The decision to set up a nuclear power station with U.S.-made reactors at Kovvada in Ranasthalam mandal of Srikakulam district has caused serious concern among environmental and social activists. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is confident of completing the land acquisition process for Kovvada and four other coastal-based plants within one and half years. It wants clearances for the plants as fast-track projects. Sources have told The Hindu that...
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Politics of Disability Estimates in India: A Research Note by Vikash Kumar
Introduction The phenomenon of disability is one of the pressing problems in the world. According to the projections of international agencies, about 10 per cent of the population are affected with physical, mental, sensory and other forms of impairments and around 75 per cent of the disabled population are concentrated in the rural and inaccessible areas of the developing societies. This data is based on recent studies carried out in various...
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Governments and people have to make choices about accepting new scientific developments into their daily lives. Many attribute high levels of objectivity and integrity to scientists, which is not true of many of them. Scientists have been known to manipulate results to their advantage. Scientific issues are often complex, there are differing views among scientists and the layman finds it difficult to decide which scientific course is harmful or beneficial....
More »The Ground Beneath Our Feet by Tripti Lahiri
CITIES MAKE one simple promise to newcomers: Sacrifice yourself to me and your children shall prosper. This promise drew Ahmed Raza, a small-time wrestler from an Uttar Pradesh village and millions like him to the capital of newly-independent India. Raza kept his part of the bargain, yet half a century later, his daughter was pushed out of the city her father helped build, the only home she has known. “I...
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is that the number of rape cases has increased ten fold in the past four and a half decades. </font>
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<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Based on country data available, up to 70 percent of women experience physical or sexual violence from men in their lifetime — the majority from husbands, intimate partners or someone they know. Among women aged 15–44, acts of violence cause more death and disability than cancer, malaria, traffic accidents and war combined. Perhaps the most pervasive human rights violation that we know today, violence against women devastates lives, fractures communities, and stalls development. It takes many forms and occurs in many places — domestic violence in the home, sexual abuse of girls in schools, sexual harassment at work, rape by husbands or strangers, in refugee camps or as a tactic of war. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Marking the 10th anniversary of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called for increased action to deal with the global pandemic of violence against women and girls. On 6 November 2009, United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) launched the global advocacy initiative Say NO – UNiTE to end violence against women, which will stimulate, count and showcase actions on ending violence against women. The innovative platform will spotlight global efforts and demonstrate the groundswell of support and actions on the issue. In India, a survey showed that for each incidence of violence, women lost an average of 7 working days. Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. According to the latest National Crime Records Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code-IPC and Special and Local Laws-SLL) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 1,64,765 during 2006, thus recording an increase of 12.5% during 2007. The number of rape cases has increased by nearly ten folds from 2,487 in 1953 to 20,737 in 2007. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Femicide – the murder of women because they are women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, one-third of women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an intimate partner.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In India, 22 women were killed each day in dowry-related murders in 2007.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Guatemala, two women are murdered, on average, each day.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Trafficking</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Women and girls constitute 80 percent of the estimated 800,000 people trafficked annually, with the majority (79 percent) trafficked for sexual exploitation.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Harmful practices</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 100 to 140 million girls and women in the world have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting, with more than 3 million girls in Africa annually at risk of the practice.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• More than 60 million girls worldwide are child brides, married before the age of 18, primarily in South Asia (31.1 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (14.1 million). </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual violence against women and girls</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• An estimated 150 million girls under 18 suffered some form of sexual violence in 2002 alone.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• As many as 1 in 4 women experience physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy, which increases the likelihood of having a miscarriage, stillbirth and abortion. Up to 53 percent of women physically abused by their intimate partners are being kicked or punched in the abdomen.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In São Paulo, Brazil, a woman is assaulted every 15 seconds.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Ecuador, adolescent girls reporting sexual violence in school identified teachers as the perpetrators in 37 percent of cases.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Rape as a method of warfare</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls were raped in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, at least 200,000 cases of sexual violence, mostly involving women and girls, have been documented since 1996, though the actual numbers are considered to be much higher.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Cost of violence against women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Domestic violence alone cost approximately US$1.16 billion in Canada and US$5.8 billion in the United States. In Australia, violence against women and children costs an estimated US$11.38 billion per year.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual harassment</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries experience unwanted sexual advancements, physical contact or other forms of sexual harassment at their workplace.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12–16 experienced some form of sexual harassment in public schools.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Further readings</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font><a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Violence Against Women Fachtsheet # 239, World Health Organization (WHO),<br />
Available at </font><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
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'title' => 'Violence against women rising',
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is that the number of rape cases has increased ten fold in the past four and a half decades. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Based on country data available, up to 70 percent of women experience physical or sexual violence from men in their lifetime — the majority from husbands, intimate partners or someone they know. Among women aged 15–44, acts of violence cause more death and disability than cancer, malaria, traffic accidents and war combined. Perhaps the most pervasive human rights violation that we know today, violence against women devastates lives, fractures communities, and stalls development. It takes many forms and occurs in many places — domestic violence in the home, sexual abuse of girls in schools, sexual harassment at work, rape by husbands or strangers, in refugee camps or as a tactic of war. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Marking the 10th anniversary of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called for increased action to deal with the global pandemic of violence against women and girls. On 6 November 2009, United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) launched the global advocacy initiative Say NO – UNiTE to end violence against women, which will stimulate, count and showcase actions on ending violence against women. The innovative platform will spotlight global efforts and demonstrate the groundswell of support and actions on the issue. In India, a survey showed that for each incidence of violence, women lost an average of 7 working days. Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. According to the latest National Crime Records Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code-IPC and Special and Local Laws-SLL) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 1,64,765 during 2006, thus recording an increase of 12.5% during 2007. The number of rape cases has increased by nearly ten folds from 2,487 in 1953 to 20,737 in 2007. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Femicide – the murder of women because they are women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, one-third of women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an intimate partner.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In India, 22 women were killed each day in dowry-related murders in 2007.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Guatemala, two women are murdered, on average, each day.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Trafficking</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Women and girls constitute 80 percent of the estimated 800,000 people trafficked annually, with the majority (79 percent) trafficked for sexual exploitation.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Harmful practices</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 100 to 140 million girls and women in the world have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting, with more than 3 million girls in Africa annually at risk of the practice.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• More than 60 million girls worldwide are child brides, married before the age of 18, primarily in South Asia (31.1 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (14.1 million). </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual violence against women and girls</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• An estimated 150 million girls under 18 suffered some form of sexual violence in 2002 alone.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• As many as 1 in 4 women experience physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy, which increases the likelihood of having a miscarriage, stillbirth and abortion. Up to 53 percent of women physically abused by their intimate partners are being kicked or punched in the abdomen.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In São Paulo, Brazil, a woman is assaulted every 15 seconds.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Ecuador, adolescent girls reporting sexual violence in school identified teachers as the perpetrators in 37 percent of cases.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Rape as a method of warfare</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls were raped in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, at least 200,000 cases of sexual violence, mostly involving women and girls, have been documented since 1996, though the actual numbers are considered to be much higher.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Cost of violence against women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Domestic violence alone cost approximately US$1.16 billion in Canada and US$5.8 billion in the United States. In Australia, violence against women and children costs an estimated US$11.38 billion per year.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual harassment</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries experience unwanted sexual advancements, physical contact or other forms of sexual harassment at their workplace.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12–16 experienced some form of sexual harassment in public schools.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Further readings</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font><a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Violence Against Women Fachtsheet # 239, World Health Organization (WHO),<br />
Available at </font><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
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It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is...'
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It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is...
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'title' => 'Violence against women rising',
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<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">It is well known that India’s record of violence against women is dismal but the bigger shock is the revelation that incidents of such violence are consistently rising. According to a report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the rate of increase in violence against women in 2007 was over 12 per cent as compared to the previous year. The most depressing part of the report is that the number of rape cases has increased ten fold in the past four and a half decades. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Based on country data available, up to 70 percent of women experience physical or sexual violence from men in their lifetime — the majority from husbands, intimate partners or someone they know. Among women aged 15–44, acts of violence cause more death and disability than cancer, malaria, traffic accidents and war combined. Perhaps the most pervasive human rights violation that we know today, violence against women devastates lives, fractures communities, and stalls development. It takes many forms and occurs in many places — domestic violence in the home, sexual abuse of girls in schools, sexual harassment at work, rape by husbands or strangers, in refugee camps or as a tactic of war. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Marking the 10th anniversary of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called for increased action to deal with the global pandemic of violence against women and girls. On 6 November 2009, United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) launched the global advocacy initiative Say NO – UNiTE to end violence against women, which will stimulate, count and showcase actions on ending violence against women. The innovative platform will spotlight global efforts and demonstrate the groundswell of support and actions on the issue. In India, a survey showed that for each incidence of violence, women lost an average of 7 working days. Violence against women and girls is a problem of pandemic proportions. According to the latest National Crime Records Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code-IPC and Special and Local Laws-SLL) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 1,64,765 during 2006, thus recording an increase of 12.5% during 2007. The number of rape cases has increased by nearly ten folds from 2,487 in 1953 to 20,737 in 2007. </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Femicide – the murder of women because they are women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, one-third of women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an intimate partner.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In India, 22 women were killed each day in dowry-related murders in 2007.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Guatemala, two women are murdered, on average, each day.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Trafficking</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Women and girls constitute 80 percent of the estimated 800,000 people trafficked annually, with the majority (79 percent) trafficked for sexual exploitation.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Harmful practices</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 100 to 140 million girls and women in the world have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting, with more than 3 million girls in Africa annually at risk of the practice.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• More than 60 million girls worldwide are child brides, married before the age of 18, primarily in South Asia (31.1 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (14.1 million). </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual violence against women and girls</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• An estimated 150 million girls under 18 suffered some form of sexual violence in 2002 alone.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• As many as 1 in 4 women experience physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy, which increases the likelihood of having a miscarriage, stillbirth and abortion. Up to 53 percent of women physically abused by their intimate partners are being kicked or punched in the abdomen.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In São Paulo, Brazil, a woman is assaulted every 15 seconds.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In Ecuador, adolescent girls reporting sexual violence in school identified teachers as the perpetrators in 37 percent of cases.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Rape as a method of warfare</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 women and girls were raped in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, at least 200,000 cases of sexual violence, mostly involving women and girls, have been documented since 1996, though the actual numbers are considered to be much higher.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Cost of violence against women</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Domestic violence alone cost approximately US$1.16 billion in Canada and US$5.8 billion in the United States. In Australia, violence against women and children costs an estimated US$11.38 billion per year.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Sexual harassment</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• Between 40 and 50 percent of women in European Union countries experience unwanted sexual advancements, physical contact or other forms of sexual harassment at their workplace.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">• In the United States, 83 percent of girls aged 12–16 experienced some form of sexual harassment in public schools.</font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"><em><strong>Further readings</strong></em></font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/docs/SayNOunite_FactSheet_VAWworldwide.pdf</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/network.shtml</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/sayno/</font></a>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/violence/</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">National Crime Records Bureau 2007, </font><a href="http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/CHAP5.pdf</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">Violence Against Women Fachtsheet # 239, World Health Organization (WHO),<br />
Available at </font><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3">www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html</font></a><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="3"> </font>
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