Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 150
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 150
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Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
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Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Deprecated (16384): The ArrayAccess methods will be removed in 4.0.0.Use getParam(), getData() and getQuery() instead. - /home/brlfuser/public_html/src/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line: 151
 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php. [CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311]
Code Context


        trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

    }
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 You can disable deprecation warnings by setting `Error.errorLevel` to `E_ALL & ~E_USER_DEPRECATED` in your config/app.php.'
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deprecationWarning - CORE/src/Core/functions.php, line 311
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::offsetGet() - CORE/src/Http/ServerRequest.php, line 2421
App\Controller\ArtileDetailController::index() - APP/Controller/ArtileDetailController.php, line 151
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 610
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 120
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 94
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 235
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 162
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 97
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 96
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 98

Warning (512): Unable to emit headers. Headers sent in file=/home/brlfuser/public_html/vendor/cakephp/cakephp/src/Error/Debugger.php line=853 [CORE/src/Http/ResponseEmitter.php, line 48]
Code Context
            if (Configure::read('debug')) {

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        Law & Justice | Access to Justice    </title>
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&bull; In 2021 India had a total of 1,319 prisons housing 5,54,034 prisoners as of that year end. The actual capacity was&nbsp;4,25,609, which means that Indian prisons were overcrowded by 30.2 percent in 2021. ##

&bull; In 2020 India had..."/>
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&bull; In 2021 India had a total of 1,319 prisons housing 5,54,034 prisoners as of that year end. The actual capacity was&nbsp;4,25,609, which means that Indian prisons were overcrowded by 30.2 percent in 2021. ##

&bull; In 2020 India had..." />
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#police-response-to-the-pandemic-a-rapid-survey-of-migrant-and-aid-workers-released-on-30-november-2021">Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#india-justice-report-2019-released-in-november-2019">India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#justice-under-trial-a-study-of-pre-trial-detention-in-india-july-2017">Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=3#justice-verma-committee-report">Justice Verma Committee report</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=3#prison-statistics-2011">Prison Statistics 2011</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=4#supreme-court-of-india">Supreme Court of India</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=4#commonwealth-human-rights-initiative-2005-police-accountability">Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2005): Police Accountability</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=5#access-to-justice-practice-notes-undp-2004">Access to Justice, Practice Notes, UNDP (2004)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=5#india-world-report-2009-from-reporters-without-border">India-World Report 2009 from Reporters without Border</a>
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                            </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key takeaways&nbsp;of the report titled <a name="police-response-to-the-pandemic-a-rapid-survey-of-migrant-and-aid-workers-released-on-30-november-2021">Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021)</a>, which has been prepared by Common Cause and funded by Lal Family Foundation, are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/Police-Response-to-the-Pandemic-final%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank" title="/upload/files/Police-Response-to-the-Pandemic-final%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank">click here</a> to access):</p><ul><li style="text-align:justify">The abrupt lockdown was not viewed favourably by the most severely affected people or those providing relief to them. Four out of five migrant workers and nearly an equal proportion of the aid workers believe that if people were informed of the lockdown earlier, they would have faced lesser difficulties.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Aiding and distributing food, rations or essential provisions were the biggest form of support provided by the police in the times of crisis, according to both migrant and aid workers. Nearly sixty percent aid workers feel that police were highly or somewhat helpful in distributing food/ration.</li><li style="text-align:justify">More than half the aid workers interviewed strongly believed that the &nbsp;police lacked training to deal with the lockdown. Further, about three out of five (57 percent) aid workers felt that the police was not at all equipped to deal with the situation.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Nearly half of the migrant workers contacted faced assault by the police during the lockdown. Further, one in 10 migrant workers faced assault by the police while going back to their home states/villages. Like the migrant workers, the aid workers also report assault as the most common form of cruelty by the police during the lockdown. Seventy percent say police used force against common people many times or sometimes.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Two out of five migrant workers (38 percent) believed that the strictness with which the police was enforcing the rules during the lockdown was inappropriate and harsh, while 47 percent believed that strictness was required for the safety and police was doing its job. A significant proportion of aid workers (40 percent) were also strongly of the opinion that the unnecessarily strict rules of the lockdown were a big hindrance in the proper functioning of the police during this period.</li><li style="text-align:justify">More than one-third of the aid workers believe that police behaved very badly with the homeless people, slum dwellers and migrant workers during the lockdown. One out of two aid workers also say that the police discriminated against Muslims during the lockdown, with 50 percent reporting high or medium levels of discrimination.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Overall, three out of five migrant workers (59 percent) and aid workers (61 percent) were satisfied with the work of the police during the lockdown. At the same time, however, both groups were also of the opinion that there was excessive use of force by the police during the lockdown. Nearly three out of five migrant workers (57 percent) and four out of five aid workers (80 percent) report frequent use of force by the police against the common people during the lockdown.</li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Key%20Facts%20India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="Key Facts India Justice Report 2019" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Key%20Facts%20India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="Key Facts India Justice Report 2019">click here</a> to access the key facts of the <a name="india-justice-report-2019-released-in-november-2019">India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019)</a>, which has been prepared by Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, DAKSH, Tata Institute of Social Sciences - Prayas and Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and supported by Tata Trusts. Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="India Justice Report 2019" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="India Justice Report 2019">click here</a> to access the full version of India Justice Report 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Based on data and statistics from the NCRB and various other sources (including RTI applications), Amnesty International India has come out with a report. The key findings of the report entitled <a name="justice-under-trial-a-study-of-pre-trial-detention-in-india-july-2017">Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017)</a>, are as follows (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Justice%20Under%20Trial%20A%20study%20of%20pre-trial%20detention%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Justice under trial" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Justice%20Under%20Trial%20A%20study%20of%20pre-trial%20detention%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Justice under trial">click here</a> to access):<br /><br />&bull; The briefing, &ldquo;Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India&rdquo;, analyzes the responses to about 3000 Right to Information (RTI) applications filed by Amnesty International India to the nearly 500 district and central prisons in the country on the implementation of safeguards to protect the rights of pre-trial detainees, or &lsquo;undertrials&rsquo;.<br /><br />&bull; It has been found through RTI applications that two out of three people in India&rsquo;s prisons are undertrials, and this proportion has not budged for several years despite various Supreme Court judgments.<br /><br />&bull; The briefing reveals a severe shortage across many states of police &lsquo;escorts&rsquo; to take undertrials to court for their hearings. Between September 2014 and February 2015, in over 110,000 instances, undertrials were not produced for their hearings in court either in person or through video-conferencing facilities, in effect hampering their right to trial within a reasonable time.<br /><br />&bull; RTI data revealed glaring gaps in the legal aid system. In most states, legal aid lawyers visited prisons less than once a month. Many states have relatively few legal aid lawyers, compared to their undertrial populations. 5% of jails reported having no legal aid lawyers at all.<br /><br />&bull; Prison authorities in several states also appeared to have a poor understanding of section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was introduced in 2005 to prevent undertrials from being held in pre-trial detention for more than half the sentence they would receive if convicted. Directives issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2013 to reduce overcrowding of jails were also not properly followed. Only 38% of prisons which responded to RTI applications produced minutes of the meetings of Undertrial Review Committees.<br /><br />&bull; As of December 2015, 67% of prisoners in India&rsquo;s prisons were &lsquo;undertrials&rsquo; &ndash; people who were awaiting trial or whose trials were still ongoing, and who have not been convicted. In other words, there are twice as many undertrials in India&rsquo;s prisons as there are convicts.<br /><br />&bull; India&rsquo;s undertrial population has a disproportionate number of Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis. About 53% of undertrials are from these communities, which make up 39% share of the population of India. 29% of undertrials are not formally literate, while 42% had not completed secondary education. A quarter of all undertrials have been in prison for more than a year.<br /><br />&bull; Most prisons in India are overcrowded, partly as a result of excessive undertrial detention. The average occupancy rate in Indian prisons is 114%, and is as high as 233.9% in states such as Chhattisgarh.</p><ul></ul><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; In 2021 India had a total of 1,319 prisons housing 5,54,034 prisoners as of that year end. The actual capacity was&nbsp;4,25,609, which means that Indian prisons were overcrowded by 30.2 percent in 2021. ##

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&bull; In 2021 India had a total of 1,319 prisons housing 5,54,034 prisoners as of that year end. The actual capacity was&nbsp;4,25,609, which means that Indian prisons were overcrowded by 30.2 percent in 2021. ##

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    <h1 class="cat-box-title">Access to Justice</h1>
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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#police-response-to-the-pandemic-a-rapid-survey-of-migrant-and-aid-workers-released-on-30-november-2021">Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#india-justice-report-2019-released-in-november-2019">India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#justice-under-trial-a-study-of-pre-trial-detention-in-india-july-2017">Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=3#justice-verma-committee-report">Justice Verma Committee report</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=3#prison-statistics-2011">Prison Statistics 2011</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=4#supreme-court-of-india">Supreme Court of India</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=4#commonwealth-human-rights-initiative-2005-police-accountability">Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2005): Police Accountability</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=5#access-to-justice-practice-notes-undp-2004">Access to Justice, Practice Notes, UNDP (2004)</a>
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                                                                                                        <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=5#india-world-report-2009-from-reporters-without-border">India-World Report 2009 from Reporters without Border</a>
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                            </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key takeaways&nbsp;of the report titled <a name="police-response-to-the-pandemic-a-rapid-survey-of-migrant-and-aid-workers-released-on-30-november-2021">Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021)</a>, which has been prepared by Common Cause and funded by Lal Family Foundation, are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/Police-Response-to-the-Pandemic-final%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank" title="/upload/files/Police-Response-to-the-Pandemic-final%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank">click here</a> to access):</p><ul><li style="text-align:justify">The abrupt lockdown was not viewed favourably by the most severely affected people or those providing relief to them. Four out of five migrant workers and nearly an equal proportion of the aid workers believe that if people were informed of the lockdown earlier, they would have faced lesser difficulties.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Aiding and distributing food, rations or essential provisions were the biggest form of support provided by the police in the times of crisis, according to both migrant and aid workers. Nearly sixty percent aid workers feel that police were highly or somewhat helpful in distributing food/ration.</li><li style="text-align:justify">More than half the aid workers interviewed strongly believed that the &nbsp;police lacked training to deal with the lockdown. Further, about three out of five (57 percent) aid workers felt that the police was not at all equipped to deal with the situation.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Nearly half of the migrant workers contacted faced assault by the police during the lockdown. Further, one in 10 migrant workers faced assault by the police while going back to their home states/villages. Like the migrant workers, the aid workers also report assault as the most common form of cruelty by the police during the lockdown. Seventy percent say police used force against common people many times or sometimes.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Two out of five migrant workers (38 percent) believed that the strictness with which the police was enforcing the rules during the lockdown was inappropriate and harsh, while 47 percent believed that strictness was required for the safety and police was doing its job. A significant proportion of aid workers (40 percent) were also strongly of the opinion that the unnecessarily strict rules of the lockdown were a big hindrance in the proper functioning of the police during this period.</li><li style="text-align:justify">More than one-third of the aid workers believe that police behaved very badly with the homeless people, slum dwellers and migrant workers during the lockdown. One out of two aid workers also say that the police discriminated against Muslims during the lockdown, with 50 percent reporting high or medium levels of discrimination.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Overall, three out of five migrant workers (59 percent) and aid workers (61 percent) were satisfied with the work of the police during the lockdown. At the same time, however, both groups were also of the opinion that there was excessive use of force by the police during the lockdown. Nearly three out of five migrant workers (57 percent) and four out of five aid workers (80 percent) report frequent use of force by the police against the common people during the lockdown.</li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Key%20Facts%20India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="Key Facts India Justice Report 2019" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Key%20Facts%20India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="Key Facts India Justice Report 2019">click here</a> to access the key facts of the <a name="india-justice-report-2019-released-in-november-2019">India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019)</a>, which has been prepared by Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, DAKSH, Tata Institute of Social Sciences - Prayas and Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and supported by Tata Trusts. Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="India Justice Report 2019" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="India Justice Report 2019">click here</a> to access the full version of India Justice Report 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Based on data and statistics from the NCRB and various other sources (including RTI applications), Amnesty International India has come out with a report. The key findings of the report entitled <a name="justice-under-trial-a-study-of-pre-trial-detention-in-india-july-2017">Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017)</a>, are as follows (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Justice%20Under%20Trial%20A%20study%20of%20pre-trial%20detention%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Justice under trial" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Justice%20Under%20Trial%20A%20study%20of%20pre-trial%20detention%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Justice under trial">click here</a> to access):<br /><br />&bull; The briefing, &ldquo;Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India&rdquo;, analyzes the responses to about 3000 Right to Information (RTI) applications filed by Amnesty International India to the nearly 500 district and central prisons in the country on the implementation of safeguards to protect the rights of pre-trial detainees, or &lsquo;undertrials&rsquo;.<br /><br />&bull; It has been found through RTI applications that two out of three people in India&rsquo;s prisons are undertrials, and this proportion has not budged for several years despite various Supreme Court judgments.<br /><br />&bull; The briefing reveals a severe shortage across many states of police &lsquo;escorts&rsquo; to take undertrials to court for their hearings. Between September 2014 and February 2015, in over 110,000 instances, undertrials were not produced for their hearings in court either in person or through video-conferencing facilities, in effect hampering their right to trial within a reasonable time.<br /><br />&bull; RTI data revealed glaring gaps in the legal aid system. In most states, legal aid lawyers visited prisons less than once a month. Many states have relatively few legal aid lawyers, compared to their undertrial populations. 5% of jails reported having no legal aid lawyers at all.<br /><br />&bull; Prison authorities in several states also appeared to have a poor understanding of section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was introduced in 2005 to prevent undertrials from being held in pre-trial detention for more than half the sentence they would receive if convicted. Directives issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2013 to reduce overcrowding of jails were also not properly followed. Only 38% of prisons which responded to RTI applications produced minutes of the meetings of Undertrial Review Committees.<br /><br />&bull; As of December 2015, 67% of prisoners in India&rsquo;s prisons were &lsquo;undertrials&rsquo; &ndash; people who were awaiting trial or whose trials were still ongoing, and who have not been convicted. In other words, there are twice as many undertrials in India&rsquo;s prisons as there are convicts.<br /><br />&bull; India&rsquo;s undertrial population has a disproportionate number of Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis. About 53% of undertrials are from these communities, which make up 39% share of the population of India. 29% of undertrials are not formally literate, while 42% had not completed secondary education. A quarter of all undertrials have been in prison for more than a year.<br /><br />&bull; Most prisons in India are overcrowded, partly as a result of excessive undertrial detention. The average occupancy rate in Indian prisons is 114%, and is as high as 233.9% in states such as Chhattisgarh.</p><ul></ul><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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&bull; In 2021 India had a total of 1,319 prisons housing 5,54,034 prisoners as of that year end. The actual capacity was&nbsp;4,25,609, which means that Indian prisons were overcrowded by 30.2 percent in 2021. ##

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&bull; In 2021 India had a total of 1,319 prisons housing 5,54,034 prisoners as of that year end. The actual capacity was&nbsp;4,25,609, which means that Indian prisons were overcrowded by 30.2 percent in 2021. ##

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                                            <h2 style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 13px;">What's Inside</h2>
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                                                                                                    <li>
                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#police-response-to-the-pandemic-a-rapid-survey-of-migrant-and-aid-workers-released-on-30-november-2021">Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#india-justice-report-2019-released-in-november-2019">India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=2#justice-under-trial-a-study-of-pre-trial-detention-in-india-july-2017">Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=3#justice-verma-committee-report">Justice Verma Committee report</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=3#prison-statistics-2011">Prison Statistics 2011</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=4#supreme-court-of-india">Supreme Court of India</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=4#commonwealth-human-rights-initiative-2005-police-accountability">Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2005): Police Accountability</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=5#access-to-justice-practice-notes-undp-2004">Access to Justice, Practice Notes, UNDP (2004)</a>
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                                                        <a href="https://im4change.in/law-justice/access-to-justice-47.html?pgno=5#india-world-report-2009-from-reporters-without-border">India-World Report 2009 from Reporters without Border</a>
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                            </span></p><p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p><p style="text-align:justify">The key takeaways&nbsp;of the report titled <a name="police-response-to-the-pandemic-a-rapid-survey-of-migrant-and-aid-workers-released-on-30-november-2021">Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021)</a>, which has been prepared by Common Cause and funded by Lal Family Foundation, are as follows (please <a href="/upload/files/Police-Response-to-the-Pandemic-final%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank" title="/upload/files/Police-Response-to-the-Pandemic-final%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank">click here</a> to access):</p><ul><li style="text-align:justify">The abrupt lockdown was not viewed favourably by the most severely affected people or those providing relief to them. Four out of five migrant workers and nearly an equal proportion of the aid workers believe that if people were informed of the lockdown earlier, they would have faced lesser difficulties.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Aiding and distributing food, rations or essential provisions were the biggest form of support provided by the police in the times of crisis, according to both migrant and aid workers. Nearly sixty percent aid workers feel that police were highly or somewhat helpful in distributing food/ration.</li><li style="text-align:justify">More than half the aid workers interviewed strongly believed that the &nbsp;police lacked training to deal with the lockdown. Further, about three out of five (57 percent) aid workers felt that the police was not at all equipped to deal with the situation.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Nearly half of the migrant workers contacted faced assault by the police during the lockdown. Further, one in 10 migrant workers faced assault by the police while going back to their home states/villages. Like the migrant workers, the aid workers also report assault as the most common form of cruelty by the police during the lockdown. Seventy percent say police used force against common people many times or sometimes.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Two out of five migrant workers (38 percent) believed that the strictness with which the police was enforcing the rules during the lockdown was inappropriate and harsh, while 47 percent believed that strictness was required for the safety and police was doing its job. A significant proportion of aid workers (40 percent) were also strongly of the opinion that the unnecessarily strict rules of the lockdown were a big hindrance in the proper functioning of the police during this period.</li><li style="text-align:justify">More than one-third of the aid workers believe that police behaved very badly with the homeless people, slum dwellers and migrant workers during the lockdown. One out of two aid workers also say that the police discriminated against Muslims during the lockdown, with 50 percent reporting high or medium levels of discrimination.</li><li style="text-align:justify">Overall, three out of five migrant workers (59 percent) and aid workers (61 percent) were satisfied with the work of the police during the lockdown. At the same time, however, both groups were also of the opinion that there was excessive use of force by the police during the lockdown. Nearly three out of five migrant workers (57 percent) and four out of five aid workers (80 percent) report frequent use of force by the police against the common people during the lockdown.</li></ul><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Key%20Facts%20India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="Key Facts India Justice Report 2019" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Key%20Facts%20India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="Key Facts India Justice Report 2019">click here</a> to access the key facts of the <a name="india-justice-report-2019-released-in-november-2019">India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019)</a>, which has been prepared by Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, DAKSH, Tata Institute of Social Sciences - Prayas and Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and supported by Tata Trusts. Please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="India Justice Report 2019" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/India%20Justice%20Report%202019.pdf" title="India Justice Report 2019">click here</a> to access the full version of India Justice Report 2019.</p><p style="text-align:justify"><strong>---</strong></p><p style="text-align:justify">Based on data and statistics from the NCRB and various other sources (including RTI applications), Amnesty International India has come out with a report. The key findings of the report entitled <a name="justice-under-trial-a-study-of-pre-trial-detention-in-india-july-2017">Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017)</a>, are as follows (please <a href="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Justice%20Under%20Trial%20A%20study%20of%20pre-trial%20detention%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Justice under trial" title="https://im4change.in/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Justice%20Under%20Trial%20A%20study%20of%20pre-trial%20detention%20in%20India_1.pdf" title="Justice under trial">click here</a> to access):<br /><br />&bull; The briefing, &ldquo;Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India&rdquo;, analyzes the responses to about 3000 Right to Information (RTI) applications filed by Amnesty International India to the nearly 500 district and central prisons in the country on the implementation of safeguards to protect the rights of pre-trial detainees, or &lsquo;undertrials&rsquo;.<br /><br />&bull; It has been found through RTI applications that two out of three people in India&rsquo;s prisons are undertrials, and this proportion has not budged for several years despite various Supreme Court judgments.<br /><br />&bull; The briefing reveals a severe shortage across many states of police &lsquo;escorts&rsquo; to take undertrials to court for their hearings. Between September 2014 and February 2015, in over 110,000 instances, undertrials were not produced for their hearings in court either in person or through video-conferencing facilities, in effect hampering their right to trial within a reasonable time.<br /><br />&bull; RTI data revealed glaring gaps in the legal aid system. In most states, legal aid lawyers visited prisons less than once a month. Many states have relatively few legal aid lawyers, compared to their undertrial populations. 5% of jails reported having no legal aid lawyers at all.<br /><br />&bull; Prison authorities in several states also appeared to have a poor understanding of section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was introduced in 2005 to prevent undertrials from being held in pre-trial detention for more than half the sentence they would receive if convicted. Directives issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2013 to reduce overcrowding of jails were also not properly followed. Only 38% of prisons which responded to RTI applications produced minutes of the meetings of Undertrial Review Committees.<br /><br />&bull; As of December 2015, 67% of prisoners in India&rsquo;s prisons were &lsquo;undertrials&rsquo; &ndash; people who were awaiting trial or whose trials were still ongoing, and who have not been convicted. In other words, there are twice as many undertrials in India&rsquo;s prisons as there are convicts.<br /><br />&bull; India&rsquo;s undertrial population has a disproportionate number of Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis. About 53% of undertrials are from these communities, which make up 39% share of the population of India. 29% of undertrials are not formally literate, while 42% had not completed secondary education. A quarter of all undertrials have been in prison for more than a year.<br /><br />&bull; Most prisons in India are overcrowded, partly as a result of excessive undertrial detention. The average occupancy rate in Indian prisons is 114%, and is as high as 233.9% in states such as Chhattisgarh.</p><ul></ul><p style="text-align:justify">                                                                    <br>
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Access to Justice

What's Inside Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021) India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019) Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017) Justice Verma Committee report Prison Statistics 2011 Supreme Court of India Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2005): Police Accountability Access to Justice, Practice Notes, UNDP (2004) India-World Report 2009 from Reporters without Border   The key takeaways of the report titled Police Response to the Pandemic: A rapid survey of migrant and aid workers (released on 30 November, 2021), which has been prepared by Common Cause and funded by Lal Family Foundation, are as follows (please click here to access): The abrupt lockdown was not viewed favourably by the most severely affected people or those providing relief to them. Four out of five migrant workers and nearly an equal proportion of the aid workers believe that if people were informed of the lockdown earlier, they would have faced lesser difficulties. Aiding and distributing food, rations or essential provisions were the biggest form of support provided by the police in the times of crisis, according to both migrant and aid workers. Nearly sixty percent aid workers feel that police were highly or somewhat helpful in distributing food/ration. More than half the aid workers interviewed strongly believed that the  police lacked training to deal with the lockdown. Further, about three out of five (57 percent) aid workers felt that the police was not at all equipped to deal with the situation. Nearly half of the migrant workers contacted faced assault by the police during the lockdown. Further, one in 10 migrant workers faced assault by the police while going back to their home states/villages. Like the migrant workers, the aid workers also report assault as the most common form of cruelty by the police during the lockdown. Seventy percent say police used force against common people many times or sometimes. Two out of five migrant workers (38 percent) believed that the strictness with which the police was enforcing the rules during the lockdown was inappropriate and harsh, while 47 percent believed that strictness was required for the safety and police was doing its job. A significant proportion of aid workers (40 percent) were also strongly of the opinion that the unnecessarily strict rules of the lockdown were a big hindrance in the proper functioning of the police during this period. More than one-third of the aid workers believe that police behaved very badly with the homeless people, slum dwellers and migrant workers during the lockdown. One out of two aid workers also say that the police discriminated against Muslims during the lockdown, with 50 percent reporting high or medium levels of discrimination. Overall, three out of five migrant workers (59 percent) and aid workers (61 percent) were satisfied with the work of the police during the lockdown. At the same time, however, both groups were also of the opinion that there was excessive use of force by the police during the lockdown. Nearly three out of five migrant workers (57 percent) and four out of five aid workers (80 percent) report frequent use of force by the police against the common people during the lockdown. --- Please click here to access the key facts of the India Justice Report 2019 (released in November, 2019), which has been prepared by Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, DAKSH, Tata Institute of Social Sciences - Prayas and Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and supported by Tata Trusts. Please click here to access the full version of India Justice Report 2019. --- Based on data and statistics from the NCRB and various other sources (including RTI applications), Amnesty International India has come out with a report. The key findings of the report entitled Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India (July 2017), are as follows (please click here to access): • The briefing, “Justice Under Trial: A study of pre-trial detention in India”, analyzes the responses to about 3000 Right to Information (RTI) applications filed by Amnesty International India to the nearly 500 district and central prisons in the country on the implementation of safeguards to protect the rights of pre-trial detainees, or ‘undertrials’. • It has been found through RTI applications that two out of three people in India’s prisons are undertrials, and this proportion has not budged for several years despite various Supreme Court judgments. • The briefing reveals a severe shortage across many states of police ‘escorts’ to take undertrials to court for their hearings. Between September 2014 and February 2015, in over 110,000 instances, undertrials were not produced for their hearings in court either in person or through video-conferencing facilities, in effect hampering their right to trial within a reasonable time. • RTI data revealed glaring gaps in the legal aid system. In most states, legal aid lawyers visited prisons less than once a month. Many states have relatively few legal aid lawyers, compared to their undertrial populations. 5% of jails reported having no legal aid lawyers at all. • Prison authorities in several states also appeared to have a poor understanding of section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was introduced in 2005 to prevent undertrials from being held in pre-trial detention for more than half the sentence they would receive if convicted. Directives issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2013 to reduce overcrowding of jails were also not properly followed. Only 38% of prisons which responded to RTI applications produced minutes of the meetings of Undertrial Review Committees. • As of December 2015, 67% of prisoners in India’s prisons were ‘undertrials’ – people who were awaiting trial or whose trials were still ongoing, and who have not been convicted. In other words, there are twice as many undertrials in India’s prisons as there are convicts. • India’s undertrial population has a disproportionate number of Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis. About 53% of undertrials are from these communities, which make up 39% share of the population of India. 29% of undertrials are not formally literate, while 42% had not completed secondary education. A quarter of all undertrials have been in prison for more than a year. • Most prisons in India are overcrowded, partly as a result of excessive undertrial detention. The average occupancy rate in Indian prisons is 114%, and is as high as 233.9% in states such as Chhattisgarh. « previous12345next »

 

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