percent.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, Worker Population Ratio in usual status (ps+ss) was 22.8 percent.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, Unemployment Rate in usual status (ps+ss) was 4.2 percent.<br /> <br /> **page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify">According to the [inside]Report of the Expert Committee on Tribal Health: Tribal Health in India -- Bridging the Gap and a Roadmap for the Future (2018)[/inside], Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs, please click <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/39817Tribal-Health-Report-First-Comprehensive-Report-on-Tribal-Health-in-India.pdf">here</a> and <a href="http://tribalhealthreport.in/?Website_Launch_Mail">here</a> to access:<br /> <br /> • The estimates published in the Lancet (2016) show that life expectancy at birth for the ST population in the country was 63.9 years, as against 67 years for the general population. The life expectancy for tribal people is likely to be an overestimate because child deaths are under-reported among the STs more often than in general population<br /> <br /> • The prevalence of underweight among ST children has reduced from 54.5 percent in NFHS-3 (2005-06) to 42 percent in NFHS-4 (2015-16). However, as compared to other social groups, tribal children continue to be the most undernourished. The prevalence of underweight is almost one and half times in tribal children than in 'other' castes <br /> <br /> • The Rapid Survey of Children (2013-14) shows that the highest percentage of children with low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg) was found among the tribal population<br /> <br /> • Only about 25 percent pregnant and lactating ST women and 29-32 percent ST children had adequate intakes of both protein and calories<br /> <br /> • On an average, intake of cereals and millets decreased by about 50 gm/ CU/ day between second (1988-90) and the third National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) surveys (2008-09) in tribal areas. The average daily intake of proteins decreased by about 3 gm/ CU/ day and vitamin A by about 117 μgm/ CU/ day. The average intake of energy decreased by nearly 150 Kcal/ CU/ day</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><br /> • Sex ratio among the Scheduled Tribes (STs) is 990 compared to sex ratio of 938 among the non-STs<br /> <br /> • Child sex ratio among the STs is 957 as compared to 914 among the non-STs<br /> <br /> • 40.6 percent of ST population lived below the poverty line as against 20.5 percent of the non-tribal population in 2009-10<br /> <br /> • Based on the Tendulkar methodology, it was found by the Planning Commission that the proportion of ST population living below the poverty line in rural areas was 47.4 percent in 2009-10 as compared to 33.8 percent of overall population (rural)<br /> <br /> • Based on the Tendulkar methodology, it was found by the Planning Commission that the proportion of ST population living below the poverty line in urban areas was 30.4 percent in 2009-10 as compared to 20.9 percent of the overall population (urban)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><br /> • 65 percent of tribal women in the 15-49 years age group suffer from anemia<br /> <br /> • The rate of institutional delivery is the lowest among tribal women (70.1 percent).<br /> <br /> • As per the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), the estimated Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) for the ST population was 44.4 per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age (for the non-STs it was 32.1) and for the 1-4 years ST children the child mortality rate was 13.4 (for the non-STs it was 6.6) <br /> <br /> • As per NFHS-4, the Under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR) was 57.2 per 1,000 live births (for the non-STs it was 38.5)<br /> <br /> • As much as 50 percent of mortality due to malaria occur among the STs<br /> <br /> • The estimated prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among the tribal community is significantly higher than the rest of the country-- 703 against 256 per 100,000<br /> <br /> • Though the proportion of ST population in the country was 8.6 percent, the proportion of new leprosy cases among the STs was found to be 18.5 percent, thus, revealing a disproportionate burden of leprosy among the tribal population <br /> <br /> • One out of every four tribal adults suffer from hypertension<br /> <br /> • Sickle cell anemia is prevalent 1 in 86 births among tribal communities, in Central India<br /> <br /> • Almost 72 percent of the tribal men (as compared to 56 percent non-ST men) in the 15-54 years age group were using tobacco and 50 percent STs consumed alcohol<br /> <br /> • Nearly 50 percent of the outpatient visits by tribal people were to public hospitals and more than two third of the indoor hospitalization of tribal population was in government health services<br /> <br /> • Since tribal areas are surrounded by forests, animal bites from snakes, dogs and scorpions are common. The country has the highest snakebite mortality in the world -- between 45,000 to 50,000 every year, i.e. about 125 persons per day <br /> <br /> • Over 104 million tribal people live in India<br /> <br /> • 705 tribes are present in India under Scheduled Tribes<br /> <br /> • 8.6 percent of the country’s population is tribal<br /> <br /> • At present, there are 75 tribal groups identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups<br /> <br /> • Based on 2001 census it could be said that there are 19 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) with less than 1,000 population, four PVTGs with a population of more than 50,000 and eight PVTGs with a population above 1,00,000 population (Singh et al, 2014)<br /> <br /> • The availability of funds under the Tribal Sub-Plan during the last 3 years shows that on an average per capita availability of fund per year was nearly Rs. 8,000. During the current year, it is around Rs. 10,000. However, often the percentage expenditure shown under TSP is a mere accounting exercise. This is because various ministries show under TSP, the regular services that would be in any case have to provide in tribal areas. The additional expenditure in these areas, which is the mandate of the TSP, remains unstated. There is no consolidated data available on TSP expenditure, at the state and central level <br /> <br /> • Currently the unavailability of financing data on tribal health stems from poor monitoring of allocation and utilization of funds in tribal areas. The present system of fund flows for tribal health is complex. Several ministries and state departments provide funds to these regions/ populations through different mechanisms. A mechanism to consolidate the pool of funds for health for the ST populations/ tribal regions could be proposed at the district level under the aegis of the district panchayat (or tribal autonomous council where they exist, and the district health society)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">The judgement by Supreme Court judges Adarsh Kumar Goel and Uday Umesh Lalit (dated 20th March, 2018, please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/22086_2017_Judgement_20-Mar-2018.pdf" title="SC ST Act judgement">click here</a> to access) pertaining to Criminal Appeal No. 416 of 2018 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No. 5661 of 2017), among other things, says that:<br /> <br /> • In view of acknowledged abuse of law of arrest in cases under [inside]The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989)[/inside], arrest of a public servant can only be after approval of the appointing authority and of a non-public servant after approval by the Senior Superintendent of Police (S.S.P.) which may be granted in appropriate cases if considered necessary for reasons recorded. Such reasons must be scrutinized by the Magistrate for permitting further detention.<br /> <br /> • To avoid false implication of an innocent, a preliminary enquiry may be conducted by the D.S.P. concerned to find out whether the allegations make out a case under The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989) and that the allegations are not frivolous or motivated.<br /> <br /> • To avoid false implication, before a First Information Report (FIR) is registered, preliminary enquiry may be made (as mentioned above) whether the case falls in the parameters of The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989) and is not frivolous or motivated.<br /> <br /> • There is no absolute bar against grant of anticipatory bail in cases under The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989) if no prima facie case is made out or where on judicial scrutiny the complaint is found to be prima facie mala fide.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">-- </p> <div style="text-align:justify">The press release by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment dated 25 January, 2016 (please <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135764">click here</a> to access) says that the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 to ensure more stringent provisions for prevention of Atrocities against Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes will be enforced with effect from January 26, 2016.<br /> </div> <p style="text-align:justify">Consequent upon passing of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Bill, 2015 by the Lok Sabha on August 04,2015 and Rajya Sabha on December 21, 2015, to make amendments in the Principal Act, namely, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) {PoA} Act, 1989, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015, as assented by the President on December 31, 2015, was notified in the Gazette of India Extraordinary on January 01, 2016. After framing the rules for enactment, now it will be enforced by the Central Government with effect from January 26, 2016.<br /> <br /> The key features of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 (please <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135764">click here</a> to access), are:<br /> <br /> • New offences of atrocities like tonsuring of head, moustache, or similar acts which are derogatory to the dignity of members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, garlanding with chappals, denying access to irrigation facilities or forest rights , dispose or carry human or animal carcasses, or to dig graves, using or permitting manual scavenging, dedicating a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe women as devadasi, abusing in caste name, perpetrating witchcraft atrocities, imposing social or economic boycott, preventing Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates from filing of nomination to contest elections, hurting a Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes woman by removing her garments, forcing a member of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe to leave house , village or residence, defiling objects sacred to members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe, touching or using words, acts or gestures of a sexual nature against members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe.<br /> <br /> • Addition of certain IPC offences like hurt, grievous hurt, intimidation, kidnapping etc., attracting less than ten years of imprisonment, committed against members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe, as offences punishable under the PoA Act. Presently, only those offences listed in IPC as attracting punishment of 10 years or more and committed on members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe are accepted as offences falling under the PoA Act.<br /> <br /> • Establishment of Exclusive Special Courts and specification of Exclusive Special Public Prosecutors also, to exclusively try the offences under the PoA Act to enable speedy and expeditious disposal of cases.<br /> <br /> • Power of Special Courts and Exclusive Special Courts, to take direct cognizance of offence and as far as possible, completion of trial of the case within two months, from the date of filing of the charge sheet.<br /> <br /> • Addition of chapter on the ‘Rights of Victims and Witnesses’.<br /> <br /> • Defining clearly the term ‘wilful negligence’ of public servants at all levels, starting from the registration of complaint, and covering aspects of dereliction of duty under this Act.<br /> <br /> • Addition of presumption to the offences –If the accused was acquainted with the victim or his family, the court will presume that the accused was aware of the caste or tribal identity of the victim unless proved otherwise.<br /> <br /> According to <u><span style="color:#0000ff">vikaspedia.in</span></u>, the key features of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 (please <a href="http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/scheduled-caste-welfare-1/the-scheduled-castes-and-the-scheduled-tribes-prevention-of-atrocities-amendment-act-2015">click here</a> to access), are:<br /> <br /> • <strong>Actions to be treated as offences -</strong> The Act outlines actions (by non SCs and STs) against SCs or STs to be treated as offences. The Amendment Act amends certain existing categories and adds new categories of actions to be treated as offences. New offences added under the Act include: (a) garlanding with footwear, (b) compelling to dispose or carry human or animal carcasses, or do manual scavenging, (c) abusing SCs or STs by caste name in public, (d) attempting to promote feelings of ill-will against SCs or STs or disrespecting any deceased person held in high esteem, and (e) imposing or threatening a social or economic boycott.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Assaulting or sexual exploiting an SC or ST woman is an offence under the Act -</strong> The Amendment Act adds that: (a) intentionally touching an SC or ST woman in a sexual manner without her consent, or (b) using words, acts or gestures of a sexual nature, or (c) dedicating an SC or ST women as a devadasi to a temple, or any similar practice will also be considered an offence. Consent is defined as a voluntary agreement through verbal or non-verbal communication.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Preventing SCs or STs from undertaking the following activities will be considered an offence -</strong> (a) using common property resources, (c) entering any place of worship that is open to the public, and (d) entering an education or health institution.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Addition of presumption to the offences – </strong>The court shall presume that the accused was aware of the caste or tribal identity of the victim if the accused had personal knowledge of the victim or his family, unless the contrary is proved.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Role of public servants - </strong>The Act specifies that a non SC or ST public servant who neglects his/her duties relating to SCs or STs shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term of six months to one year. The Amendment Act specifies these duties, including: (a) registering a complaint or FIR, (b) reading out information given orally, before taking the signature of the informant and giving a copy of this information to the informant, etc.<br /> <br /> • Addition of certain IPC offences like hurt, grievous hurt, intimidation, kidnapping etc., attracting less than ten years of imprisonment, committed against members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe, as offences punishable under the PoA Act. Presently, only those offences listed in IPC as attracting punishment of 10 years or more and committed on members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe are accepted as offences falling under the PoA Act.<br /> <br /> • Establishment of Exclusive Special Courts and specification of Exclusive Special Public Prosecutors also, to exclusively try the offences under the PoA Act to enable speedy and expeditious disposal of cases.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Rights of victims and witnesses -</strong> The Amendment Act adds a chapter on the rights of victims and witness. It shall be the duty of the state to make arrangements for the protection of victims, their dependants and witnesses. The state government shall specify a scheme to ensure the implementation of rights of victims and witnesses.<br /> <br /> • The courts established under the Act may take measures such as: (a) concealing the names of witnesses, (b) taking immediate action in respect of any complaint relating to harassment of a victim, informant or witness, etc. Any such complaint shall be tried separately from the main case and be concluded within two months.<br /> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="http://ncsc.nic.in/files/PoA%20Amendment%20Rules,%202016.pdf">click here</a> to access the Rules related to The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act (2015). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/SCST%20Prevention%20of%20Atrocities%20Act%202015.pdf" title="SC ST Prevention of Atrocities Amendment Act 2015">click here</a> to access the The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act (2015). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/poarules.pdf" title="PoA Rules SC ST">click here</a> to access the Rules related to The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/The%20Scheduled%20Caste%20and%20the%20Scheduled%20Tribes%20Prevention%20Of%20Atrocities%20Act%201989.pdf" title="The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes Prevention Of Atrocities Act 1989">click here</a> to access The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989).</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify">The [inside]India Exclusion Report 2015[/inside] is based on information and knowledge resources available in the public domain. The report has studied the exclusion faced by five especially vulnerable groups: single women, Devadasis, survivors of ethnic conflict, survivors of communal violence, and the Jarawa tribe.<br /> <br /> The key facts from the India Exclusion Report 2015, which has been prepared by Centre for Equity Studies in collaboration with various organizations (please <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/91763text-final_India-Exclusion-Report-round2Final.pdf">click here</a> to access the report), are as follows:<br /> <br /> <strong>Urban healthcare and exclusion</strong><br /> <br /> • The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in its report on Key Indicators of Slums in India (2012) informs us about the poor conditions of living in urban slums. The survey shows that over a third of slum settlements had no electricity, while close to a third had no access to tap water, latrine facilities, drainage facilities, or garbage disposal arrangements. Only 23.9 percent of the slums benefitted from any slum benefit scheme (such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Rajiv Gandhi Awas Yojana, etc.). At the national level, out of an estimated total of 33,510 slums, 59 percent were non-notified, accounting for almost 3.25 million slum households not officially recognised as slums by the government.<br /> <br /> • As per the dissertation entitled ‘A Study to Understand the Barriers and Facilitating Factors for Accessing Health Care amongst Adult Street Dwellers in New Delhi, India’ by V Prasad (2011), untreated injuries have resulted in lifelong disabilities, jeopardising the ability to work, further perpetuating homelessness.<br /> <br /> • As per the Handbook of Urbanization in India by KC Sivaramakrishnan, A Kundu and BN Singh (2005), in a highly cash-strained environment, some people have to live on pavements and streets to be able to save money for remittances.<br /> <br /> • Some of the socially vulnerable groups identified by the Hashim Committee are women, seniors without care, people with disabilities, the homeless, people living with leprosy, mental illness and AIDS, scheduled castes and tribes, children without adult care, street and working children, and children of destitute and stigmatised parents.<br /> <br /> • Occupational vulnerability, stated by the Hashim Committee, comes about due to the ‘fact that the large majority of the urban poor are trapped in low end jobs—insecure, low paid, low productivity with debilitating work conditions—mainly in the informal sector.’ Third party interventions in the job market based on commissions, lack of social protection at work, seasonal casual employment (like fishing) and so forth are major reasons for vulnerability. Some of the occupations falling under this category are noted to include ‘daily wage workers, construction labour, petty traders, hawkers, street children, sex-workers, rickshaw-pullers, domestic workers, etc.’<br /> <br /> • According to the 71st round of the National Sample Survey, the average total medical expenditure per single ailment is much higher—i.e., INR 741 for males and INR 629 for females in urban areas, as compared to INR 549 and INR 589 respectively in rural areas. Moreover, this survey found that expenditure in private hospitals as compared to public is much higher in urban areas (three times the expense in private than public hospitals for males and almost double for females) as compared to rural areas (1.9 times the expense in private than public hospitals for males and 1.6 times for females). All this results in a greater proportion of expenditure, on average, per person in urban areas as compared to rural (INR 639 as compared to INR 509). For the poorest fifth of urban dwellers, on average the cost to treat a single ailment in a single person is the same as over 10 months of household expenditure; costs are this high or even higher for those who use the private sector more.<br /> <br /> • In urban areas, the proportion of in-patient care sought in the private sector has grown from 56.9 per cent in 1995–6 to 68 per cent in 2014, over a 10 per cent increase. As can be imagined, the reliance on the private sector is skewed in wealthier income groups (as they can afford it), and yet, in 2014, private hospitals account for 52 percent of hospitalised cases among the poorest urban quintiles in India, and 56.5 percent among the second poorest.<br /> <br /> • The 2011 slum Census reveals that 32 per cent of the slum population in Tamil Nadu and 39 per cent in Punjab is comprised of Dalits. Nationwide, between 2001 and 2011, there has been a 37 percent increase in the Dalit population within slums, says a study by Sivakumar.<br /> <br /> • The Technical Resource Group (TRG) supporting the newly launched National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) has found that in urban India, the infant mortality rate is higher by 1.8 times in slum as compared to non-slum areas. Diarrhoea deaths account for 28 percent of all mortality, while acute respiratory infections account for 22 per cent. Nearly 50 percent of urban child mortality is the result of poor sanitation and lack of access to clean drinking water in urban slums.<br /> <br /> • By not relying only on individuals’ ability to provide documentation certifying that they were affected by the gas disaster in 1984, the Sambhavana Trust Clinic has created a sense of inclusion to urban health resources for an estimated 50,000 people who otherwise may not have received the care that they needed in municipal hospitals (most of these 50,000 individuals are those affected by ground water contamination).<br /> <br /> <strong>Urban Water Supply and Sanitation</strong><br /> <br /> • As per the Ministry of Urban Development, most households are provided with an insufficient quantity of water: the average per capita supply of 73 lpcd – litres per capita daily (in 1,493 cities) is far below the desired benchmark of 135 lpcd. Average duration of supply is around three hours against the benchmark of 24 hours.<br /> <br /> • According to NSSO (2013), almost a quarter of households are not supplied water daily. Nearly 23 percent of households also had a supplementary source of drinking water, indicating insufficiency or unreliability of the primary source of drinking water.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census 2011, nearly a quarter (estimates ranging from 18 million to 23 million) of households do not have access to water supply within their premises, and only slightly more than half the households have access to a water source for exclusive use. On an average, more than half an hour (31 minutes) is spent to fetch water from outside (including waiting time).<br /> <br /> • A survey done by Pratham Education Foundation, Montreal University and Harvard Centre for Population and Development Studies in a New Delhi slum found that 42 percent (284 of 685) of household drinking water samples were contaminated with coliform bacteria.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census 2011, nearly 10 million (13 percent) households do not have access to any sanitation facilities, and hence they resort to open defecation. Another 6 percent depend on public or community latrines, and 4 percent have access only to unimproved latrines.<br /> <br /> • A high percentage of households (27 percent) depend on some form of shared facilities, including public toilets, community toilets and shared facilities among multiple households, says NSSO 2013. Shared facilities present their own set of problems: long waiting time, lack of cleanliness, fixed timings and payment, etc.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census 2011, only one-third of the urban population is connected to networked sewerage systems (mostly in large metropolitan cities, and in rich and middle class colonies), while a much larger proportion of the households depend on on-site systems, primarily septic tanks and pit latrines.<br /> <br /> • The total annual economic losses due to inadequate sanitation in India is estimated to be Rs. 2.4 trillion ($53.8 billion), equivalent to about 6.4 percent of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006. The health-related economic impact of inadequate sanitation was Rs. 1.75 trillion ($38.5 billion), 72 percent of the total impact. Access time and water-related impacts made up the other two main losses.<br /> <br /> • The lack of latrines in schools and absence of menstrual health management are impediments for girls attending school post-puberty and increase the likelihood of them dropping out of school. Each year 23 percent of Indian girls drop out of school due to the lack of functioning toilets and 66 percent skip school during menstruation.<br /> <br /> • According to Census 2011, there are a total of 8 lakh dry latrines in the country that are serviced by humans; almost 2 lakh such latrines are in urban areas.<br /> <br /> • The taskforce constituted by the Planning Commission in 1989 estimated the number of scavengers belonging to Scheduled Castes as 4 lakhs (out of 7 lakhs in total) with 83 percent in urban areas and 17 percent in rural areas. There were another 3 lakh scavengers from other minorities including Muslims, Christians and tribals. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in the year 2002–03 identified almost 6.8 lakh manual scavengers; of these, over 95 percent were Dalits, who are forced to undertake this task in the garb of their ‘traditional occupation’.<br /> <br /> • Census 2011 reports that there are 750,000 families who still work as manual scavengers living mostly in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. Surveys carried out by organisations working with manual scavengers estimate the number to be much higher, around 12–13 lakhs, especially because the official estimates do not include railway employees who have to clean excrement from the railway tracks.<br /> <br /> <strong>Exclusion of women</strong><br /> <br /> • Time allocation data (available only through a pilot time-use survey carried out in 1998–99), showed that Indian men’s contribution to unpaid care was 10 percent that of women, across income groups. Participation in unpaid care work is significantly higher for women, compared to men: according to the NSS 2011–12 data, approximately 43.8 percent of women of all ages were engaged solely in domestic work, while for men, participation was negligible.<br /> <br /> • According to 2011–12 NSSO estimates, 15.1 percent of women between the age of 15–59 in rural areas are contributing family workers, relative to 6.6 percent own-account workers. In urban areas, the share is only 3.5 percent, relative to 5.1 per cent own-account workers – the share of workers engaged only in domestic duties is a lot higher in urban areas, however. Available data suggests that women are shifting from waged employment to unpaid work, be it attending to domestic duties or contributing to family work.<br /> <br /> • A 2010 study on 2.6 lakh rehabilitated bonded labourers from Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh (over 43 percent and 39 percent were ST and SC, respectively and 16 percent OBC) estimated that about 19 percent of them were women, indicating that a considerable number of women do find themselves in situations of bondage.<br /> <br /> • Dalit, Tribal and Muslim women have the lowest levels of education among social and religious groups, even in comparison to men from the same groups. Data from the NSS 2009–10 shows that in rural areas, 58.1 per cent Dalit, 58.3 percent ST and 52.6 per cent Muslim women were illiterate, compared to the average 43.9 percent and only 1.1 percent Dalit, 0.9 percent tribal and 0.9 percent Muslim women were graduates. In urban areas, while average proportion of graduate women was 14.7 percent, only 7.2 percent of Dalit women, 9.8 percent of tribal women and 4.8 percent of Muslim women were graduates.<br /> <br /> • An analysis of NSS data from 2009–10 shows that over 31.5 per cent of Dalit women and 35.5 percent of tribal women in urban areas were in casual labour, compared to 5.8 per cent of upper caste women. In rural areas as well, the proportion of upper caste women in casual labour was 19.4 percent, compared to 56.3 percent for Dalit women and 43.8 percent for tribal women. Further, the highest decreases in labour force participation over the past decade have been for these groups in rural areas, which in the absence of an improvement in household wealth, is especially worrying. Muslim women are concentrated in self-employment, in home-based sub-contracted work with low earnings.<br /> <br /> • Only 16.1 percent of working age women with disabilities were employed in 2002, although just 29 per cent of the same group were recorded as being ‘unable to work owing to disability.<br /> <br /> • NSSO data shows that participation rates for rural elderly women have fluctuated around 20 percent between 1983 and 2011–12.<br /> <br /> • Almost 70 percent of all elderly workers and 93 per cent of all elderly women are either illiterate or have not completed primary education. This elderly workforce is therefore primarily engaged in low-end, unskilled work, with elderly women more downwardly classified as compared to men—39 percent of elderly women work in elementary occupations, as compared to 26 percent elderly men84 and receiving lower wages than men, regardless of whether they are engaged in regular or casual employment. In addition, the largely informal nature of India’s labour market means that few workers manage to avail of employer’s pension—only 3% of elderly women receive it and 15 percent elderly men. With no control over resources, elderly women are also likely to face abuse in hands of family members. One in 10 elderly persons reportedly face some form of abuse after 60 years of age and, in the case of women, the perpetrators are usually family members.<br /> <br /> • In India, high growth of around 8 percent per annum between 2003–4 and 2011–12, did not create commensurate employment, leading many analysts to term this period as one of ‘jobless growth’. In fact, the employment elasticity of growth has declined over time. Employment elasticity fell from 0.44 during 2000–05 to 0.01 during 2005–10 though rising to 0.2 during 2010–12.<br /> <br /> • As an NCEUS report from 2009 estimated, 91 percent of women are in informal jobs without contracts or legal protection, compared to 86 percent of men. Women are also typically represented in segments with lower earnings. NSS findings from the 68th round estimated that on an average, daily wages from regular salaried work were twice the wage-amount from casual wage labour in rural areas and almost three times the amount in urban areas and the same report states that only 5.6 percent of women on the labour force in rural areas were in regular employment, compared to 10 percent men. In urban areas, data shows that regular waged work has seen an increase, but official and independent research suggests also that this is mainly attributable to a rise in numbers in the highly feminised sector of paid domestic workers.<br /> <br /> <strong>Single women</strong><br /> <br /> • According to the 2001 census, 7.4 per cent of the female population of India is ‘single’. There were 3.44 crore widows in India, and 23.43 lakh divorced/ separated women—a total of 3.67 lakh single women. ‘This figure is likely to increase with the inclusion of “customarily” separated women and women whose husbands are missing.<br /> <br /> • Under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), the central government contributes Rs. 200 per pensioner per month and the states are urged to contribute an equal amount.’ As per the guidelines the beneficiaries are supposed to get benefits regularly each month before the 7th of the month. According to the 9th report of the Supreme Court Commissioners, many states including Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are currently paying a monthly pension of less than Rs. 400 per month.<br /> <br /> • Evidence suggests that NOAPS has benefited sections of the vulnerable population, in the data obtained from the Ministry of Rural Development: in 1998–99, 30 percent of the women benefited while in 1999–2000, 36.7 percent of the women benefited. A gender breakup also indicates that 13 states had 30 percent or more coverage of women in the scheme in 1998–99 and 1999–2000.<br /> <br /> • Widow pension schemes have been functional in India since the 1960s. In 2002, the Government of India introduced a new scheme, the Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension scheme, which increased the amount of financial assistance given to widows to Rs. 400 per month. This scheme covers widows between the age group of 40–64 years, from families with incomes below the poverty line. Like the old age pension scheme, the centre contributes 50 per cent of the funds, i.e., Rs. 200, with the rest being contributed by the states.<br /> <br /> • A 2007 study, Destitution of Widow in Rajasthan by the Budget Analysis Rajasthan Centre, found that almost 50 percent of BPL widows did not get pensions. Till 2001, four of the north-eastern states had failed to introduce the scheme. In other states, a ceiling has been imposed on the maximum number of person to be covered under the scheme. Tamil Nadu and Kerala, however, have been unique in this respect, by totally eliminating the ceiling.<br /> <br /> <strong>Devadasis</strong><br /> <br /> • Estimates of the number of Devadasis are available to us from various sources for the three states in India where the practice is highly prevalent: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.<br /> <br /> • The Karnataka government conducted two surveys, first in 1993–94 and the second in 2007–08. The first survey found 22,873 Devadasis and the second enumerated 23,787. In undivided Andhra Pradesh, a survey in 1987–88 found 24,273 Devadasis. However, the one-man commission appointed by the government to examine the status of Devadasis estimated the number to be about 80,000 (across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). The State government of Maharashtra, reported the existence of about 3,900 Devadasis during a survey carried out by the National Commission for Women. These figures are highly underestimated and, according to the one-man Commission report, the estimate is about 4.5 lakh Devadasis spread across many states in India.<br /> <br /> • The report submitted by the one-man commission estimates the number of Devadasis in Andhra Pradesh to be about 80,000—much higher than the figure of 24,273, provided by the AP social welfare commission. Importantly, the Commission report was submitted to the (undivided) Andhra Pradesh Government two years ago and has still not been made public. Furthermore, Ms. Subhadraa, a leading Hyderabad-based activist mentioned that more than 100,000 Devadasi women gathered last year for Yellamma deity’s annual festival, indicating that the number of Devadasis in the country is much higher than what the government estimates.<br /> <br /> • Research by Sampark shows that Devadasis are being dedicated at ages much younger than 21 years. In fact more than 70 percent of the respondents were dedicated at less than 15 years of age. 69 percent of Devadasi women were made sexually active at the age of less than 16 years.<br /> <br /> • The practice of offering girls as Devadasis is followed by Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Communities. A majority of the households with Devadasi members at present do not have a history of dedication in the family indicating the fact that they were first-generation followers of the practice.<br /> <br /> • The study carried out by Sampark found that 84.57 percent of the Devadasi women belonged to the Scheduled Castes, followed by 5.14 percent Other Backward Castes (OBC), 4.57 percent Scheduled Tribes, 4 percent General and with 1.71 percent belonging to other categories.<br /> <br /> • Most Devadasis come from Dalit families that are asset-less and live in abject poverty, dedicating girls as a result of their economic vulnerability. Research findings showed that the majority of respondents, 79 percent, were dedicated as Devadasi through close family members (father, mother or grandmother), in Belagavi 93 percent and in Mehboobnagar 91 percent. In Sholapur district, 31 percent of the respondents said that temple priests and self-styled godmen (locally known as Gurus) were also involved in the induction.<br /> <br /> • Most Devadasis are involved in manual labour like agricultural work. All Devadasis are sex workers. Many Devadasis have relationships with a patron and a few of them are married. As many as 95 percent of the women were not able to register their patrons as parents in the admission records of schools for their children. This indicates that the children of Devadasis are not able to prove connections to a father and are therefore unable to claim any inheritance rights.<br /> <br /> • Although the government has announced schemes for the rehabilitation of Devadasis, the implementation has been wanting for lack of funds as well. In Karnataka, an NGO working with Dalits reported that Devadasi women had not received their pensions for the past 19 months, as they had not received funds from the central government. Hence, non-disbursements of funds, lack of appropriate allocations and allotment of funds are key challenges in the implementation of state rehabilitation schemes.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> According to the study titled [inside]Moving to Universal Coverage? Trends in the Burden of Out-Of-Pocket Payments for Health Care across Social Groups in India, 1999-2000 to 2011-12[/inside] by Anup Karan, Sakthivel Selvaraj and Ajay Mahal, Plos One Journal, August 15, 2014 (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Out%20of%20pocket%20expenditure%20on%20health%20by%20various%20social%20groups.pdf">click here</a> to access): <br /> <br /> • The study has found rising share of out-of-pocket health expenditure in total household spending among disadvantaged households (SC/ST/Muslim/Poorest 20%), relative to their better-off counterparts, thus, indicating serious gaps in existing programmes with regard to access to affordable outpatient care and drugs.<br /> <br /> • The proportion of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on healthcare in total household spending increased faster among Muslim households relative to non-Muslim households by 0.9% during 2000-12.<br /> <br /> • Similarly, the proportion of out-of-pocket expenditure on health in total household spending grew faster among SC/ST households relative to non SC/ST households by 0.6% during the same period. This means that despite large government investments in NRHM (during the period 2005-2012) that was intended to make healthcare available in rural India mostly in outpatient settings, one could see sharper increases in out-of-pocket expenses among Muslims and SC/ST compared to their better-off counterparts.<br /> <br /> • Despite the rapid expansion of publicly financed insurance schemes for hospital-based services, such as RSBY and Aarogyasri, poor utilization of inpatient care (relative to the top 20% of households) among the poorest 20% as well as the SC/ST households could be observed.<br /> <br /> • In both rural and urban areas, there has been a fall in the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket expenditure on inpatient care between 2000 and 2005 and then a rise between 2005 and 2012 for the same.<br /> <br /> • In both rural (61.4% in 2005 versus 78.8% in 2012) and urban areas (62.9% in 2005 versus 75.9% in 2012), there has been a rise in the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket expenditure on outpatient care between 2005 and 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among rural households, monthly out-of-pocket spending per member was almost 60% higher in 2012 compared to 2000 (INR 29.59 in 2000 versus INR 47.05 in 2012) and nearly 68% higher among urban households (INR 43.28 in 2000 versus INR 72.36 in 2012) over the same period (constant 1999-2000 prices). While household out-of-pocket expenses (per member) rose both for inpatient and outpatient care, inpatient OOP spending saw faster increases than outpatient OOP spending from 2000 to 2012 (constant 1999-2000 prices).<br /> <br /> • The share of households reporting out-of-pocket spending in excess of 10% of their total expenditure increased from 15% in 2000 to 18.9% in 2012 among rural households and from 12.4% in 2000 to 15.9% in 2012 among urban households.<br /> <br /> • Overall, the share of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in total household spending increased from 5.8% in 2000 to 6.7% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the poorest 20% households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced from 14.6% in 2000 to 9.4% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 51.3% in 2000 to 73.3% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the richest 20% households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced marginally from 24.6% in 2000 to 22.0% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 68.2% in 2000 to 79.6% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • The poorest 20% of the households registered a faster increase in the indicator "reporting any OOP payment" compared to the richest 20% during 2000-2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the SC/ST households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced from 18.2% in 2000 to 12.6% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 58.0% in 2000 to 75.1% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Out-of-pocket healthcare expenses rose as a share of total household spending faster for SC/ST households relative to non-SC/ST households, irrespective of whether one considers overall OOP, OOP for inpatient care, or OOP for outpatient care (the coefficients for indicators of catastrophic spending were also mostly positive, but all statistically indistinguishable from zero).<br /> <br /> • Over the same period, the proportion reporting "any OOP" grew more slowly for SC/ST household (relative to non-SC/ST household) (a difference of 21.2% points, relative to a baseline of 66.7% in 2000).<br /> <br /> • Among the Muslim households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced from 18.6% in 2000 to 14.7% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 66.49% in 2000 to 82.76% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the poorest 20% households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 3.21% in 2000 to 4.12% in 2012 while among the richest 20% households, the same increased from 7.18% in 2000 to 8.52% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • The share of out-of-pocket in total household spending increased sharply among Muslims (relative to non-Muslims) during 2000-2012 in all three of the indicators of OOP shares - outpatient care, inpatient care and overall - so their OOP spending burden also increased.<br /> <br /> • Among the SC/ST households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 5.23% in 2000 to 6.57% in 2012 while among the Muslim households, the same increased from 5.49% in 2000 to 7.02% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Results for SC/ST households versus non-SC/ST households show no differences in rates of change in the population share incurring catastrophic spending during 2000-2012. Finally, over the period 2000-2012, the growth in the share of Muslim households reporting catastrophic spending exceeded that of non-Muslims by 0.8% points using the 10% threshold, and by 0.4% points using the 25% catastrophic threshold, although the results did not attain statistical significance.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> Based on data and knowledge resources available in the public domain, [inside]India Exclusion Report 2013-14[/inside] highlights the systematic discrimination faced by women, Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Muslims, persons with disabilities and the sexual minorities (LGBT) in accessing the public goods and services. As per the India Exclusion Report 2013-14, which has been prepared by Centre for Equity Studies (New Delhi), Aneka (Bangalore), Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (New Delhi), Centre for Social Equity and Inclusion (New Delhi), Indian Institute of Human Settlement (Bangalore), Nirantar (New Delhi), New Education Group-Foundation for Innovation and Research in Education (New Delhi), National University of Education Planning and Administration (New Delhi), Institute of Development Studies, Sussex (UK) and Brown University, Providence (USA), (Please <a href="http://www.indianet.nl/pdf/IndiaExclusionReport2013-2014.pdf">click here</a> to download):<br /> <br /> • While 53% of all households nationally do not have a latrine within the premises, the figure rises to 66% and 77% for SC and ST households respectively, and, within them, to 78% and 88% for female-headed SC and ST households, respectively, as per the Census 2011.<br /> <br /> • About 82% of all households in India have either open or no drains for waste water. This figure rises to 88% for female-headed households and to 94% for ST households.<br /> <br /> • Census 2011 data shows that 63 per cent of all households in recognized or notified slums have either open or no drainage for waste water. About 34 per cent of slum households have no latrine on the premises, and members of over half of such households thus defecate in the open. Almost 43 per cent of slum households do not have a source of drinking water within the premises of their household.<br /> <br /> • More than 95 percent of the housing shortage in 2012 was experienced by families belonging to Low Income Group (household income between Rs 5,000 & 10,000 a month) and Economically Weaker Sections (household income under Rs 5,000 a month), as per the Kundu Committee report (2012).<br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in rural areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.7%, adivasis (STs) is 33.8% and Muslims is 25.6% while the same among the entire population is 23.7% as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data).<br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in urban areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.0%, adivasis (STs) is 34.3% and Muslims is 37.1% while the same among the entire population is 23.2% as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data).<br /> <br /> • The literacy rate for SCs in 2011 was similarly below the national average, at 66.1 per cent. In 2012–13, the drop in enrolment of SC children from the primary (classes I–V) to upper primary (classes V–VII) level was 54.4 per cent, compared to an overall dropout rate of 51.8 per cent.<br /> <br /> • The National Council of Educational Research and Training’s (NCERT) National Achievement Survey (NAS) of class V students, conducted in 2012 across 6,602 schools in India, revealed that while girls and boys performed similarly when tested in reading comprehension, mathematics and environmental sciences, SC and ST students consistently under-performed with respect to other caste students in all three subject areas.<br /> <br /> • The literacy rate for STs, as per the Census of 2011, was 58.9 per cent, significantly lower than for the general population. Similarly, the dropout rate from the primary (classes I–V) to upper primary (classes V–VII) level for ST children in 2012–13 was 58.5 per cent, also much higher than the overall dropout rate.<br /> <br /> • Literacy data for Muslims from the Census of 2011 is not available. However, the NSS 66th round (2009–10) estimates the Muslim literacy rate (among persons aged 15 years and above) to be 63.7 per cent, lower than the overall literacy rate (68.3 percent), but higher than for SCs (58.5 per cent) and STs (55.4 per cent).<br /> <br /> • The Gandhi Peace Foundation and National Labour Institute survey in 1979 estimated that between 90 and 94 per cent of bonded labourers were illiterate. Among rehabilitated bonded labourers covered in the Planning Commission survey in 2009, about 76 percent were found to be illiterate.<br /> <br /> • Even among already rehabilitated bonded workers covered in the Planning Commission survey, only 43.7 per cent reported having a Below Poverty Line (BPL) ration card.<br /> <br /> • Estimations put the number of destitute persons in India at approximately 10 per cent of the total population, more than 100 million people. The same estimation projects that these 100 million form one-third of the extremely poor. On the other hand, India counts 55 billionaires, representing a total net worth of US$194 billion.<br /> <br /> • The Janwadi Mahila Samiti survey of 2008–09 showed that most home-based workers (irrespective of the industries that they worked in) earned between Rs. 20–50 per day after five to eight hours of work.<br /> <br /> • NSSO data for 2009–10 shows that 92.1 per cent of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in rural areas were landless or hadlandholdings of one hectare or less. This has led to a preponderance of SCs in casual labour.<br /> <br /> • NSSO data shows that in 2009–10, 59 per cent of SCs in rural areas were engaged as agricultural or non-agricultural labourers, compared to an overall average of 40.4 per cent; in urban areas too, 25.1 per cent of SCs worked as casual labour, as opposed to 13.4 per cent of the overall population.<br /> <br /> • NSSO statistics indicate that in 2009–10, 76.5 per cent of Scheduled Tribe (ST) households in rural areas were either landless or had less than 1 hectare of land. The share of tribal households with small and marginal landholdings has been steadily increasing over time.<br /> <br /> • The case of nomadic and de-notified tribes (DNTs), who number an estimated 60 million in India, is also worth highlighting here. The caste-based Census has not identified DNTs as a separate category, and they are counted within the SC, ST and OBC communities. Finding recent and exact statistical data for this group is very difficult. However, in a survey carried out in western Maharashtra in 1990–92, it was found out that 53.75 per cent of DNT families were dependent on wage labour, 22.6 per cent on service (public and private sector), 9.59 per cent on petty trade, 9.22 per cent on so-called criminal activities like begging, pick-pocketing and distilling alcohol, and 4.81 per cent on agriculture. DNTs are also employed as migrant bonded labourers in brick kilns, sugarcane and stone cutting industries.<br /> <br /> • In India, NSSO survey in 2007–08 revealed that 40 per cent of those aged 60 years and above were still working. The figure is much higher among men, and in rural areas. In developed countries this ratio is closer to 20 per cent.<br /> <br /> • The official labour force participation rate for men, which measures the proportion of the total male population in the labour force, stood at 55.6 per cent in 2011–12, unchanged from its level in 2004–05. For women, already scarcely represented in India’s labour market, the labour market participation in the same period dropped from 29.4 per cent to 22.5 per cent. This large remaining share of the population, while not recorded as being a part of the labour force, is nonetheless involved in a range of labour activities. Some of these activities are nonremunerative—examples include the involvement of women, children and the elderly in household tasks and care-giving—while others, like homebased work, domestic work, child labour, and work by the elderly, are remunerated but remain unseen and difficult to detect under formal labour registration systems.<br /> <br /> • Out of every 100 workers, the NCEUS report revealed, 86 work in the informal economy, producing half of India’s economic output. Hence, around 400 million workers, a number considerably larger than the total population of the United States of America, are employed with little job security or any formal entitlement to the protection of the state.<br /> <br /> • Trilok S Papola and Partha P Sahu (2012) note that the proportion of informally employed workers in the formal sector has also risen over time, from 42 per cent of total formal sector employment in 1999–2000, to 51 per cent in 2009–10. As a result, in 2009–10, 92 per cent of all workers, in the formal and informal sectors combined, were effectively in ‘informal’ employment. Such trends can be explained by the increasing move towards the use of contract labour within the formal-sector, in order to increase profits and avoid adhering to labour laws.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census of India 2011, about 5 per cent of workers in urban areas are employed in household industries, out of which about 40 per cent are women. During 1999–2000, there were about 23.5 million home-based workers in India, out of which 44 per cent were women. National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) data of 2009–10 shows that 30.7 per cent of self-employed persons in urban India worked at home; 72.1 per cent of selfemployed females in urban India worked at home, while 21.3 per cent self-employed males worked at home. Home-based workers tend to be among the poorest Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) quintile classes. Put simply, most home-based workers are relatively poor.<br /> <br /> • While Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the past two decades accelerated to 7.52 per cent per annum, employment growth during this period was just 1.5 per cent, below the long-term employment growth of 2 per cent per annum, over the four decades since 1972. Just 2.7 million jobs were added in the period from 2004–05 to 2009–10, compared to over 60 million during the previous five-year period.<br /> <br /> • The services sector, which has seen rapid growth since the early 1990s, accounted for 58.3 per cent of GDP in 2004–05, but its share of employment was only 29 per cent. In contrast, labour-intensive manufacturing accounted for only 17 per cent of GDP and 12 per cent of employment, which was not materially different from the scenario in 1993–94.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> As per the article entitled: [inside]Conditions of SC/ST Households: A Story of Unequal Improvement by RB Bhagat (2013)[/inside], Economic and Political Weekly, October 12, Vol. XLVIII, No. 41, page no. 62-66 (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Conditions_of_SCST_Households_1.pdf">click here</a> to access):<br /> <br /> • Although 21.9 percent Schedules Caste (SC) households live in houses having concrete roofs, only 10.1 percent Schedules tribe (ST) households live in such houses during 2011. Only 29.6 percent Indian households live in houses having concrete roofs.<br /> <br /> • Although 41.2 percent SC households have access to tap water, only 24.4 percent ST households have access to the same during 2011. Only 43.5 percent Indian households have access to tap water.<br /> <br /> • Although 59.0 percent SC households have electricity as a source of lighting, only 51.7 percent ST households have access to the same during 2011. Only 67.2 percent Indian households have electricity as a source of lighting.<br /> <br /> • Although 33.8 percent SC households have latrine facility within the premises, only 22.6 percent ST households have access to the same during 2011. Only 46.9 percent Indian households have latrine facility within the premises.<br /> <br /> • Although 46.6 percent SC households are connected to drainage, only 22.7 percent ST households are connected to the same during 2011. Only 51.1 percent Indian households are connected to drainage.<br /> <br /> • Although 27.7 percent SC households live in houses with bathroom, only 17.2 percent ST households enjoy the same facility during 2011. Only 42.0 percent Indian households live in houses with bathroom.<br /> <br /> • The percentage of households using LPG/PNG was just 9.2% among STs compared to 16.9% among SCs and 28.5% among all households in 2011.<br /> <br /> • Access to banking services is found to have more than doubled – an increase from 19% (in 2001) to 45% (in 2011) among STs and from 25% (in 2001) to 51% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to television has increased from 12% (in 2001) to 21.8% (in 2011) among STs and from 21.2% (in 2001) to 39.1% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to telephone has decreased from 2.5% (in 2001) to 1.9% (in 2011) among STs and from 3.4% (in 2001) to 3.0% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to scooter/ motorcycle/ moped has increased from 4.1% (in 2001) to 8.9% (in 2011) among STs and from 5.3% (in 2001) to 12% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to car/ van/ moped has increased from 0.8% (in 2001) to 1.6% (in 2011) among STs and from 1.0% (in 2001) to 1.8% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • About 47.5% households reported to have mobile phones compared to 31.1% among STs and 53.2% among all households in 2011.<br /> <br /> • Although SCs and STs have progressed very well between 2001 and 2011, the gap between them and all households (average level) has widened in almost all indicators of living conditions except electricity among ST households, and electricity and concrete roof among SC households.<br /> <br /> • Similarly in assets like car, jeep and van, scooter/ motorcycle/ moped and television, there has been a widening gap between SC and STs on the one hand and all households on the other.<br /> <br /> • Although SCs and STs have benefited, but the benefits have extended faster among non-SC/ST communities during the decade of rapid economic growth during 2001-11.<br /> <br /> • The percentage of SC households with possession of television was 9% higher than the STs in 2001 which increased to 17% in 2011. Similarly, the inequality in the possession car/jeep/van increased from 1 percentage point in 2001 to 3 percentage points in 2011 between SC and ST households.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> According to [inside]Tribal Profile at a Glance (May 2013)[/inside], prepared by Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India (please <a href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/statistical%20profile%20of%20scheduled%20tribes%20in%20india%202013.pdf">click here</a> to download):<br /> <br /> • The percentage of Schedules Tribes (STs) to total population has increased from 8.2 percent in 2001 to 8.6 percent in 2011 (based on Census 2001 and 2011).<br /> <br /> • The sex ratio (i.e. number of females per 1000 males) among STs has improved from 978 in 2001 to 990 in 2011 (based on Census 2001 and 2011).<br /> <br /> • Only 40.6 percent ST households live in 'good houses' as compared to 53.1 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Only 22.6 percent ST households have latrine facility within the premises as compared to 46.9 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Roughly 74.7 percent ST households practice open defecation as compared to 49.8 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Nearly 53.7 percent ST households have separate kitchen inside as compared to 61.3 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Only 19.7 percent ST households have source of drinking water within the premises as compared to 46.6 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Literacy rate (for persons of age 5 years and above) among ST households is 63.1 percent whereas among households belonging to all social groups is 72.8 percent (based on Report no. 543 of NSS 66th round, 2009-10).<br /> <br /> • The number of households having MGNREGS job cards per 1000 households is 541 in the case of STs and 347 in the case of all social groups (based on Report no. 543 of NSS 66th round, 2009-10).<br /> <br /> • The average number of days worked during last 365 days in MGNREGA works by households that got work under the same is 42 in the case of STs and 37 in the case of all social groups (based on Report no. 543 of NSS 66th round, 2009-10).<br /> <br /> • Based on Suresh Tendulkar methodology, the percentage of population below poverty line among ST households is 47.4 percent in rural areas and 30.4 percent in urban areas during 2009-10. </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Status%20of%20implementation%20of%20the%20decisions%20taken%20by%20Government%20on%20the%20follow-up%20action%20on%20the%20recommendations%20of%20the%20Sachar%20Committee.pdf" title="Status of implementation of the decisions taken by Government on the follow-up action on the recommendations of the Sachar Committee">click here</a> to access the [inside]Status of Implementation of the Decisions taken by Government on the follow-up action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee (upto 1st February, 2018)[/inside], Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Statement%20Laid%20in%20Rajya%20Sabha%20on%20the%20Follow-up%20Action%20on%20the%20Recommendations%20of%20the%20Sachar%20Committee.pdf" title="Statement Laid in Rajya Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee">click here</a> to access the Statement Laid in Rajya Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee, Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs. </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Statement%20Laid%20in%20Lok%20Sabha%20on%20the%20Follow-up%20Action%20on%20the%20Recommendations%20of%20the%20Sachar%20Committee.pdf" title="Statement Laid in Lok Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee">click here</a> to access the Statement Laid in Lok Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee, Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs. </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Sachar%20Committee%20Recommendations.pdf" title="Sachar Committee Recommendations">click here</a> to access the [inside]Sachar Committee Recommendations[/inside], Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/List%20of%20schemes%20covered%20under%20follow-up%20action%20on%20Sachar%20Committee%20report.pdf" title="List of Schemes & Programmes covered in follow-up action on Sachar Committee Report">click here</a> to access the List of Schemes & Programmes covered in follow-up action on Sachar Committee Report, Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Sachar%20Committee%20Report.pdf" title="Sachar Committee Report">click here</a> to access the [inside]Sachar Committee Report[/inside], Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs. </p> ', 'credit_writer' => '', 'article_img' => '', 'article_img_thumb' => '', 'status' => (int) 1, 'show_on_home' => (int) 1, 'lang' => 'EN', 'category_id' => (int) 13, 'tag_keyword' => '', 'seo_url' => 'social-justice-20500', 'meta_title' => '', 'meta_keywords' => '', 'meta_description' => '', 'noindex' => (int) 0, 'publish_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'most_visit_section_id' => null, 'article_big_img' => null, 'liveid' => (int) 20500, 'created' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {}, 'modified' => 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'im4change' $adminprix = 'admin' $rn = object(App\Model\Entity\Article) { 'id' => (int) 20358, 'title' => 'Social Justice', 'subheading' => '', 'description' => '<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>KEY TRENDS</strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">• According to National Sample Survey report no. 583: Persons with Disabilities in India, the percentage of persons with disability who received aid/help from Government was 21.8 percent, 1.8 percent received aid/help from organisation other than Government and another 76.4 percent did not receive aid/ help <strong>*8</strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">• As per National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), the Under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR) was 57.2 per 1,000 live births <em>(for the non-STs it was 38.5)</em> <strong>*7</strong> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">• Occupational vulnerability, stated by the Hashim Committee, comes about due to the ‘fact that the large majority of the urban poor are trapped in low end jobs—insecure, low paid, low productivity with debilitating work conditions—mainly in the informal sector.’ Third party interventions in the job market based on commissions, lack of social protection at work, seasonal casual employment (like fishing) and so forth are major reasons for vulnerability. Some of the occupations falling under this category are noted to include ‘daily wage workers, construction labour, petty traders, hawkers, street children, sex-workers, rickshaw-puller[s], domestic workers, etc.’ <strong>*6</strong><br /> <br /> • The proportion of rural households with regular wage/salary earning as the major source was the highest among 'others' or forward caste category (13.3 percent), followed by OBC (9 percent), SC (8.5 percent) and ST (6.3 percent) during July 2011 - June 2012 <strong>*5</strong><br /> <br /> • The proportion of rural households with casual labour as the major source of income was much higher among SC (52.6 percent) and ST (38.3 percent) than among the OBC (32.1 percent) and general class (21 percent) during July 2011 - June 2012 <strong>*5</strong><br /> <br /> • The percentage of households using LPG/PNG was just 9.2 percent among STs as compared to 16.9 percent among SCs and 28.5 percent among all households in 2011 <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • Access to banking services is found to have more than doubled - an increase from 19 percent (in 2001) to 45 percent (in 2011) among STs and from 25 percent (in 2001) to 51 percent (in 2011) among SCs <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • Access to television has increased from 12 percent (in 2001) to 21.8 percent (in 2011) among STs and from 21.2 percent (in 2001) to 39.1 percent (in 2011) among SCs <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • Access to telephone has decreased from 2.5 percent (in 2001) to 1.9 percent (in 2011) among STs and from 3.4 percent (in 2001) to 3.0 percent (in 2011) among SCs <strong>*4</strong><br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in rural areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.7 percent, adivasis (STs) is 33.8 percent and Muslims is 25.6 percent while the same among the entire population is 23.7 percent as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data) <strong>*3</strong><br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in urban areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.0 percent, adivasis (STs) is 34.3 percent and Muslims is 37.1 percent while the same among the entire population is 23.2 percent as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data) <strong>*3</strong><br /> <br /> • NSSO data for 2009-10 shows that 92.1 percent of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in rural areas were landless or had landholdings of one hectare or less. This has led to a preponderance of SCs in casual labour. NSSO statistics indicate that in 2009-10, 76.5 percent of Scheduled Tribe (ST) households in rural areas were either landless or had less than 1 hectare of land. The share of tribal households with small and marginal landholdings has been steadily increasing over time <strong>*3</strong><br /> <br /> • Among the poorest 20 percent households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 3.21 percent in 2000 to 4.12 percent in 2012 while among the richest 20 percent households, the same increased from 7.18 percent in 2000 to 8.52 percent in 2012 <strong>*2</strong><br /> <br /> • The share of out-of-pocket in total household spending increased sharply among Muslims (relative to non-Muslims) during 2000-2012 in all three of the indicators of OOP shares - outpatient care, inpatient care and overall - so their OOP spending burden also increased <strong>*2</strong><br /> <br /> • Among the SC/ST households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 5.23 percent in 2000 to 6.57 percent in 2012 while among the Muslim households, the same increased from 5.49 percent in 2000 to 7.02 percent in 2012 <strong>*2</strong><br /> <br /> • Only 22.6 percent ST households have latrine facility within the premises as compared to 46.9 percent households belonging to all social groups. Roughly 74.7 percent ST households practice open defecation as compared to 49.8 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011) <strong>*1</strong> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>8.</strong> NSS report no. 583: Persons with Disabilities in India, NSS 76th round, July 2018 to December 2018, released in November, 2019, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, please <a href="http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_583_Final_0.pdf">click here</a> to access</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>7. </strong>Report of the Expert Committee on Tribal Health: Tribal Health in India -- Bridging the Gap and a Roadmap for the Future (2018), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs, please click <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/39817Tribal-Health-Report-First-Comprehensive-Report-on-Tribal-Health-in-India.pdf">here</a> and <a href="http://tribalhealthreport.in/?Website_Launch_Mail">here</a> to access</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>6.</strong> India Exclusion Report 2015, prepared by Centre for Equity Studies in collaboration with various organizations, (please <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/91763text-final_India-Exclusion-Report-round2Final.pdf">click here</a> to access the report) </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>5.</strong> NSS 68th Round Report: Employment and Unemployment Situation among Social Groups in India 2011-12 (released in January 2015) (kindly <a href="http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/nss_rep_563_13mar15.pdf">click here</a> to access the report)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>4.</strong> Conditions of SC/ST Households: A Story of Unequal Improvement by RB Bhagat, Economic and Political Weekly, October 12, 2013, Vol xlviiI 62 no. 41 (Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Conditions_of_SCST_Households_1.pdf" title="Conditions of SCST households">click here</a> to download)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>3.</strong> India Exclusion Report 2013-14 (Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/India%20Exclusion%20Report%202013-14_Ebook.pdf" title="India Exclusion Report 2013 14">click here</a> to download)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>2.</strong> Moving to Universal Coverage? Trends in the Burden of Out-Of-Pocket Payments for Health Care across Social Groups in India, 1999-2000 to 2011-12 by Anup Karan, Sakthivel Selvaraj and Ajay Mahal, Plos One Journal, August 15, 2014 (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Out%20of%20pocket%20expenditure%20on%20health%20by%20various%20social%20groups.pdf">click here</a> to access)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>1.</strong> Tribal Profile at a Glance (May 2013), Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Scheduled%20Tribe%20Population.pdf" title="Tribal Profile at a Glance">click here</a> to download)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><br /> The <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/India%20Discrimination%20Report%202022.pdf">India Discrimination Report 2022</a> focuses on the differential access to labour market (absorption and wages), factor market (access to credit) and endowment market (access to hospitalisation) for different socio-religious and gender groups. The analysis attempts to capture the extent of identity-based discrimination explaining the gaps in access to employment and in wages, credit and health facilities in the context of formation of human capital across different castes, tribal and religious identities and gender.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please click <a href="https://im4change.org/upload/files/India%20Discrimination%20Report%202022.pdf">here</a> and <a href="https://im4change.org/latest-news-updates/oxfam-s-india-discrimination-report-women-in-india-earn-less-and-get-fewer-jobs.html">here</a> to access the main findings of the [inside]India Discrimination Report 2022 (released in September 2022)[/inside], which has been published by Oxfam India.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="/upload/files/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20NDMJ_NCRB_2021_Analysis%20.pdf">click here</a> to access the [inside]Press release by National Coalition for Strengthening SCs and STs (PoA) Act (NCSPA) and National Dalit Movement for Justice (NDMJ) dated 30 August, 2022[/inside]. The press release is based on the analysis of 'Crime in India - 2021' report (released in August 2022), which has been brought out by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong><br /> The 76th round Survey of Persons with Disabilities was spread over 8,992 FSUs (5,378 FSUs in rural areas and 3,614 FSUs in urban areas) covering 1,18,152 households (81,004 in rural areas and 37,148 in urban areas) and enumerating 5,76,569 persons (4,02,589 in rural areas and 1,73,980 in urban areas). In this survey, total number of persons with disability surveyed was 1,06,894 (74,946 in rural areas and 31,948 in urban areas).<br /> <br /> The key findings of the [inside]NSS report no. 583: Persons with Disabilities in India, NSS 76th round, July 2018 to December 2018 (released in November, 2019)[/inside], Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (please <a href="http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_583_Final_0.pdf">click here</a> to access) are as follows:<br /> <br /> <strong>A. Prevalence and incidence of disability</strong><br /> <br /> • In India prevalence of disability (percentage of persons with disability in the population) was 2.2 percent. It was 2.3 percent in rural areas and 2.0 percent in the urban areas.<br /> <br /> • The prevalence of disability was higher among males than females. Among males, prevalence of disability was 2.4 percent which was 1.9 percent among females.<br /> <br /> • The incidence of disability in the population, that is the number of persons whose onset of disability (by birth or otherwise) had been during the specified period of 365 days preceding the date of survey per 1,00,000 persons was 86.<br /> <br /> <strong>B. Education level among persons with disabilities</strong><br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 7 years and above, 52.2 percent were literates.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, 19.3 percent had highest educational level secondary and above.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 3 to 35 years, 10.1 percent attended preschool intervention programme.<br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons with disability of age 3 to 35 years who were ever enrolled in ordinary school was 62.9 percent.<br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons of age 3 to 35 years with disability who were ever enrolled in special school among those who were not enrolled in ordinary school or were enrolled in ordinary school but were not currently attending was 4.1 percent.<br /> <br /> <strong>C. Living arrangement, care giver, receipt of aid/ help, certificate of disability</strong><br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons with disability who were living alone was 3.7 percent.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities, 62.1 percent had care giver, for 0.3 percent of the persons with disabilities caregiver was required but not available and for another 37.7 percent of the persons with disabilities no caregiver was required.<br /> <br /> • Percentage of persons with disability who received aid/help from Government was 21.8 percent, 1.8 percent received aid/help from organisation other than Government and another 76.4 percent did not receive aid/ help.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disability, 28.8 percent had certificate of disability.<br /> <br /> <strong>D. Labour Force Participation Rate, Worker Population Ratio in usual status (ps+ss) and Unemployment Rate among persons of age 15 years and above with disabilities</strong><br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, Labour Force Participation Rate in usual status (ps+ss) was 23.8 percent.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, Worker Population Ratio in usual status (ps+ss) was 22.8 percent.<br /> <br /> • Among persons with disabilities of age 15 years and above, Unemployment Rate in usual status (ps+ss) was 4.2 percent.<br /> <br /> **page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify">According to the [inside]Report of the Expert Committee on Tribal Health: Tribal Health in India -- Bridging the Gap and a Roadmap for the Future (2018)[/inside], Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs, please click <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/39817Tribal-Health-Report-First-Comprehensive-Report-on-Tribal-Health-in-India.pdf">here</a> and <a href="http://tribalhealthreport.in/?Website_Launch_Mail">here</a> to access:<br /> <br /> • The estimates published in the Lancet (2016) show that life expectancy at birth for the ST population in the country was 63.9 years, as against 67 years for the general population. The life expectancy for tribal people is likely to be an overestimate because child deaths are under-reported among the STs more often than in general population<br /> <br /> • The prevalence of underweight among ST children has reduced from 54.5 percent in NFHS-3 (2005-06) to 42 percent in NFHS-4 (2015-16). However, as compared to other social groups, tribal children continue to be the most undernourished. The prevalence of underweight is almost one and half times in tribal children than in 'other' castes <br /> <br /> • The Rapid Survey of Children (2013-14) shows that the highest percentage of children with low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg) was found among the tribal population<br /> <br /> • Only about 25 percent pregnant and lactating ST women and 29-32 percent ST children had adequate intakes of both protein and calories<br /> <br /> • On an average, intake of cereals and millets decreased by about 50 gm/ CU/ day between second (1988-90) and the third National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) surveys (2008-09) in tribal areas. The average daily intake of proteins decreased by about 3 gm/ CU/ day and vitamin A by about 117 μgm/ CU/ day. The average intake of energy decreased by nearly 150 Kcal/ CU/ day</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><br /> • Sex ratio among the Scheduled Tribes (STs) is 990 compared to sex ratio of 938 among the non-STs<br /> <br /> • Child sex ratio among the STs is 957 as compared to 914 among the non-STs<br /> <br /> • 40.6 percent of ST population lived below the poverty line as against 20.5 percent of the non-tribal population in 2009-10<br /> <br /> • Based on the Tendulkar methodology, it was found by the Planning Commission that the proportion of ST population living below the poverty line in rural areas was 47.4 percent in 2009-10 as compared to 33.8 percent of overall population (rural)<br /> <br /> • Based on the Tendulkar methodology, it was found by the Planning Commission that the proportion of ST population living below the poverty line in urban areas was 30.4 percent in 2009-10 as compared to 20.9 percent of the overall population (urban)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><br /> • 65 percent of tribal women in the 15-49 years age group suffer from anemia<br /> <br /> • The rate of institutional delivery is the lowest among tribal women (70.1 percent).<br /> <br /> • As per the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), the estimated Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) for the ST population was 44.4 per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age (for the non-STs it was 32.1) and for the 1-4 years ST children the child mortality rate was 13.4 (for the non-STs it was 6.6) <br /> <br /> • As per NFHS-4, the Under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR) was 57.2 per 1,000 live births (for the non-STs it was 38.5)<br /> <br /> • As much as 50 percent of mortality due to malaria occur among the STs<br /> <br /> • The estimated prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among the tribal community is significantly higher than the rest of the country-- 703 against 256 per 100,000<br /> <br /> • Though the proportion of ST population in the country was 8.6 percent, the proportion of new leprosy cases among the STs was found to be 18.5 percent, thus, revealing a disproportionate burden of leprosy among the tribal population <br /> <br /> • One out of every four tribal adults suffer from hypertension<br /> <br /> • Sickle cell anemia is prevalent 1 in 86 births among tribal communities, in Central India<br /> <br /> • Almost 72 percent of the tribal men (as compared to 56 percent non-ST men) in the 15-54 years age group were using tobacco and 50 percent STs consumed alcohol<br /> <br /> • Nearly 50 percent of the outpatient visits by tribal people were to public hospitals and more than two third of the indoor hospitalization of tribal population was in government health services<br /> <br /> • Since tribal areas are surrounded by forests, animal bites from snakes, dogs and scorpions are common. The country has the highest snakebite mortality in the world -- between 45,000 to 50,000 every year, i.e. about 125 persons per day <br /> <br /> • Over 104 million tribal people live in India<br /> <br /> • 705 tribes are present in India under Scheduled Tribes<br /> <br /> • 8.6 percent of the country’s population is tribal<br /> <br /> • At present, there are 75 tribal groups identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups<br /> <br /> • Based on 2001 census it could be said that there are 19 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) with less than 1,000 population, four PVTGs with a population of more than 50,000 and eight PVTGs with a population above 1,00,000 population (Singh et al, 2014)<br /> <br /> • The availability of funds under the Tribal Sub-Plan during the last 3 years shows that on an average per capita availability of fund per year was nearly Rs. 8,000. During the current year, it is around Rs. 10,000. However, often the percentage expenditure shown under TSP is a mere accounting exercise. This is because various ministries show under TSP, the regular services that would be in any case have to provide in tribal areas. The additional expenditure in these areas, which is the mandate of the TSP, remains unstated. There is no consolidated data available on TSP expenditure, at the state and central level <br /> <br /> • Currently the unavailability of financing data on tribal health stems from poor monitoring of allocation and utilization of funds in tribal areas. The present system of fund flows for tribal health is complex. Several ministries and state departments provide funds to these regions/ populations through different mechanisms. A mechanism to consolidate the pool of funds for health for the ST populations/ tribal regions could be proposed at the district level under the aegis of the district panchayat (or tribal autonomous council where they exist, and the district health society)</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">The judgement by Supreme Court judges Adarsh Kumar Goel and Uday Umesh Lalit (dated 20th March, 2018, please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/22086_2017_Judgement_20-Mar-2018.pdf" title="SC ST Act judgement">click here</a> to access) pertaining to Criminal Appeal No. 416 of 2018 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No. 5661 of 2017), among other things, says that:<br /> <br /> • In view of acknowledged abuse of law of arrest in cases under [inside]The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989)[/inside], arrest of a public servant can only be after approval of the appointing authority and of a non-public servant after approval by the Senior Superintendent of Police (S.S.P.) which may be granted in appropriate cases if considered necessary for reasons recorded. Such reasons must be scrutinized by the Magistrate for permitting further detention.<br /> <br /> • To avoid false implication of an innocent, a preliminary enquiry may be conducted by the D.S.P. concerned to find out whether the allegations make out a case under The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989) and that the allegations are not frivolous or motivated.<br /> <br /> • To avoid false implication, before a First Information Report (FIR) is registered, preliminary enquiry may be made (as mentioned above) whether the case falls in the parameters of The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989) and is not frivolous or motivated.<br /> <br /> • There is no absolute bar against grant of anticipatory bail in cases under The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989) if no prima facie case is made out or where on judicial scrutiny the complaint is found to be prima facie mala fide.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">-- </p> <div style="text-align:justify">The press release by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment dated 25 January, 2016 (please <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135764">click here</a> to access) says that the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 to ensure more stringent provisions for prevention of Atrocities against Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes will be enforced with effect from January 26, 2016.<br /> </div> <p style="text-align:justify">Consequent upon passing of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Bill, 2015 by the Lok Sabha on August 04,2015 and Rajya Sabha on December 21, 2015, to make amendments in the Principal Act, namely, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) {PoA} Act, 1989, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015, as assented by the President on December 31, 2015, was notified in the Gazette of India Extraordinary on January 01, 2016. After framing the rules for enactment, now it will be enforced by the Central Government with effect from January 26, 2016.<br /> <br /> The key features of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 (please <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135764">click here</a> to access), are:<br /> <br /> • New offences of atrocities like tonsuring of head, moustache, or similar acts which are derogatory to the dignity of members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, garlanding with chappals, denying access to irrigation facilities or forest rights , dispose or carry human or animal carcasses, or to dig graves, using or permitting manual scavenging, dedicating a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe women as devadasi, abusing in caste name, perpetrating witchcraft atrocities, imposing social or economic boycott, preventing Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates from filing of nomination to contest elections, hurting a Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes woman by removing her garments, forcing a member of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe to leave house , village or residence, defiling objects sacred to members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe, touching or using words, acts or gestures of a sexual nature against members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe.<br /> <br /> • Addition of certain IPC offences like hurt, grievous hurt, intimidation, kidnapping etc., attracting less than ten years of imprisonment, committed against members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe, as offences punishable under the PoA Act. Presently, only those offences listed in IPC as attracting punishment of 10 years or more and committed on members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe are accepted as offences falling under the PoA Act.<br /> <br /> • Establishment of Exclusive Special Courts and specification of Exclusive Special Public Prosecutors also, to exclusively try the offences under the PoA Act to enable speedy and expeditious disposal of cases.<br /> <br /> • Power of Special Courts and Exclusive Special Courts, to take direct cognizance of offence and as far as possible, completion of trial of the case within two months, from the date of filing of the charge sheet.<br /> <br /> • Addition of chapter on the ‘Rights of Victims and Witnesses’.<br /> <br /> • Defining clearly the term ‘wilful negligence’ of public servants at all levels, starting from the registration of complaint, and covering aspects of dereliction of duty under this Act.<br /> <br /> • Addition of presumption to the offences –If the accused was acquainted with the victim or his family, the court will presume that the accused was aware of the caste or tribal identity of the victim unless proved otherwise.<br /> <br /> According to <u><span style="color:#0000ff">vikaspedia.in</span></u>, the key features of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 (please <a href="http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/scheduled-caste-welfare-1/the-scheduled-castes-and-the-scheduled-tribes-prevention-of-atrocities-amendment-act-2015">click here</a> to access), are:<br /> <br /> • <strong>Actions to be treated as offences -</strong> The Act outlines actions (by non SCs and STs) against SCs or STs to be treated as offences. The Amendment Act amends certain existing categories and adds new categories of actions to be treated as offences. New offences added under the Act include: (a) garlanding with footwear, (b) compelling to dispose or carry human or animal carcasses, or do manual scavenging, (c) abusing SCs or STs by caste name in public, (d) attempting to promote feelings of ill-will against SCs or STs or disrespecting any deceased person held in high esteem, and (e) imposing or threatening a social or economic boycott.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Assaulting or sexual exploiting an SC or ST woman is an offence under the Act -</strong> The Amendment Act adds that: (a) intentionally touching an SC or ST woman in a sexual manner without her consent, or (b) using words, acts or gestures of a sexual nature, or (c) dedicating an SC or ST women as a devadasi to a temple, or any similar practice will also be considered an offence. Consent is defined as a voluntary agreement through verbal or non-verbal communication.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Preventing SCs or STs from undertaking the following activities will be considered an offence -</strong> (a) using common property resources, (c) entering any place of worship that is open to the public, and (d) entering an education or health institution.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Addition of presumption to the offences – </strong>The court shall presume that the accused was aware of the caste or tribal identity of the victim if the accused had personal knowledge of the victim or his family, unless the contrary is proved.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Role of public servants - </strong>The Act specifies that a non SC or ST public servant who neglects his/her duties relating to SCs or STs shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term of six months to one year. The Amendment Act specifies these duties, including: (a) registering a complaint or FIR, (b) reading out information given orally, before taking the signature of the informant and giving a copy of this information to the informant, etc.<br /> <br /> • Addition of certain IPC offences like hurt, grievous hurt, intimidation, kidnapping etc., attracting less than ten years of imprisonment, committed against members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe, as offences punishable under the PoA Act. Presently, only those offences listed in IPC as attracting punishment of 10 years or more and committed on members of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe are accepted as offences falling under the PoA Act.<br /> <br /> • Establishment of Exclusive Special Courts and specification of Exclusive Special Public Prosecutors also, to exclusively try the offences under the PoA Act to enable speedy and expeditious disposal of cases.<br /> <br /> • <strong>Rights of victims and witnesses -</strong> The Amendment Act adds a chapter on the rights of victims and witness. It shall be the duty of the state to make arrangements for the protection of victims, their dependants and witnesses. The state government shall specify a scheme to ensure the implementation of rights of victims and witnesses.<br /> <br /> • The courts established under the Act may take measures such as: (a) concealing the names of witnesses, (b) taking immediate action in respect of any complaint relating to harassment of a victim, informant or witness, etc. Any such complaint shall be tried separately from the main case and be concluded within two months.<br /> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="http://ncsc.nic.in/files/PoA%20Amendment%20Rules,%202016.pdf">click here</a> to access the Rules related to The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act (2015). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/SCST%20Prevention%20of%20Atrocities%20Act%202015.pdf" title="SC ST Prevention of Atrocities Amendment Act 2015">click here</a> to access the The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act (2015). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/poarules.pdf" title="PoA Rules SC ST">click here</a> to access the Rules related to The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989). </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/The%20Scheduled%20Caste%20and%20the%20Scheduled%20Tribes%20Prevention%20Of%20Atrocities%20Act%201989.pdf" title="The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes Prevention Of Atrocities Act 1989">click here</a> to access The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989).</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify">The [inside]India Exclusion Report 2015[/inside] is based on information and knowledge resources available in the public domain. The report has studied the exclusion faced by five especially vulnerable groups: single women, Devadasis, survivors of ethnic conflict, survivors of communal violence, and the Jarawa tribe.<br /> <br /> The key facts from the India Exclusion Report 2015, which has been prepared by Centre for Equity Studies in collaboration with various organizations (please <a href="https://im4change.org/docs/91763text-final_India-Exclusion-Report-round2Final.pdf">click here</a> to access the report), are as follows:<br /> <br /> <strong>Urban healthcare and exclusion</strong><br /> <br /> • The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in its report on Key Indicators of Slums in India (2012) informs us about the poor conditions of living in urban slums. The survey shows that over a third of slum settlements had no electricity, while close to a third had no access to tap water, latrine facilities, drainage facilities, or garbage disposal arrangements. Only 23.9 percent of the slums benefitted from any slum benefit scheme (such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Rajiv Gandhi Awas Yojana, etc.). At the national level, out of an estimated total of 33,510 slums, 59 percent were non-notified, accounting for almost 3.25 million slum households not officially recognised as slums by the government.<br /> <br /> • As per the dissertation entitled ‘A Study to Understand the Barriers and Facilitating Factors for Accessing Health Care amongst Adult Street Dwellers in New Delhi, India’ by V Prasad (2011), untreated injuries have resulted in lifelong disabilities, jeopardising the ability to work, further perpetuating homelessness.<br /> <br /> • As per the Handbook of Urbanization in India by KC Sivaramakrishnan, A Kundu and BN Singh (2005), in a highly cash-strained environment, some people have to live on pavements and streets to be able to save money for remittances.<br /> <br /> • Some of the socially vulnerable groups identified by the Hashim Committee are women, seniors without care, people with disabilities, the homeless, people living with leprosy, mental illness and AIDS, scheduled castes and tribes, children without adult care, street and working children, and children of destitute and stigmatised parents.<br /> <br /> • Occupational vulnerability, stated by the Hashim Committee, comes about due to the ‘fact that the large majority of the urban poor are trapped in low end jobs—insecure, low paid, low productivity with debilitating work conditions—mainly in the informal sector.’ Third party interventions in the job market based on commissions, lack of social protection at work, seasonal casual employment (like fishing) and so forth are major reasons for vulnerability. Some of the occupations falling under this category are noted to include ‘daily wage workers, construction labour, petty traders, hawkers, street children, sex-workers, rickshaw-pullers, domestic workers, etc.’<br /> <br /> • According to the 71st round of the National Sample Survey, the average total medical expenditure per single ailment is much higher—i.e., INR 741 for males and INR 629 for females in urban areas, as compared to INR 549 and INR 589 respectively in rural areas. Moreover, this survey found that expenditure in private hospitals as compared to public is much higher in urban areas (three times the expense in private than public hospitals for males and almost double for females) as compared to rural areas (1.9 times the expense in private than public hospitals for males and 1.6 times for females). All this results in a greater proportion of expenditure, on average, per person in urban areas as compared to rural (INR 639 as compared to INR 509). For the poorest fifth of urban dwellers, on average the cost to treat a single ailment in a single person is the same as over 10 months of household expenditure; costs are this high or even higher for those who use the private sector more.<br /> <br /> • In urban areas, the proportion of in-patient care sought in the private sector has grown from 56.9 per cent in 1995–6 to 68 per cent in 2014, over a 10 per cent increase. As can be imagined, the reliance on the private sector is skewed in wealthier income groups (as they can afford it), and yet, in 2014, private hospitals account for 52 percent of hospitalised cases among the poorest urban quintiles in India, and 56.5 percent among the second poorest.<br /> <br /> • The 2011 slum Census reveals that 32 per cent of the slum population in Tamil Nadu and 39 per cent in Punjab is comprised of Dalits. Nationwide, between 2001 and 2011, there has been a 37 percent increase in the Dalit population within slums, says a study by Sivakumar.<br /> <br /> • The Technical Resource Group (TRG) supporting the newly launched National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) has found that in urban India, the infant mortality rate is higher by 1.8 times in slum as compared to non-slum areas. Diarrhoea deaths account for 28 percent of all mortality, while acute respiratory infections account for 22 per cent. Nearly 50 percent of urban child mortality is the result of poor sanitation and lack of access to clean drinking water in urban slums.<br /> <br /> • By not relying only on individuals’ ability to provide documentation certifying that they were affected by the gas disaster in 1984, the Sambhavana Trust Clinic has created a sense of inclusion to urban health resources for an estimated 50,000 people who otherwise may not have received the care that they needed in municipal hospitals (most of these 50,000 individuals are those affected by ground water contamination).<br /> <br /> <strong>Urban Water Supply and Sanitation</strong><br /> <br /> • As per the Ministry of Urban Development, most households are provided with an insufficient quantity of water: the average per capita supply of 73 lpcd – litres per capita daily (in 1,493 cities) is far below the desired benchmark of 135 lpcd. Average duration of supply is around three hours against the benchmark of 24 hours.<br /> <br /> • According to NSSO (2013), almost a quarter of households are not supplied water daily. Nearly 23 percent of households also had a supplementary source of drinking water, indicating insufficiency or unreliability of the primary source of drinking water.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census 2011, nearly a quarter (estimates ranging from 18 million to 23 million) of households do not have access to water supply within their premises, and only slightly more than half the households have access to a water source for exclusive use. On an average, more than half an hour (31 minutes) is spent to fetch water from outside (including waiting time).<br /> <br /> • A survey done by Pratham Education Foundation, Montreal University and Harvard Centre for Population and Development Studies in a New Delhi slum found that 42 percent (284 of 685) of household drinking water samples were contaminated with coliform bacteria.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census 2011, nearly 10 million (13 percent) households do not have access to any sanitation facilities, and hence they resort to open defecation. Another 6 percent depend on public or community latrines, and 4 percent have access only to unimproved latrines.<br /> <br /> • A high percentage of households (27 percent) depend on some form of shared facilities, including public toilets, community toilets and shared facilities among multiple households, says NSSO 2013. Shared facilities present their own set of problems: long waiting time, lack of cleanliness, fixed timings and payment, etc.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census 2011, only one-third of the urban population is connected to networked sewerage systems (mostly in large metropolitan cities, and in rich and middle class colonies), while a much larger proportion of the households depend on on-site systems, primarily septic tanks and pit latrines.<br /> <br /> • The total annual economic losses due to inadequate sanitation in India is estimated to be Rs. 2.4 trillion ($53.8 billion), equivalent to about 6.4 percent of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006. The health-related economic impact of inadequate sanitation was Rs. 1.75 trillion ($38.5 billion), 72 percent of the total impact. Access time and water-related impacts made up the other two main losses.<br /> <br /> • The lack of latrines in schools and absence of menstrual health management are impediments for girls attending school post-puberty and increase the likelihood of them dropping out of school. Each year 23 percent of Indian girls drop out of school due to the lack of functioning toilets and 66 percent skip school during menstruation.<br /> <br /> • According to Census 2011, there are a total of 8 lakh dry latrines in the country that are serviced by humans; almost 2 lakh such latrines are in urban areas.<br /> <br /> • The taskforce constituted by the Planning Commission in 1989 estimated the number of scavengers belonging to Scheduled Castes as 4 lakhs (out of 7 lakhs in total) with 83 percent in urban areas and 17 percent in rural areas. There were another 3 lakh scavengers from other minorities including Muslims, Christians and tribals. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in the year 2002–03 identified almost 6.8 lakh manual scavengers; of these, over 95 percent were Dalits, who are forced to undertake this task in the garb of their ‘traditional occupation’.<br /> <br /> • Census 2011 reports that there are 750,000 families who still work as manual scavengers living mostly in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. Surveys carried out by organisations working with manual scavengers estimate the number to be much higher, around 12–13 lakhs, especially because the official estimates do not include railway employees who have to clean excrement from the railway tracks.<br /> <br /> <strong>Exclusion of women</strong><br /> <br /> • Time allocation data (available only through a pilot time-use survey carried out in 1998–99), showed that Indian men’s contribution to unpaid care was 10 percent that of women, across income groups. Participation in unpaid care work is significantly higher for women, compared to men: according to the NSS 2011–12 data, approximately 43.8 percent of women of all ages were engaged solely in domestic work, while for men, participation was negligible.<br /> <br /> • According to 2011–12 NSSO estimates, 15.1 percent of women between the age of 15–59 in rural areas are contributing family workers, relative to 6.6 percent own-account workers. In urban areas, the share is only 3.5 percent, relative to 5.1 per cent own-account workers – the share of workers engaged only in domestic duties is a lot higher in urban areas, however. Available data suggests that women are shifting from waged employment to unpaid work, be it attending to domestic duties or contributing to family work.<br /> <br /> • A 2010 study on 2.6 lakh rehabilitated bonded labourers from Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh (over 43 percent and 39 percent were ST and SC, respectively and 16 percent OBC) estimated that about 19 percent of them were women, indicating that a considerable number of women do find themselves in situations of bondage.<br /> <br /> • Dalit, Tribal and Muslim women have the lowest levels of education among social and religious groups, even in comparison to men from the same groups. Data from the NSS 2009–10 shows that in rural areas, 58.1 per cent Dalit, 58.3 percent ST and 52.6 per cent Muslim women were illiterate, compared to the average 43.9 percent and only 1.1 percent Dalit, 0.9 percent tribal and 0.9 percent Muslim women were graduates. In urban areas, while average proportion of graduate women was 14.7 percent, only 7.2 percent of Dalit women, 9.8 percent of tribal women and 4.8 percent of Muslim women were graduates.<br /> <br /> • An analysis of NSS data from 2009–10 shows that over 31.5 per cent of Dalit women and 35.5 percent of tribal women in urban areas were in casual labour, compared to 5.8 per cent of upper caste women. In rural areas as well, the proportion of upper caste women in casual labour was 19.4 percent, compared to 56.3 percent for Dalit women and 43.8 percent for tribal women. Further, the highest decreases in labour force participation over the past decade have been for these groups in rural areas, which in the absence of an improvement in household wealth, is especially worrying. Muslim women are concentrated in self-employment, in home-based sub-contracted work with low earnings.<br /> <br /> • Only 16.1 percent of working age women with disabilities were employed in 2002, although just 29 per cent of the same group were recorded as being ‘unable to work owing to disability.<br /> <br /> • NSSO data shows that participation rates for rural elderly women have fluctuated around 20 percent between 1983 and 2011–12.<br /> <br /> • Almost 70 percent of all elderly workers and 93 per cent of all elderly women are either illiterate or have not completed primary education. This elderly workforce is therefore primarily engaged in low-end, unskilled work, with elderly women more downwardly classified as compared to men—39 percent of elderly women work in elementary occupations, as compared to 26 percent elderly men84 and receiving lower wages than men, regardless of whether they are engaged in regular or casual employment. In addition, the largely informal nature of India’s labour market means that few workers manage to avail of employer’s pension—only 3% of elderly women receive it and 15 percent elderly men. With no control over resources, elderly women are also likely to face abuse in hands of family members. One in 10 elderly persons reportedly face some form of abuse after 60 years of age and, in the case of women, the perpetrators are usually family members.<br /> <br /> • In India, high growth of around 8 percent per annum between 2003–4 and 2011–12, did not create commensurate employment, leading many analysts to term this period as one of ‘jobless growth’. In fact, the employment elasticity of growth has declined over time. Employment elasticity fell from 0.44 during 2000–05 to 0.01 during 2005–10 though rising to 0.2 during 2010–12.<br /> <br /> • As an NCEUS report from 2009 estimated, 91 percent of women are in informal jobs without contracts or legal protection, compared to 86 percent of men. Women are also typically represented in segments with lower earnings. NSS findings from the 68th round estimated that on an average, daily wages from regular salaried work were twice the wage-amount from casual wage labour in rural areas and almost three times the amount in urban areas and the same report states that only 5.6 percent of women on the labour force in rural areas were in regular employment, compared to 10 percent men. In urban areas, data shows that regular waged work has seen an increase, but official and independent research suggests also that this is mainly attributable to a rise in numbers in the highly feminised sector of paid domestic workers.<br /> <br /> <strong>Single women</strong><br /> <br /> • According to the 2001 census, 7.4 per cent of the female population of India is ‘single’. There were 3.44 crore widows in India, and 23.43 lakh divorced/ separated women—a total of 3.67 lakh single women. ‘This figure is likely to increase with the inclusion of “customarily” separated women and women whose husbands are missing.<br /> <br /> • Under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), the central government contributes Rs. 200 per pensioner per month and the states are urged to contribute an equal amount.’ As per the guidelines the beneficiaries are supposed to get benefits regularly each month before the 7th of the month. According to the 9th report of the Supreme Court Commissioners, many states including Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are currently paying a monthly pension of less than Rs. 400 per month.<br /> <br /> • Evidence suggests that NOAPS has benefited sections of the vulnerable population, in the data obtained from the Ministry of Rural Development: in 1998–99, 30 percent of the women benefited while in 1999–2000, 36.7 percent of the women benefited. A gender breakup also indicates that 13 states had 30 percent or more coverage of women in the scheme in 1998–99 and 1999–2000.<br /> <br /> • Widow pension schemes have been functional in India since the 1960s. In 2002, the Government of India introduced a new scheme, the Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension scheme, which increased the amount of financial assistance given to widows to Rs. 400 per month. This scheme covers widows between the age group of 40–64 years, from families with incomes below the poverty line. Like the old age pension scheme, the centre contributes 50 per cent of the funds, i.e., Rs. 200, with the rest being contributed by the states.<br /> <br /> • A 2007 study, Destitution of Widow in Rajasthan by the Budget Analysis Rajasthan Centre, found that almost 50 percent of BPL widows did not get pensions. Till 2001, four of the north-eastern states had failed to introduce the scheme. In other states, a ceiling has been imposed on the maximum number of person to be covered under the scheme. Tamil Nadu and Kerala, however, have been unique in this respect, by totally eliminating the ceiling.<br /> <br /> <strong>Devadasis</strong><br /> <br /> • Estimates of the number of Devadasis are available to us from various sources for the three states in India where the practice is highly prevalent: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.<br /> <br /> • The Karnataka government conducted two surveys, first in 1993–94 and the second in 2007–08. The first survey found 22,873 Devadasis and the second enumerated 23,787. In undivided Andhra Pradesh, a survey in 1987–88 found 24,273 Devadasis. However, the one-man commission appointed by the government to examine the status of Devadasis estimated the number to be about 80,000 (across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). The State government of Maharashtra, reported the existence of about 3,900 Devadasis during a survey carried out by the National Commission for Women. These figures are highly underestimated and, according to the one-man Commission report, the estimate is about 4.5 lakh Devadasis spread across many states in India.<br /> <br /> • The report submitted by the one-man commission estimates the number of Devadasis in Andhra Pradesh to be about 80,000—much higher than the figure of 24,273, provided by the AP social welfare commission. Importantly, the Commission report was submitted to the (undivided) Andhra Pradesh Government two years ago and has still not been made public. Furthermore, Ms. Subhadraa, a leading Hyderabad-based activist mentioned that more than 100,000 Devadasi women gathered last year for Yellamma deity’s annual festival, indicating that the number of Devadasis in the country is much higher than what the government estimates.<br /> <br /> • Research by Sampark shows that Devadasis are being dedicated at ages much younger than 21 years. In fact more than 70 percent of the respondents were dedicated at less than 15 years of age. 69 percent of Devadasi women were made sexually active at the age of less than 16 years.<br /> <br /> • The practice of offering girls as Devadasis is followed by Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Communities. A majority of the households with Devadasi members at present do not have a history of dedication in the family indicating the fact that they were first-generation followers of the practice.<br /> <br /> • The study carried out by Sampark found that 84.57 percent of the Devadasi women belonged to the Scheduled Castes, followed by 5.14 percent Other Backward Castes (OBC), 4.57 percent Scheduled Tribes, 4 percent General and with 1.71 percent belonging to other categories.<br /> <br /> • Most Devadasis come from Dalit families that are asset-less and live in abject poverty, dedicating girls as a result of their economic vulnerability. Research findings showed that the majority of respondents, 79 percent, were dedicated as Devadasi through close family members (father, mother or grandmother), in Belagavi 93 percent and in Mehboobnagar 91 percent. In Sholapur district, 31 percent of the respondents said that temple priests and self-styled godmen (locally known as Gurus) were also involved in the induction.<br /> <br /> • Most Devadasis are involved in manual labour like agricultural work. All Devadasis are sex workers. Many Devadasis have relationships with a patron and a few of them are married. As many as 95 percent of the women were not able to register their patrons as parents in the admission records of schools for their children. This indicates that the children of Devadasis are not able to prove connections to a father and are therefore unable to claim any inheritance rights.<br /> <br /> • Although the government has announced schemes for the rehabilitation of Devadasis, the implementation has been wanting for lack of funds as well. In Karnataka, an NGO working with Dalits reported that Devadasi women had not received their pensions for the past 19 months, as they had not received funds from the central government. Hence, non-disbursements of funds, lack of appropriate allocations and allotment of funds are key challenges in the implementation of state rehabilitation schemes.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> According to the study titled [inside]Moving to Universal Coverage? Trends in the Burden of Out-Of-Pocket Payments for Health Care across Social Groups in India, 1999-2000 to 2011-12[/inside] by Anup Karan, Sakthivel Selvaraj and Ajay Mahal, Plos One Journal, August 15, 2014 (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Out%20of%20pocket%20expenditure%20on%20health%20by%20various%20social%20groups.pdf">click here</a> to access): <br /> <br /> • The study has found rising share of out-of-pocket health expenditure in total household spending among disadvantaged households (SC/ST/Muslim/Poorest 20%), relative to their better-off counterparts, thus, indicating serious gaps in existing programmes with regard to access to affordable outpatient care and drugs.<br /> <br /> • The proportion of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on healthcare in total household spending increased faster among Muslim households relative to non-Muslim households by 0.9% during 2000-12.<br /> <br /> • Similarly, the proportion of out-of-pocket expenditure on health in total household spending grew faster among SC/ST households relative to non SC/ST households by 0.6% during the same period. This means that despite large government investments in NRHM (during the period 2005-2012) that was intended to make healthcare available in rural India mostly in outpatient settings, one could see sharper increases in out-of-pocket expenses among Muslims and SC/ST compared to their better-off counterparts.<br /> <br /> • Despite the rapid expansion of publicly financed insurance schemes for hospital-based services, such as RSBY and Aarogyasri, poor utilization of inpatient care (relative to the top 20% of households) among the poorest 20% as well as the SC/ST households could be observed.<br /> <br /> • In both rural and urban areas, there has been a fall in the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket expenditure on inpatient care between 2000 and 2005 and then a rise between 2005 and 2012 for the same.<br /> <br /> • In both rural (61.4% in 2005 versus 78.8% in 2012) and urban areas (62.9% in 2005 versus 75.9% in 2012), there has been a rise in the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket expenditure on outpatient care between 2005 and 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among rural households, monthly out-of-pocket spending per member was almost 60% higher in 2012 compared to 2000 (INR 29.59 in 2000 versus INR 47.05 in 2012) and nearly 68% higher among urban households (INR 43.28 in 2000 versus INR 72.36 in 2012) over the same period (constant 1999-2000 prices). While household out-of-pocket expenses (per member) rose both for inpatient and outpatient care, inpatient OOP spending saw faster increases than outpatient OOP spending from 2000 to 2012 (constant 1999-2000 prices).<br /> <br /> • The share of households reporting out-of-pocket spending in excess of 10% of their total expenditure increased from 15% in 2000 to 18.9% in 2012 among rural households and from 12.4% in 2000 to 15.9% in 2012 among urban households.<br /> <br /> • Overall, the share of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in total household spending increased from 5.8% in 2000 to 6.7% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the poorest 20% households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced from 14.6% in 2000 to 9.4% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 51.3% in 2000 to 73.3% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the richest 20% households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced marginally from 24.6% in 2000 to 22.0% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 68.2% in 2000 to 79.6% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • The poorest 20% of the households registered a faster increase in the indicator "reporting any OOP payment" compared to the richest 20% during 2000-2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the SC/ST households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced from 18.2% in 2000 to 12.6% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 58.0% in 2000 to 75.1% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Out-of-pocket healthcare expenses rose as a share of total household spending faster for SC/ST households relative to non-SC/ST households, irrespective of whether one considers overall OOP, OOP for inpatient care, or OOP for outpatient care (the coefficients for indicators of catastrophic spending were also mostly positive, but all statistically indistinguishable from zero).<br /> <br /> • Over the same period, the proportion reporting "any OOP" grew more slowly for SC/ST household (relative to non-SC/ST household) (a difference of 21.2% points, relative to a baseline of 66.7% in 2000).<br /> <br /> • Among the Muslim households, the percentage of households reporting any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses on inpatient care reduced from 18.6% in 2000 to 14.7% in 2012 but in case of outpatient care, there was a rise from 66.49% in 2000 to 82.76% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Among the poorest 20% households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 3.21% in 2000 to 4.12% in 2012 while among the richest 20% households, the same increased from 7.18% in 2000 to 8.52% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • The share of out-of-pocket in total household spending increased sharply among Muslims (relative to non-Muslims) during 2000-2012 in all three of the indicators of OOP shares - outpatient care, inpatient care and overall - so their OOP spending burden also increased.<br /> <br /> • Among the SC/ST households, proportion of out-of-pocket healthcare expenses in the total expenditure rose from 5.23% in 2000 to 6.57% in 2012 while among the Muslim households, the same increased from 5.49% in 2000 to 7.02% in 2012.<br /> <br /> • Results for SC/ST households versus non-SC/ST households show no differences in rates of change in the population share incurring catastrophic spending during 2000-2012. Finally, over the period 2000-2012, the growth in the share of Muslim households reporting catastrophic spending exceeded that of non-Muslims by 0.8% points using the 10% threshold, and by 0.4% points using the 25% catastrophic threshold, although the results did not attain statistical significance.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> Based on data and knowledge resources available in the public domain, [inside]India Exclusion Report 2013-14[/inside] highlights the systematic discrimination faced by women, Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Muslims, persons with disabilities and the sexual minorities (LGBT) in accessing the public goods and services. As per the India Exclusion Report 2013-14, which has been prepared by Centre for Equity Studies (New Delhi), Aneka (Bangalore), Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (New Delhi), Centre for Social Equity and Inclusion (New Delhi), Indian Institute of Human Settlement (Bangalore), Nirantar (New Delhi), New Education Group-Foundation for Innovation and Research in Education (New Delhi), National University of Education Planning and Administration (New Delhi), Institute of Development Studies, Sussex (UK) and Brown University, Providence (USA), (Please <a href="http://www.indianet.nl/pdf/IndiaExclusionReport2013-2014.pdf">click here</a> to download):<br /> <br /> • While 53% of all households nationally do not have a latrine within the premises, the figure rises to 66% and 77% for SC and ST households respectively, and, within them, to 78% and 88% for female-headed SC and ST households, respectively, as per the Census 2011.<br /> <br /> • About 82% of all households in India have either open or no drains for waste water. This figure rises to 88% for female-headed households and to 94% for ST households.<br /> <br /> • Census 2011 data shows that 63 per cent of all households in recognized or notified slums have either open or no drainage for waste water. About 34 per cent of slum households have no latrine on the premises, and members of over half of such households thus defecate in the open. Almost 43 per cent of slum households do not have a source of drinking water within the premises of their household.<br /> <br /> • More than 95 percent of the housing shortage in 2012 was experienced by families belonging to Low Income Group (household income between Rs 5,000 & 10,000 a month) and Economically Weaker Sections (household income under Rs 5,000 a month), as per the Kundu Committee report (2012).<br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in rural areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.7%, adivasis (STs) is 33.8% and Muslims is 25.6% while the same among the entire population is 23.7% as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data).<br /> <br /> • The incidence of poverty in urban areas during 2009-10 among dalits (SCs) is 31.0%, adivasis (STs) is 34.3% and Muslims is 37.1% while the same among the entire population is 23.2% as per the India Public Policy Report 2014 (based on NSS data).<br /> <br /> • The literacy rate for SCs in 2011 was similarly below the national average, at 66.1 per cent. In 2012–13, the drop in enrolment of SC children from the primary (classes I–V) to upper primary (classes V–VII) level was 54.4 per cent, compared to an overall dropout rate of 51.8 per cent.<br /> <br /> • The National Council of Educational Research and Training’s (NCERT) National Achievement Survey (NAS) of class V students, conducted in 2012 across 6,602 schools in India, revealed that while girls and boys performed similarly when tested in reading comprehension, mathematics and environmental sciences, SC and ST students consistently under-performed with respect to other caste students in all three subject areas.<br /> <br /> • The literacy rate for STs, as per the Census of 2011, was 58.9 per cent, significantly lower than for the general population. Similarly, the dropout rate from the primary (classes I–V) to upper primary (classes V–VII) level for ST children in 2012–13 was 58.5 per cent, also much higher than the overall dropout rate.<br /> <br /> • Literacy data for Muslims from the Census of 2011 is not available. However, the NSS 66th round (2009–10) estimates the Muslim literacy rate (among persons aged 15 years and above) to be 63.7 per cent, lower than the overall literacy rate (68.3 percent), but higher than for SCs (58.5 per cent) and STs (55.4 per cent).<br /> <br /> • The Gandhi Peace Foundation and National Labour Institute survey in 1979 estimated that between 90 and 94 per cent of bonded labourers were illiterate. Among rehabilitated bonded labourers covered in the Planning Commission survey in 2009, about 76 percent were found to be illiterate.<br /> <br /> • Even among already rehabilitated bonded workers covered in the Planning Commission survey, only 43.7 per cent reported having a Below Poverty Line (BPL) ration card.<br /> <br /> • Estimations put the number of destitute persons in India at approximately 10 per cent of the total population, more than 100 million people. The same estimation projects that these 100 million form one-third of the extremely poor. On the other hand, India counts 55 billionaires, representing a total net worth of US$194 billion.<br /> <br /> • The Janwadi Mahila Samiti survey of 2008–09 showed that most home-based workers (irrespective of the industries that they worked in) earned between Rs. 20–50 per day after five to eight hours of work.<br /> <br /> • NSSO data for 2009–10 shows that 92.1 per cent of Scheduled Castes (SCs) in rural areas were landless or hadlandholdings of one hectare or less. This has led to a preponderance of SCs in casual labour.<br /> <br /> • NSSO data shows that in 2009–10, 59 per cent of SCs in rural areas were engaged as agricultural or non-agricultural labourers, compared to an overall average of 40.4 per cent; in urban areas too, 25.1 per cent of SCs worked as casual labour, as opposed to 13.4 per cent of the overall population.<br /> <br /> • NSSO statistics indicate that in 2009–10, 76.5 per cent of Scheduled Tribe (ST) households in rural areas were either landless or had less than 1 hectare of land. The share of tribal households with small and marginal landholdings has been steadily increasing over time.<br /> <br /> • The case of nomadic and de-notified tribes (DNTs), who number an estimated 60 million in India, is also worth highlighting here. The caste-based Census has not identified DNTs as a separate category, and they are counted within the SC, ST and OBC communities. Finding recent and exact statistical data for this group is very difficult. However, in a survey carried out in western Maharashtra in 1990–92, it was found out that 53.75 per cent of DNT families were dependent on wage labour, 22.6 per cent on service (public and private sector), 9.59 per cent on petty trade, 9.22 per cent on so-called criminal activities like begging, pick-pocketing and distilling alcohol, and 4.81 per cent on agriculture. DNTs are also employed as migrant bonded labourers in brick kilns, sugarcane and stone cutting industries.<br /> <br /> • In India, NSSO survey in 2007–08 revealed that 40 per cent of those aged 60 years and above were still working. The figure is much higher among men, and in rural areas. In developed countries this ratio is closer to 20 per cent.<br /> <br /> • The official labour force participation rate for men, which measures the proportion of the total male population in the labour force, stood at 55.6 per cent in 2011–12, unchanged from its level in 2004–05. For women, already scarcely represented in India’s labour market, the labour market participation in the same period dropped from 29.4 per cent to 22.5 per cent. This large remaining share of the population, while not recorded as being a part of the labour force, is nonetheless involved in a range of labour activities. Some of these activities are nonremunerative—examples include the involvement of women, children and the elderly in household tasks and care-giving—while others, like homebased work, domestic work, child labour, and work by the elderly, are remunerated but remain unseen and difficult to detect under formal labour registration systems.<br /> <br /> • Out of every 100 workers, the NCEUS report revealed, 86 work in the informal economy, producing half of India’s economic output. Hence, around 400 million workers, a number considerably larger than the total population of the United States of America, are employed with little job security or any formal entitlement to the protection of the state.<br /> <br /> • Trilok S Papola and Partha P Sahu (2012) note that the proportion of informally employed workers in the formal sector has also risen over time, from 42 per cent of total formal sector employment in 1999–2000, to 51 per cent in 2009–10. As a result, in 2009–10, 92 per cent of all workers, in the formal and informal sectors combined, were effectively in ‘informal’ employment. Such trends can be explained by the increasing move towards the use of contract labour within the formal-sector, in order to increase profits and avoid adhering to labour laws.<br /> <br /> • According to the Census of India 2011, about 5 per cent of workers in urban areas are employed in household industries, out of which about 40 per cent are women. During 1999–2000, there were about 23.5 million home-based workers in India, out of which 44 per cent were women. National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) data of 2009–10 shows that 30.7 per cent of self-employed persons in urban India worked at home; 72.1 per cent of selfemployed females in urban India worked at home, while 21.3 per cent self-employed males worked at home. Home-based workers tend to be among the poorest Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) quintile classes. Put simply, most home-based workers are relatively poor.<br /> <br /> • While Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the past two decades accelerated to 7.52 per cent per annum, employment growth during this period was just 1.5 per cent, below the long-term employment growth of 2 per cent per annum, over the four decades since 1972. Just 2.7 million jobs were added in the period from 2004–05 to 2009–10, compared to over 60 million during the previous five-year period.<br /> <br /> • The services sector, which has seen rapid growth since the early 1990s, accounted for 58.3 per cent of GDP in 2004–05, but its share of employment was only 29 per cent. In contrast, labour-intensive manufacturing accounted for only 17 per cent of GDP and 12 per cent of employment, which was not materially different from the scenario in 1993–94.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> As per the article entitled: [inside]Conditions of SC/ST Households: A Story of Unequal Improvement by RB Bhagat (2013)[/inside], Economic and Political Weekly, October 12, Vol. XLVIII, No. 41, page no. 62-66 (please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Conditions_of_SCST_Households_1.pdf">click here</a> to access):<br /> <br /> • Although 21.9 percent Schedules Caste (SC) households live in houses having concrete roofs, only 10.1 percent Schedules tribe (ST) households live in such houses during 2011. Only 29.6 percent Indian households live in houses having concrete roofs.<br /> <br /> • Although 41.2 percent SC households have access to tap water, only 24.4 percent ST households have access to the same during 2011. Only 43.5 percent Indian households have access to tap water.<br /> <br /> • Although 59.0 percent SC households have electricity as a source of lighting, only 51.7 percent ST households have access to the same during 2011. Only 67.2 percent Indian households have electricity as a source of lighting.<br /> <br /> • Although 33.8 percent SC households have latrine facility within the premises, only 22.6 percent ST households have access to the same during 2011. Only 46.9 percent Indian households have latrine facility within the premises.<br /> <br /> • Although 46.6 percent SC households are connected to drainage, only 22.7 percent ST households are connected to the same during 2011. Only 51.1 percent Indian households are connected to drainage.<br /> <br /> • Although 27.7 percent SC households live in houses with bathroom, only 17.2 percent ST households enjoy the same facility during 2011. Only 42.0 percent Indian households live in houses with bathroom.<br /> <br /> • The percentage of households using LPG/PNG was just 9.2% among STs compared to 16.9% among SCs and 28.5% among all households in 2011.<br /> <br /> • Access to banking services is found to have more than doubled – an increase from 19% (in 2001) to 45% (in 2011) among STs and from 25% (in 2001) to 51% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to television has increased from 12% (in 2001) to 21.8% (in 2011) among STs and from 21.2% (in 2001) to 39.1% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to telephone has decreased from 2.5% (in 2001) to 1.9% (in 2011) among STs and from 3.4% (in 2001) to 3.0% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to scooter/ motorcycle/ moped has increased from 4.1% (in 2001) to 8.9% (in 2011) among STs and from 5.3% (in 2001) to 12% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • Access to car/ van/ moped has increased from 0.8% (in 2001) to 1.6% (in 2011) among STs and from 1.0% (in 2001) to 1.8% (in 2011) among SC communities.<br /> <br /> • About 47.5% households reported to have mobile phones compared to 31.1% among STs and 53.2% among all households in 2011.<br /> <br /> • Although SCs and STs have progressed very well between 2001 and 2011, the gap between them and all households (average level) has widened in almost all indicators of living conditions except electricity among ST households, and electricity and concrete roof among SC households.<br /> <br /> • Similarly in assets like car, jeep and van, scooter/ motorcycle/ moped and television, there has been a widening gap between SC and STs on the one hand and all households on the other.<br /> <br /> • Although SCs and STs have benefited, but the benefits have extended faster among non-SC/ST communities during the decade of rapid economic growth during 2001-11.<br /> <br /> • The percentage of SC households with possession of television was 9% higher than the STs in 2001 which increased to 17% in 2011. Similarly, the inequality in the possession car/jeep/van increased from 1 percentage point in 2001 to 3 percentage points in 2011 between SC and ST households.<br /> <br /> **page**<br /> <br /> According to [inside]Tribal Profile at a Glance (May 2013)[/inside], prepared by Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India (please <a href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/statistical%20profile%20of%20scheduled%20tribes%20in%20india%202013.pdf">click here</a> to download):<br /> <br /> • The percentage of Schedules Tribes (STs) to total population has increased from 8.2 percent in 2001 to 8.6 percent in 2011 (based on Census 2001 and 2011).<br /> <br /> • The sex ratio (i.e. number of females per 1000 males) among STs has improved from 978 in 2001 to 990 in 2011 (based on Census 2001 and 2011).<br /> <br /> • Only 40.6 percent ST households live in 'good houses' as compared to 53.1 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Only 22.6 percent ST households have latrine facility within the premises as compared to 46.9 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Roughly 74.7 percent ST households practice open defecation as compared to 49.8 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Nearly 53.7 percent ST households have separate kitchen inside as compared to 61.3 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Only 19.7 percent ST households have source of drinking water within the premises as compared to 46.6 percent households belonging to all social groups (based on Census 2011).<br /> <br /> • Literacy rate (for persons of age 5 years and above) among ST households is 63.1 percent whereas among households belonging to all social groups is 72.8 percent (based on Report no. 543 of NSS 66th round, 2009-10).<br /> <br /> • The number of households having MGNREGS job cards per 1000 households is 541 in the case of STs and 347 in the case of all social groups (based on Report no. 543 of NSS 66th round, 2009-10).<br /> <br /> • The average number of days worked during last 365 days in MGNREGA works by households that got work under the same is 42 in the case of STs and 37 in the case of all social groups (based on Report no. 543 of NSS 66th round, 2009-10).<br /> <br /> • Based on Suresh Tendulkar methodology, the percentage of population below poverty line among ST households is 47.4 percent in rural areas and 30.4 percent in urban areas during 2009-10. </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">**page**</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Status%20of%20implementation%20of%20the%20decisions%20taken%20by%20Government%20on%20the%20follow-up%20action%20on%20the%20recommendations%20of%20the%20Sachar%20Committee.pdf" title="Status of implementation of the decisions taken by Government on the follow-up action on the recommendations of the Sachar Committee">click here</a> to access the [inside]Status of Implementation of the Decisions taken by Government on the follow-up action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee (upto 1st February, 2018)[/inside], Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Statement%20Laid%20in%20Rajya%20Sabha%20on%20the%20Follow-up%20Action%20on%20the%20Recommendations%20of%20the%20Sachar%20Committee.pdf" title="Statement Laid in Rajya Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee">click here</a> to access the Statement Laid in Rajya Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee, Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs. </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Statement%20Laid%20in%20Lok%20Sabha%20on%20the%20Follow-up%20Action%20on%20the%20Recommendations%20of%20the%20Sachar%20Committee.pdf" title="Statement Laid in Lok Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee">click here</a> to access the Statement Laid in Lok Sabha on the Follow-up Action on the Recommendations of the Sachar Committee, Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs. </p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Sachar%20Committee%20Recommendations.pdf" title="Sachar Committee Recommendations">click here</a> to access the [inside]Sachar Committee Recommendations[/inside], Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/List%20of%20schemes%20covered%20under%20follow-up%20action%20on%20Sachar%20Committee%20report.pdf" title="List of Schemes & Programmes covered in follow-up action on Sachar Committee Report">click here</a> to access the List of Schemes & Programmes covered in follow-up action on Sachar Committee Report, Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="tinymce/uploaded/Sachar%20Committee%20Report.pdf" title="Sachar Committee Report">click here</a> to access the [inside]Sachar Committee Report[/inside], Source: Ministry of Minority Affairs. </p> ', 'credit_writer' => '', 'article_img' => '', 'article_img_thumb' => '', 'status' => (int) 1, 'show_on_home' => (int) 1, 'lang' => 'EN', 'category_id' => (int) 13, 'tag_keyword' => '', 'seo_url' => 'social-justice-20500', 'meta_title' => '', 'meta_keywords' => '', 'meta_description' => '', 'noindex' => (int) 0, 'publish_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'most_visit_section_id' => null, 'article_big_img' => null, 'liveid' => (int) 20500, 'created' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenTime) {}, 'modified' => 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